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Yamashita N, Flowers N, Fogaça MD. The effects of feeding frequency on jaw loading in two lemur species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 184:e24916. [PMID: 38441408 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies on oral processing are often snapshots of behaviors that examine feeding through individual bouts. In this study, we expand on our previous work comparing bite/chew variables per feeding bout to summed daily biting, chewing, and food intake to interpret loading that could have potential morphological effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS We observed sympatric Lemur catta and Propithecus verreauxi over two field seasons in the dry forest of Bezà Mahafaly Special Reserve in southwestern Madagascar. Bite and chew rates determined from videos filmed during observations were multiplied with time spent feeding on specific foods during focal follows to calculate daily values for each feeding bout. Food mechanical properties (FMPs) were tested on dietary items with a portable tester. We contrasted daily bite/chew numbers and intake with FMPs, species, season, and food shape. RESULTS Daily bite and chew numbers increased with maximum, but not average, food toughness. Daily intake decreased with average and maximum toughness. Season had a strong effect on daily bites and chews, but not on intake. Food shape influenced intake and total bite and chew numbers. The lemur species did not differ in our models. DISCUSSION Maximum food toughness impacted feeding behaviors and intake, which is consistent with higher loads having a greater effect on morphology. In contrast to feeding per bout, cumulative biting and chewing did not differ between species; taking feeding frequency into consideration affects interpretation of jaw loading. Finally, biting, as much as chewing, may generate strains that impact morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayuta Yamashita
- Institute of Population Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Flowers
- Institute of Population Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariana Dutra Fogaça
- Institute of Population Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Neotropical Primates Research Group-NeoPRego, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Ross CF, Laurence-Chasen JD, Li P, Orsbon C, Hatsopoulos NG. Biomechanical and Cortical Control of Tongue Movements During Chewing and Swallowing. Dysphagia 2024; 39:1-32. [PMID: 37326668 PMCID: PMC10781858 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-023-10596-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tongue function is vital for chewing and swallowing and lingual dysfunction is often associated with dysphagia. Better treatment of dysphagia depends on a better understanding of hyolingual morphology, biomechanics, and neural control in humans and animal models. Recent research has revealed significant variation among animal models in morphology of the hyoid chain and suprahyoid muscles which may be associated with variation in swallowing mechanisms. The recent deployment of XROMM (X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology) to quantify 3D hyolingual kinematics has revealed new details on flexion and roll of the tongue during chewing in animal models, movements similar to those used by humans. XROMM-based studies of swallowing in macaques have falsified traditional hypotheses of mechanisms of tongue base retraction during swallowing, and literature review suggests that other animal models may employ a diversity of mechanisms of tongue base retraction. There is variation among animal models in distribution of hyolingual proprioceptors but how that might be related to lingual mechanics is unknown. In macaque monkeys, tongue kinematics-shape and movement-are strongly encoded in neural activity in orofacial primary motor cortex, giving optimism for development of brain-machine interfaces for assisting recovery of lingual function after stroke. However, more research on hyolingual biomechanics and control is needed for technologies interfacing the nervous system with the hyolingual apparatus to become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - J D Laurence-Chasen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Peishu Li
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Courtney Orsbon
- Department of Radiology, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, USA
| | - Nicholas G Hatsopoulos
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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3
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Wall CE, Hanna JB, O'Neill MC, Toler M, Laird MF. Energetic costs of feeding in 12 species of small-bodied primates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220553. [PMID: 37839441 PMCID: PMC10577031 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no comparative, empirical studies of the energetic costs of feeding in mammals. As a result, we lack physiological data to better understand the selection pressures on the mammalian feeding apparatus and the influence of variables such as food geometric and material properties. This study investigates interspecific scaling of the net energetic costs of feeding in relation to body size, jaw-adductor muscle mass and food properties in a sample of 12 non-human primate species ranging in size from 0.08 to 4.2 kg. Net energetic costs during feeding were measured by indirect calorimetry for a variety of pre-cut and whole raw foods varying in geometric and material properties. Net feeding costs were determined in two ways: by subtracting either the initial metabolic rate prior to feeding or subtracting the postprandial metabolic rate. Interspecific scaling relationships were evaluated using pGLS and OLS regression. Net feeding costs scale negatively relative to both body mass and jaw-adductor mass. Large animals incur relatively lower feeding costs indicating that small and large animals experience and solve mechanical challenges in relation to energetics in different ways. This article is part of the theme issue 'Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Wall
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Duke Lemur Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Jandy B. Hanna
- Duke Lemur Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | | | - Maxx Toler
- Jerry M. Wallace School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
| | - Myra F. Laird
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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4
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Miarisoa JE, Raveloson H, Randrianambinina B, Couette S. Deciphering the mandibular shape variation in a group of Malagasy primates using Fourier outline analysis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 182:372-387. [PMID: 37676062 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Among living Malagasy primates, the family Lemuridae has previously been recognized as presenting a higher mandibular morphological variation than other families. We conducted a quantitative analysis of mandibular size and shape within the five genera (Lemur, Eulemur, Hapalemur, Prolemur, and Varecia) associated with a set of covariables that could explain this variation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used Fourier outline analysis on the left hemimandible of 182 specimens covering the Lemuridae family. The influence of the phylogeny but also seven covariables (genus, diet, sex, sexual behavior, mating system, ecoregion, and forest type) on mandibular variation was examined using multivariate statistics and model selection. RESULTS Our results indicate that the high level of morphological variation within the family, associated with a phylogenetic effect and differences in diet, is due to a strong distinction between the genera Prolemur and Hapalemur and the other genera of the family. A second analysis, correcting this strong effect, indicates that mandibular shape variation is influenced not only by the phylogeny and the diet but by a combination of all the covariables. DISCUSSION The analysis of morphological variation is a powerful tool with major applications, both for the estimation of biological diversity and for the understanding of the fundamental parameters of species' ecology. Our work indicates that, if mandibular shape variation is mainly driven by dietary adaptation, other variables describing ecology and habitat should be considered and taken into account for an integrative understanding of species resources and the establishment of conservation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Emma Miarisoa
- École Doctorale Ecosystèmes Naturels, (EDEN), University of Mahajanga, Mahajanga, BP, Madagascar
- UMR CNRS/uB/EPHE 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France
- École Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL, Paris, France
| | - Herimalala Raveloson
- École Doctorale Ecosystèmes Naturels, (EDEN), University of Mahajanga, Mahajanga, BP, Madagascar
| | | | - Sébastien Couette
- UMR CNRS/uB/EPHE 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France
- École Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL, Paris, France
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5
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Faltings L, Young MW, Ross CF, Granatosky MC. Got rhythm? Rhythmicity differences reflect different optimality criteria in feeding and locomotor systems. Evolution 2022; 76:2181-2190. [PMID: 35862552 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary analyses of joint kinematics and muscle mechanics suggest that, during cyclic behaviors, tetrapod feeding systems are optimized for precise application of forces over small displacements during chewing, whereas locomotor systems are more optimized for large and rapid joint excursions during walking and running. If this hypothesis is correct, then it stands to reason that other biomechanical variables in the feeding and locomotor systems should also reflect these divergent functions. We compared rhythmicity of cyclic jaw and limb movements in feeding and locomotor systems in 261 tetrapod species in a phylogenetic context. Accounting for potential confounding variables, our analyses reveal higher rhythmicity of cyclic movements of the limbs than of the jaw. Higher rhythmicity in the locomotor system corroborates a hypothesis of stronger optimization for energetic efficiency: deviation from the limbs' natural frequency results in greater variability of center of mass movements and limb inertial changes, and therefore more work by limb muscles. Relatively lower rhythmicity in the feeding system may be a consequence of the necessity to prevent tooth breakage and wear, the greater complexity of coordination with tongue movements, and/or a greater emphasis on energy storage in elastic elements rather than the kinetics of limb movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Faltings
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, 11568, USA
| | - Melody W Young
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, 11568, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Center for Biomedical Innovation, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, 11568, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Michael C Granatosky
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, 11568, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Center for Biomedical Innovation, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, 11568, USA
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6
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van Casteren A, Codd JR, Kupczik K, Plasqui G, Sellers WI, Henry AG. The cost of chewing: The energetics and evolutionary significance of mastication in humans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn8351. [PMID: 35977013 PMCID: PMC9385136 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn8351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Any change in the energetic cost of mammalian mastication will affect the net energy gain from foods. Although the energetic efficiency of masticatory effort is fundamental in understanding the evolution of the human masticatory system, nothing is known currently about the associated metabolic costs of chewing different items. Here, using respirometry and electromyography of the masseter muscle, we demonstrate that chewing by human subjects represents a measurable energy sink. Chewing a tasteless odorless gum elevates metabolic rate by 10 to 15% above basal levels. Energy expenditure increases with gum stiffness and is paid for by greater muscle recruitment. For modern humans, it is likely that mastication represents a small part of the daily energy budget. However, for our ancestors, before the onset of cooking and sophisticated food processing methods, the costs must have been relatively high, adding a previously unexplored energetic dimension to the interpretation of hominin dentofacial fossils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam van Casteren
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jonathan R. Codd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Guy Plasqui
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Amanda G. Henry
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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7
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Laurence-Chasen JD, Arce-McShane FI, Hatsopoulos NG, Ross CF. Loss of oral sensation impairs feeding performance and consistency of tongue-jaw coordination. J Oral Rehabil 2022; 49:806-816. [PMID: 35514258 PMCID: PMC9540871 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Individuals with impaired oral sensation report difficulty chewing, but little is known about the underlying changes to tongue and jaw kinematics. Methodological challenges impede the measurement of 3D tongue movement and its relationship to the gape cycle. Objective The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of loss of oral somatosensation on feeding performance, 3D tongue kinematics and tongue‐jaw coordination. Methodology XROMM (X‐ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology) was used to quantify 3D tongue and jaw kinematics during feeding in three rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) before and after an oral tactile nerve block. Feeding performance was measured using feeding sequence duration, number of manipulation cycles and swallow frequency. Coordination was measured using event‐ and correlation‐based metrics of jaw pitch, anterior tongue length, width and roll. Results In the absence of tactile sensation to the tongue and other oral structures, feeding performance decreased, and the fast open phase of the gape cycle became significantly longer, relative to the other phases (p < .05). The tongue made similar shapes in both the control and nerve block conditions, but the pattern of tongue‐jaw coordination became significantly more variable after the block (p < .05). Conclusion Disruption of oral somatosensation impacts feeding performance by introducing variability into the typically tight pattern of tongue‐jaw coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Laurence-Chasen
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Nicholas G Hatsopoulos
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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8
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Masticatory and ingestive effort in Procolobus verus, a small-bodied African colobine. Primates 2022; 63:271-282. [PMID: 35362914 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-00978-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The olive colobus (Procolobus verus) is the smallest extant colobine. Based on the axiom that folivory is associated with larger body mass, the olive colobus is expected to be less folivorous than its sister taxon Piliocolobus badius, but previous studies show that the opposite is true. Here we test the hypothesis that masticatory and ingestive effort in the olive colobus is greater due to allometric factors related to bite force scaling and throughput of ingested foods. We analyzed oral processing data collected on olive colobus in the Taï Forest, Ivory Coast, between May 2016 and May 2018. We compare these with previously published data on P. badius and Colobus polykomos from Taï. In terms of overall feeding effort, olive colobus invest more effort (i.e., chewing cycles) than the larger colobines. When contrasts are restricted to commonly consumed foods, this greater energetic investment is not consistently observed. Ingestion of young leaves is associated with a reduced number of masticatory cycles in all three colobine species. A slightly elevated average effort in the olive colobus during young leaf feeding suggests this food source is more challenging in smaller monkeys, but mature leaf processing effort is generally the same among Taï colobines. Thus, for olive colobus, leaf ductility may be more problematic than leaf toughness in terms of masticatory effort. While there may be an allometric cost to being a small colobine, food selectivity is an important mitigating factor.
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9
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Fannin LD, Singels E, Esler KJ, Dominy NJ. Grit and consequence. Evol Anthropol 2021; 30:375-384. [PMID: 34652829 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Grit is implicated in several biological phenomena-it wears teeth, it fractures teeth, it drives tooth evolution, it elicits complex manual manipulations-any one of which could be described as a central topic in evolutionary anthropology. But what is grit? We hardly know because we tend to privilege the consequences of grit (it is abrasive) over its formal features, all but ignoring crucial variables such as mineral composition, material properties, and particle geometry (size, angularity), not to mention natural variation in the habitats of primates and their food surfaces. Few topics have animated so much debate and invited such cool indifference at the same time. Our goal here is to shine a light on grit, to put a philosophical lens on the nature of our discourse, and to call attention to large empirical voids that should be filled and folded into our understanding of primate natural history and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Fannin
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.,Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution, Environment, and Society, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Elzanne Singels
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Karen J Esler
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Nathaniel J Dominy
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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10
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Nett EM, Jaglowski B, Ravosa LJ, Ravosa DD, Ravosa MJ. Mechanical properties of food and masticatory behavior in llamas, Llama glama. J Mammal 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Mammals typically process food items more extensively in their oral cavities than do other vertebrates. Dental morphology, jaw-muscle activity patterns, mandibular movements, and tongue manipulation work to facilitate oral fragmentation of dietary items. While processing mechanically challenging foods, mammals modulate mandibular movements and bite forces via recruitment of greater jaw-adductor muscle forces and protracted biting or chewing. Because jaw-loading patterns are influenced by magnitude; frequency; and duration of muscular, bite, and reaction forces during routine feeding behaviors, relatively larger jaws are thought to be more characteristic of mammals that experience higher masticatory loads due to the processing of mechanically challenging foods. The ease of food fracture during post-canine biting and chewing is mainly determined by food stiffness and toughness. Such foods have been associated with increased loading magnitude and/or greater amounts of cyclical loading (i.e., chewing duration). Dietary properties are thought to modulate cyclical loading through changes in chewing frequency and chewing investment. On the other hand, chewing frequency has been found to be independent of dietary properties in rabbits and primates; however, little evidence exists regarding the influence of dietary properties on these parameters in a broader range of mammals. Here, we assessed chewing behavior in seven adult llamas (Llama glama) processing foods with a wide range of mechanical properties (grain, hay, carrots, and dried corn). Each subject was filmed at 60 frames/s, with video slowed for frame-by-frame computer analysis to obtain length of feeding bout and number of chewing cycles for each food type. These parameters were used to calculate chewing frequency (chews/s), chewing investment (chews/g), and chewing duration (s/g). Chewing frequency was not significantly related to mechanical properties of food, but chewing investment and chewing duration were significantly related to dietary stiffness and toughness. Therefore, cyclical loading is positively influenced by stiff and tough foods. This suggests that variation in jaw morphology in extinct and extant mammals is positively related to dietary stiffness and toughness, which requires greater chewing investment and increased chewing duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Nett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Brielle Jaglowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Luca J Ravosa
- Program in Graphic Design Technology, Southwestern Michigan College, Dowagiac, MI, USA
| | - Dominick D Ravosa
- Department of Geography, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Matthew J Ravosa
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, and Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Panagiotopoulou O, Iriarte-Diaz J, Mehari Abraha H, Taylor AB, Wilshin S, Dechow PC, Ross CF. Biomechanics of the mandible of Macaca mulatta during the power stroke of mastication: Loading, deformation, and strain regimes and the impact of food type. J Hum Evol 2020; 147:102865. [PMID: 32905895 PMCID: PMC7541691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mandible morphology has yet to yield definitive information on primate diet, probably because of poor understanding of mandibular loading and strain regimes, and overreliance on simple beam models of mandibular mechanics. We used a finite element model of a macaque mandible to test hypotheses about mandibular loading and strain regimes and relate variation in muscle activity during chewing on different foods to variation in strain regimes. The balancing-side corpus is loaded primarily by sagittal shear forces and sagittal bending moments. On the working side, sagittal bending moments, anteroposterior twisting moments, and lateral transverse bending moments all reach similar maxima below the bite point; sagittal shear is the dominant loading regime behind the bite point; and the corpus is twisted such that the mandibular base is inverted. In the symphyseal region, the predominant loading regimes are lateral transverse bending and negative twisting about a mediolateral axis. Compared with grape and dried fruit chewing, nut chewing is associated with larger sagittal and transverse bending moments acting on balancing- and working-side mandibles, larger sagittal shear on the working side, and larger twisting moments about vertical and transverse axes in the symphyseal region. Nut chewing is also associated with higher minimum principal strain magnitudes in the balancing-side posterior ramus; higher sagittal shear strain magnitudes in the working-side buccal alveolar process and the balancing-side oblique line, recessus mandibulae, and endocondylar ridge; and higher transverse shear strains in the symphyseal region, the balancing-side medial prominence, and the balancing-side endocondylar ridge. The largest food-related differences in maximum principal and transverse shear strain magnitudes are in the transverse tori and in the balancing-side medial prominence, extramolar sulcus, oblique line, and endocondylar ridge. Food effects on the strain regime are most salient in areas not traditionally investigated, suggesting that studies seeking dietary effects on mandible morphology might be looking in the wrong places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Jose Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Biology, University of the South, Sewanee, TN, 37383, USA
| | - Hyab Mehari Abraha
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | | | - Simon Wilshin
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Herts, AL97TA, UK
| | - Paul C Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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12
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Granatosky MC, Ross CF. Differences in muscle mechanics underlie divergent optimality criteria between feeding and locomotor systems. J Anat 2020; 237:1072-1086. [PMID: 32671858 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrapod musculoskeletal diversity is usually studied separately in feeding and locomotor systems. However, direct comparisons between these systems promise important insight into how natural selection deploys the same basic musculoskeletal toolkit-connective tissues, bones, nerves, and skeletal muscle-to meet the differing performance criteria of feeding and locomotion. Recent studies using this approach have proposed that the feeding system is optimized for precise application of high forces and the locomotor system is optimized for wide and rapid joint excursions for minimal energetic expenditure. If this hypothesis is correct, then it stands to reason that other anatomical and biomechanical variables within the feeding and locomotor systems should reflect these diverging functions. To test this hypothesis, we compared muscle moment arm lengths, mechanical advantages, and force vector orientations of two jaw elevator muscles (m. temporalis and m. superficial masseter), an elbow flexor (m. brachialis) and extensor (m. triceps- lateral head), and a knee flexor (m. biceps femoris-short head) and extensor (m. vastus lateralis) across 18 species of primates. Our results show that muscles of the feeding system are more orthogonally oriented relative to the resistance arm (mandible) and operate at relatively large moment arms and mechanical advantages. Moreover, these variables show relatively little change across the range of jaw excursion. In contrast, the representative muscles of the locomotor system have much smaller mechanical advantages and, depending on joint position, smaller muscle moment arm lengths and almost parallel orientations relative to the resistance arm. These patterns are consistent regardless of phylogeny, body mass, locomotor mode, and feeding specialization. We argue that these findings reflect fundamental functional dichotomies between tetrapod locomotor and feeding systems. By organizing muscles in a manner such that moment arms and mechanical advantage are relatively small, the locomotor system can produce broad joint excursions and high angular velocities with only small muscular contraction. As such, the anatomical organization of muscles within the limbs allows striding animals to move relatively rapidly and with minimal energetic expenditure. In contrast, the anatomical configuration of muscles in the feeding system, at least m. superficial masseter and m. temporalis, favors their force-producing capacity at the expense of excursion and velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Granatosky
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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13
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Teaford MF, Ungar PS, Taylor AB, Ross CF, Vinyard CJ. The dental microwear of hard-object feeding in laboratory Sapajus apella and its implications for dental microwear formation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 171:439-455. [PMID: 31922261 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study seeks to determine if (a) consumption of hard food items or a mixture of food items leads to the formation of premolar or molar microwear in laboratory capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) in one feeding session and (b) rates of microwear formation are associated with the number of food items consumed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five adult male capuchins were used in two experiments, one where they were fed unshelled Brazil nuts, and the other where they were fed a mixture of food items. Dental impressions were taken before and after each feeding session. Epoxy casts made from those impressions then were used in SEM analyses of rates of microwear formation. Upper and lower premolars and molars were analyzed. Qualitative comparisons were made and Spearman's rank-order correlations used to examine the relationship between rates of microwear formation and number of Brazil nuts consumed. RESULTS Premolars and molars generally showed new microwear in the form of pits and scratches. However, the incidence of those features was low (0-6%). Rates of microwear formation were highest during the consumption of Brazil nuts. DISCUSSION Variations in the rate of microwear formation on the premolars likely reflected patterns of ingestion whereas consistency in the rate of microwear on the molars likely reflected patterns of chewing. While dental microwear formation seemed to be correlated with the number of hard objects consumed, rates did differ between individuals. Differences in results between the two experiments demonstrate some of the limitations in our knowledge of dental microwear formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Teaford
- Department of Basic Science, Touro University, Vallejo, California
| | - Peter S Ungar
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Andrea B Taylor
- Department of Basic Science, Touro University, Vallejo, California
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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McGraw WS, Daegling DJ. Diet, feeding behavior, and jaw architecture of Taï monkeys: Congruence and chaos in the realm of functional morphology. Evol Anthropol 2019; 29:14-28. [PMID: 31580522 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We review feeding and mandibular anatomy in a community of West African monkeys. We use field observations, food material property data, and skeletal specimens from the Ivory Coast's Taï Forest to explore the factors that shape mandibular architecture in colobines and cercopithecines. Despite excellent geographic control across our sample, the fit between bone form (as conventionally described) and functional activity (as we perceive it) is not spectacular. We present a thought experiment to assess how well we could reconstruct diet in the Taï monkeys if we only had skeletons and teeth to study. This exercise indicated that we would be correct about half the time. Our analyses reinforce the notion that diet is anything but a monolithic variable and that better success at relating mandibular form to food must incorporate information on ingestive and processing behavior, geometric and material properties of foods, and both material and structural data on jaws themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Scott McGraw
- Smith Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - David J Daegling
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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15
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The Masticatory Apparatus of Humans (Homo sapiens): Evolution and Comparative Functional Morphology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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16
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Veneziano A, Irish JD, Meloro C, Stringer C, De Groote I. The functional significance of dental and mandibular reduction in
Homo
: A catarrhine perspective. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22953. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Veneziano
- School of Natural Sciences and PsychologyLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Joel D. Irish
- School of Natural Sciences and PsychologyLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PaleoSciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050JohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Carlo Meloro
- School of Natural Sciences and PsychologyLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Chris Stringer
- Department of Earth SciencesThe Natural History MuseumLondonUK
| | - Isabelle De Groote
- School of Natural Sciences and PsychologyLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
- Department of Earth SciencesThe Natural History MuseumLondonUK
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17
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Granatosky MC, McElroy EJ, Laird MF, Iriarte-Diaz J, Reilly SM, Taylor AB, Ross CF. Joint angular excursions during cyclical behaviors differ between tetrapod feeding and locomotor systems. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.200451. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.200451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tetrapod musculoskeletal diversity is usually studied separately in feeding and locomotor systems. However, comparisons between these systems promise important insight into how natural selection deploys the same basic musculoskeletal toolkit—connective tissues, bones, nerves and skeletal muscle—to meet the differing performance criteria of feeding and locomotion. In this study, we compare average joint angular excursions during cyclic behaviors– chewing, walking and running–in a phylogenetic context to explore differences in the optimality criteria of these two systems. Across 111 tetrapod species, average limb-joint angular excursions during cyclic locomotion are greater and more evolutionarily labile than those of the jaw joint during cyclic chewing. We argue that these findings reflect fundamental functional dichotomies between tetrapod locomotor and feeding systems. Tetrapod chewing systems are optimized for precise application of force over a narrower, more controlled and predictable range of displacements, the principal aim being to fracture the substrate, the size and mechanical properties of which are controlled at ingestion and further reduced and homogenized (respectively) by the chewing process. In contrast, tetrapod limbed locomotor systems are optimized for fast and energetically efficient application of force over a wider and less predictable range of displacements, the principal aim being to move the organism at varying speeds relative to a substrate whose geometry and mechanical properties need not become more homogenous as locomotion proceeds. Hence, the evolution of tetrapod locomotor systems has been accompanied by an increasing diversity of limb-joint excursions, as tetrapods have expanded across a range of locomotor substrates and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Granatosky
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eric J. McElroy
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Myra F. Laird
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jose Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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18
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Veneziano A, Meloro C, Irish JD, Stringer C, Profico A, De Groote I. Neuromandibular integration in humans and chimpanzees: Implications for dental and mandibular reduction inHomo. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:84-96. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Veneziano
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Faculty of Science; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
- Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences, Hull York Medical School; University of York; York YO10 5DD United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Meloro
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Faculty of Science; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
| | - Joel D. Irish
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Faculty of Science; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
| | - Chris Stringer
- Department of Earth Sciences; The Natural History Museum; London SW7 5BD United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Profico
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale; Sapienza Università di Roma; Roma 00185 Italy
| | - Isabelle De Groote
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Faculty of Science; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences; The Natural History Museum; London SW7 5BD United Kingdom
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19
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Coiner-Collier S, Vogel ER, Scott RS. Trabecular Anisotropy in the Primate Mandibular Condyle Is Associated with Dietary Toughness. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1342-1359. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin R. Vogel
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Human Evolutionary Studies; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; New Brunswick New Jersey
| | - Robert S. Scott
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Human Evolutionary Studies; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; New Brunswick New Jersey
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20
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Tewksbury CD, Callaghan KX, Fulks BA, Gerstner GE. Individuality of masticatory performance and of masticatory muscle temporal parameters. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 90:113-124. [PMID: 29597061 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mammalian mastication serves to improve intra-oral food reduction. Insufficient food reduction creates potential swallowing problems, whereas over-reduction may accelerate tooth wear and increase feeding time. Either extreme has consequences. The study's objectives were: (1) to study the relationship between food reduction, number of chews in a sequence, and chewing rate, (2) to study how controlling the number of chews and chewing rate variability affects food reduction, and (3) to assess how dentoskeletal morphological and electromyographical (EMG) characteristics impact food reduction. DESIGN Twenty-three healthy, fully-dentate adults chewed a standardized test food under three conditions: (1) no control, (2) number of chews controlled, and (3) number of chews and chewing rate controlled. EMG activity was sampled from masseter and temporalis muscles bilaterally. Demographic, occlusal contact area in maximum intercuspation, and cephalometric data were obtained. RESULTS In uncontrolled conditions, food reduction and bout duration varied more than expected across subjects. Subjects with poor reduction under controlled conditions were those with poor reduction under uncontrolled conditions. Only occlusal contact area correlated with chewing performance under uncontrolled conditions. Chewing cycle duration, EMG burst duration, and EMG peak onset latency increased when the number of chews was restricted. EMG amplitude, a surrogate for bite force, increased in tasks controlling the number of chews and chewing rate. Chewing rate variability was difficult to diminish below individual-specific levels. CONCLUSIONS Results: provided evidence that bite force, chewing rate, chewing performance and chewing bout duration reflected individual preferences. Future work will determine whether similar findings occur among other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D Tewksbury
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, 1011 N. University Ave., School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | - Kathryn X Callaghan
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, 1011 N. University Ave., School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | - Brent A Fulks
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, 1011 N. University Ave., School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | - Geoffrey E Gerstner
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, 1011 N. University Ave., School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA.
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21
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Žliobaitė I, Fortelius M. Dental functional morphology predicts the scaling of chewing rate in mammals. J Biomech 2018; 67:32-36. [PMID: 29223494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
How food intake and mastication scale to satisfy the metabolic needs of mammals has been the subject of considerable scientific debate. Existing theory suggests that the negative allometric scaling of metabolic rate with body mass is compensated by a matching allometric scaling of the chewing rate. Why empirical studies have found that the scaling coefficients of the chewing rate seem to be systematically smaller than expected from theory remains unknown. Here we explain this imparity by decoupling the functional surface area of teeth from overall surface area. The functional surface area is relatively reduced in forms emphasizing linear edges (e.g., lophodont) compared with forms lacking linear structures (e.g., bunodont). In forms with reduced relative functional surface, the deficit in food processed per chew appears to be compensated for by increased chewing rate, such that the metabolic requirements are met. This compensation accounts for the apparent difference between theoretically predicted and observed scaling of chewing rates. We suggest that this reflects adaptive functional evolution to plant foods with different fracture properties and extend the theory to incorporate differences in functional morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrė Žliobaitė
- Dept. of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Dept. of Geosciences of Geography, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mikael Fortelius
- Dept. of Geosciences of Geography, University of Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Ross CF, Porro LB, Herrel A, Evans SE, Fagan MJ. Bite force and cranial bone strain in four species of lizards. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.180240. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.180240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In vivo bone strain data provide direct evidence of strain patterns in the cranium during biting. Compared to mammals, in vivo bone strains in lizard skulls are poorly documented. This paper presents strain data from the skulls of Anolis equestris, Gekko gecko, Iguana iguana and Salvator merianae during transducer biting. Analysis of variance was used to investigate effects of bite force, bite point, diet, cranial morphology and cranial kinesis on strain magnitudes. Within individuals the most consistent determinants of variance in bone strain magnitudes are gage location and bite point, with the importance of bite force varying between individuals. Inter-site variance in strain magnitudes—strain gradient—is present in all individuals, and varies with bite point. Between individuals within species, variance in strain magnitude is driven primarily by variation in bite force, not gage location or bite point, suggesting that inter-individual variation in patterns of strain magnitude is minimal. Between species, variation in strain magnitudes is significantly impacted by bite force and species membership, as well as by interactions between gage location, species, and bite point. Independent of bite force, species differences in cranial strain magnitudes may reflect selection for different cranial morphology in relation to feeding function, but what these performance criteria are is not clear. The relatively low strain magnitudes in Iguana and Uromastyx compared to other lizards may be related to their herbivorous diet. Cranial kinesis and the presence or absence of postorbital and supratemporal bars are not important determinants of inter-specific variation in strain magnitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum F. Ross
- Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Laura B. Porro
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Sorbonne Universités, Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179, C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Paris, France
| | - Susan E. Evans
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UCL, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michael J. Fagan
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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23
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Fulks BA, Callaghan KX, Tewksbury CD, Gerstner GE. Relationships between chewing rate, occlusion, cephalometric anatomy, muscle activity, and masticatory performance. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 83:161-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Terhune CE. Revisiting size and scaling in the anthropoid temporomandibular joint. ZOOLOGY 2017; 124:73-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Scaling of rotational inertia of primate mandibles. J Hum Evol 2017; 106:119-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Previous studies on chewing frequency across animal species have focused on finding a single universal scaling law. Controversy between the different models has been aroused without elucidating the variations in chewing frequency. In the present study we show that vigorous chewing is limited by the maximum force of muscle, so that the upper chewing frequency scales as the -1/3 power of body mass for large animals and as a constant frequency for small animals. On the other hand, gentle chewing to mix food uniformly without excess of saliva describes the lower limit of chewing frequency, scaling approximately as the -1/6 power of body mass. These physical constraints frame the -1/4 power law classically inferred from allometry of animal metabolic rates. All of our experimental data stay within these physical boundaries over six orders of magnitude of body mass regardless of food types.
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27
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Coiner-Collier S, Scott RS, Chalk-Wilayto J, Cheyne SM, Constantino P, Dominy NJ, Elgart AA, Glowacka H, Loyola LC, Ossi-Lupo K, Raguet-Schofield M, Talebi MG, Sala EA, Sieradzy P, Taylor AB, Vinyard CJ, Wright BW, Yamashita N, Lucas PW, Vogel ER. Primate dietary ecology in the context of food mechanical properties. J Hum Evol 2016; 98:103-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Ross CF, Iriarte-Diaz J, Reed DA, Stewart TA, Taylor AB. In vivo bone strain in the mandibular corpus of Sapajus during a range of oral food processing behaviors. J Hum Evol 2016; 98:36-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Dunham NT, Lambert AL. The role of leaf toughness on foraging efficiency in Angola black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus angolensis palliatus). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 161:343-54. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah T. Dunham
- Department of Anthropology; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210
| | - Alexander L. Lambert
- Engineering Department; Star Dynamics Corporation; 4455 Reynolds Dr Hilliard Ohio 43026
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30
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Berthaume MA. Food mechanical properties and dietary ecology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 159:S79-104. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Berthaume
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Deutscher Platz 6 Leipzig 04103 Germany
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31
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Ravosa MJ, Scott JE, McAbee KR, Veit AJ, Fling AL. Chewed out: an experimental link between food material properties and repetitive loading of the masticatory apparatus in mammals. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1345. [PMID: 26557436 PMCID: PMC4636421 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a model organism (rabbits) that resembles a number of mammalian herbivores in key aspects of its chewing behaviors, we examined how variation in dietary mechanical properties affects food breakdown during mastication. Such data have implications for understanding phenotypic variation in the mammalian feeding apparatus, particularly with respect to linking jaw form to diet-induced repetitive loading. Results indicate that chewing frequency (chews/s) is independent of food properties, whereas chewing investment (chews/g) and chewing duration(s), which are proportional to repetitive loading of the jaws, are positively related to food stiffness and toughness. In comparisons of displacement-limited and stress-limited fragmentation indices, which respectively characterize the intraoral breakdown of tough and stiff foods, increases in chewing investment and duration are linked solely to stiffness. This suggests that stiffer foods engender higher peak loads and increased cyclical loading. Our findings challenge conventional wisdom by demonstrating that toughness does not, by itself, underlie increases in cyclical loading and loading duration. Instead, tough foods may be associated with such jaw-loading patterns because they must be processed in greater volumes owing to their lower nutritive quality and for longer periods of time to increase oral exposure to salivary chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Ravosa
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, and Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Jeremiah E. Scott
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States of America
| | - Kevin R. McAbee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Anna J. Veit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Annika L. Fling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
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32
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Singleton M. Functional geometric morphometric analysis of masticatory system ontogeny in papionin primates. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:48-63. [PMID: 25338826 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional configuration of the primate masticatory system is constrained by the need to maximize bite forces while avoiding distraction of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Within these bounds, shape variation has predictable effects on functional capacities such as mechanical advantage and gape. In this study, geometric morphometric analysis is used to investigate the ontogeny of masticatory function in papionin monkeys and test the hypothesis that biomechanical constraints determine the location of molar eruption. This "constrained eruption hypothesis" predicts that the distalmost molar (DMX) will occupy a consistent location anterior to the TMJ and that jaw adductor muscles will maintain consistent positions relative to both DMX and TMJ. Craniometric landmarks were digitized on cross-sectional ontogenetic series of nine papionin species. Form-space PCA of Procrustes residuals, visualization of Bookstein shape coordinates, and nonparametric ANOVA were used to identify ontogenetic shape trends and test for significant ontogenetic changes in relative landmark positions. In most taxa, DMX maintains a consistent position relative to the TMJ while the anterior dentition migrates anteriorly. Where significant intraspecific ontogenetic differences occur, they involve anterior migration of DMX in later dental stages, likely due to late adolescent growth of the posterior palate. Attachments of the anterior temporalis and deep masseter also maintain consistent positions relative to the TMJ; however, the superficial masseter migrates anteriorly throughout ontogeny. All muscle attachments migrate laterally relative to the TMJ, reflecting positive scaling of adductor PCSA. Overall, results support the constrained eruption hypothesis and suggest mechanisms by which functional capacity is maintained during ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Singleton
- Department of Anatomy, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois
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33
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Cho C, Louie K, Maawadh A, Gerstner GE. Comparisons of chewing rhythm, craniomandibular morphology, body mass and height between mothers and their biological daughters. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1667-74. [PMID: 26363460 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study and compare the relationships between mean chewing cycle duration, selected cephalometric variables representing mandibular length, face height, etc., measured in women and in their teenage or young-adult biological daughters. DESIGN Daughters were recruited from local high schools and the University of Michigan School of Dentistry. Selection criteria included healthy females with full dentition, 1st molar occlusion, no active orthodontics, no medical conditions nor medication use that could interfere with normal masticatory motor function. Mothers had to be biologically related to their daughters. All data were obtained in the School of Dentistry. Measurements obtained from lateral cephalograms included: two "jaw length" measures, condylion-gnathion and gonion-gnathion, and four measures of facial profile including lower anterior face height, and angles sella-nasion-A point (SNA), sella-nasion-B point (SNB) and A point-nasion-B point (ANB). Mean cycle duration was calculated from 60 continuous chewing cycles, where a cycle was defined as the time between two successive maximum jaw openings in the vertical dimension. Other variables included subject height and weight. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the mother-daughter relationships and to study the relationships between cephalometric variables and chewing cycle duration. RESULTS Height, weight, Co-Gn and Go-Gn were significantly correlated between mother-daughter pairs; however, mean cycle duration was not (r(2)=0.015). Mean cycle duration was positively correlated with ANB and height in mothers, but negatively correlated with Co-Gn in daughters. CONCLUSIONS Chewing rate is not correlated between mothers and daughters in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Cho
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | - Ke'ale Louie
- Oral Health Sciences PhD Program School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | - Ahmed Maawadh
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | - Geoffrey E Gerstner
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA.
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Abstract
Australopithecus bahrelghazali, its origin and palaeobiology are not well understood. Reported from only one location some several thousand kilometres away from East African Pliocene hominin sites, it appears to have predominantly fed on C4 sources. Yet, it lacks the morphological adaptations of other primate C4 consumers like Paranthropus boisei and Theropithecus oswaldi. Furthermore, although considered to belong to Australopithecus afarensis by most researchers, A. bahrelghazali appears to differ from the former in a key aspect of its morphology: enamel thickness. To assess the phylogeny and palaeobiology of A. bahrelghazali, I first evaluate the dietary adaptations and energetics of A. bahrelghazali using empirical data of the feeding ecology of extant baboons, Papio cynocephalus. Information published on A. bahrelghazali morphology and habitat preference is used to select C4 foods with the appropriate mechanical properties and availability within the environment to create the models. By altering the feeding time on various food categories, I then test whether A. bahrelghazali could have subsisted on a C4 diet, thus accounting for the δ(13)C composition of its dental tissue. The effects of body mass on the volume of food consumed are taken into account. The outcomes of these simulations indicate that A. bahrelghazali could have subsisted on a diet of predominantly sedges, albeit with limitations. At higher energy requirements, i.e., above 3.5 times the BMR, it would be difficult for a medium-sized primate to obtain sufficient energy from a sedge-based diet. This is apparently due to constraints on foraging/feeding time, not because of the nutritional value of sedges per se. These results are discussed against the backdrop of A. bahrelghazali biogeography, palaeoenvironment, and phylogeny. The combined evidence makes it plausible to suggest that Northern Chad may have been a refugium for migrating mammals, including hominins, and throws new light on the deep history of A. bahrelghazali.
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Taylor AB, Yuan T, Ross CF, Vinyard CJ. Jaw-muscle force and excursion scale with negative allometry in platyrrhine primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 158:242-256. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B. Taylor
- DPT Program; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Duke University School of Medicine; Durham NC 27708
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Durham NC 27710
| | - Tian Yuan
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Durham NC 27710
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Organismal Biology and Anatomy; University of Chicago; Chicago IL 60637
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Perry JM, Bastian ML, St Clair E, Hartstone-Rose A. Maximum ingested food size in captive anthropoids. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 158:92-104. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M.G. Perry
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD 21205
| | | | - Elizabeth St Clair
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD 21205
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy; University of South Carolina School of Medicine; Columbia SC 29209
- Department of Anthropology; University of South Carolina; Columbia SC 29208
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37
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Abstract
Feeding is the set of behaviors whereby organisms acquire and process the energy required for survival and reproduction. Thus, feeding system morphology is presumably subject to selection to maintain or improve feeding performance. Relationships among feeding system morphology, feeding behavior, and diet not only explain the morphological diversity of extant primates, but can also be used to reconstruct feeding behavior and diet in fossil taxa. Dental morphology has long been known to reflect aspects of feeding behavior and diet but strong relationships of craniomandibular morphology to feeding behavior and diet have yet to be defined.
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Vogel ER, Zulfa A, Hardus M, Wich SA, Dominy NJ, Taylor AB. Food mechanical properties, feeding ecology, and the mandibular morphology of wild orangutans. J Hum Evol 2014; 75:110-24. [PMID: 25038032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bornean orangutan mandibular morphology has been functionally linked to the exploitation of hard and tough foods, based on evidence that Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii spends a greater percentage of time feeding on bark, seeds and vegetation compared with Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutans) and the assumption that these tissues are more challenging to process than fruit pulp. We measured and compared toughness (R) and Young's modulus (E) of ripe and unripe foods exploited by P. abelii and P. p. wurmbii. Additionally, we recorded and compared the percentage of time these orangutans fed on plants/plant parts of varying degrees of R and E. Compared with P. abelii, P. p. wurmbii consumed significantly tougher and more displacement limited (R/E)(0.5) fruit parts, leaves and inner bark, and spent a significantly greater percentage of time feeding on immature leaves, unripe fruit and other vegetation. Modulus did not vary as expected between species, likely because we failed to capture the high-end range of modulus values for tissues consumed by P. p. wurmbii. Notably, P. p. wurmbii spent ∼40% of its feeding time on the toughest foods consumed (between 1000 and 4000 J m(-2)). Thus, the hypothesis that mandibular robusticity in P. p. wurmbii is functionally linked to feeding on tough foods is supported and is likely related to countering relatively larger external forces and/or repetitive loads required to process the toughest tissues. The importance of elastic modulus on morphological divergence awaits future studies capturing the full range of this material property for P. p. wurmbii. Finally, phenophase and fruit availability influence orangutan species differences in food material properties and percentage of time spent feeding on various foods, emphasizing the importance of incorporating these variables in future studies of feeding ecology and craniodental morphology in extant taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Vogel
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 131 George Street, Ruth Adams Building Suite 306, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1414, USA.
| | - Astri Zulfa
- Universitas Nasional Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Madeleine Hardus
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Serge A Wich
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nathaniel J Dominy
- Department of Anthropology, 6047 Silsby Hall, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Andrea B Taylor
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 104002, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 104 Biological Sciences Building, Box 90383, Durham, NC 27708-9976, USA
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Gerstner GE, Madhavan S, Braun TM. Relationships between masticatory rhythmicity, body mass and cephalometrically-determined aesthetic and functional variables during development in humans. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:711-21. [PMID: 24798980 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the relationship between chewing rhythmicity, craniomandibular morphology, and age in humans. DESIGN Sixty subjects (10M:10F/group×three age groups, viz., 4-8, 10-14, and 17-21 years) participated. Subjects chewed gum for 2min while jaw movements in the frontal plane were videorecorded. Mean and variation in mean chewing cycle duration (TC) were quantified using maximum opening to maximum opening as cycle boundaries. Five "aesthetic" cephalometric variables (e.g., ANB) and seven "functional" variables (e.g., jaw length) were quantified from subjects' lateral cephalographs. Simple linear regression models and several multivariate analyses were used in comparisons. RESULTS Mean TC increased and variation in TC decreased significantly with age. Body mass correlated with age, height, TC, all seven "functional" variables and only two "aesthetic" variables. Mean TC was correlated significantly with jaw length, distance from condylion to first molar point, distance from gonion to zygomatic arch, and distance from hyoid to menton. CONCLUSIONS TC appeared to adapt with age. Although TC scaled most significantly with age, it is more likely that TC is mechanistically linked to jaw length or size. The decrease in TC variation with age suggests improved efficiency. TC did not scale with "aesthetic" variables, suggesting that these do not impact chewing rate; however, clinical procedures that impact jaw length may. The negative allometric scaling of TC with "functional" variables may reflect the pedomorphic jaw and face of humans. Further human studies will provide insights into the nature of scaling and adaptation of rhythmic chewing during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey E Gerstner
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, 1011 North University, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA.
| | - Shashi Madhavan
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, 1011 North University, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | - Thomas M Braun
- Department of Biostatistics, M4063 School of Public Health II, 1415 Washington Heights, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
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40
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Jiménez-Arenas JM, Pérez-Claros JA, Aledo JC, Palmqvist P. On the relationships of postcanine tooth size with dietary quality and brain volume in primates: implications for hominin evolution. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:406507. [PMID: 24592388 PMCID: PMC3925621 DOI: 10.1155/2014/406507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain volume and cheek-tooth size have traditionally been considered as two traits that show opposite evolutionary trends during the evolution of Homo. As a result, differences in encephalization and molarization among hominins tend to be interpreted in paleobiological grounds, because both traits were presumably linked to the dietary quality of extinct species. Here we show that there is an essential difference between the genus Homo and the living primate species, because postcanine tooth size and brain volume are related to negative allometry in primates and show an inverse relationship in Homo. However, when size effects are removed, the negative relationship between encephalization and molarization holds only for platyrrhines and the genus Homo. In addition, there is no general trend for the relationship between postcanine tooth size and dietary quality among the living primates. If size and phylogeny effects are both removed, this relationship vanishes in many taxonomic groups. As a result, the suggestion that the presence of well-developed postcanine teeth in extinct hominins should be indicative of a poor-quality diet cannot be generalized to all extant and extinct primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Jiménez-Arenas
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Campus de Cartuja S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain ; Edificio Centro de Documentación Científica, Instituto Universitario de la Paz y los Conflictos, Universidad de Granada, C/Rector López Argüeta, 10871 Granada, Spain ; Anthropological Institute & Museum, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juan Antonio Pérez-Claros
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología (Área de Paleontología), Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Aledo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Paul Palmqvist
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología (Área de Paleontología), Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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41
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Macho GA. Baboon feeding ecology informs the dietary niche of Paranthropus boisei. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84942. [PMID: 24416315 PMCID: PMC3885648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hominins are generally considered eclectic omnivores like baboons, but recent isotope studies call into question the generalist status of some hominins. Paranthropus boisei and Australopithecus bahrelghazali derived 75%-80% of their tissues' δ(13)C from C4 sources, i.e. mainly low-quality foods like grasses and sedges. Here I consider the energetics of P. boisei and the nutritional value of C4 foods, taking into account scaling issues between the volume of food consumed and body mass, and P. boisei's food preference as inferred from dento-cranial morphology. Underlying the models are empirical data for Papio cynocephalus dietary ecology. Paranthropus boisei only needed to spend some 37%-42% of its daily feeding time (conservative estimate) on C4 sources to meet 80% of its daily requirements of calories, and all its requirements for protein. The energetic requirements of 2-4 times the basal metabolic rate (BMR) common to mammals could therefore have been met within a 6-hour feeding/foraging day. The findings highlight the high nutritional yield of many C4 foods eaten by baboons (and presumably hominins), explain the evolutionary success of P. boisei, and indicate that P. boisei was probably a generalist like other hominins. The diet proposed is consistent with the species' derived morphology and unique microwear textures. Finally, the results highlight the importance of baboon/hominin hand in food acquisition and preparation.
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42
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Relationship between masticatory rhythm, body mass and mandibular morphology in primates. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1084-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fonseca-Azevedo K, Herculano-Houzel S. Metabolic constraint imposes tradeoff between body size and number of brain neurons in human evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:18571-6. [PMID: 23090991 PMCID: PMC3494886 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206390109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a general trend for larger mammals to have larger brains, humans are the primates with the largest brain and number of neurons, but not the largest body mass. Why are great apes, the largest primates, not also those endowed with the largest brains? Recently, we showed that the energetic cost of the brain is a linear function of its numbers of neurons. Here we show that metabolic limitations that result from the number of hours available for feeding and the low caloric yield of raw foods impose a tradeoff between body size and number of brain neurons, which explains the small brain size of great apes compared with their large body size. This limitation was probably overcome in Homo erectus with the shift to a cooked diet. Absent the requirement to spend most available hours of the day feeding, the combination of newly freed time and a large number of brain neurons affordable on a cooked diet may thus have been a major positive driving force to the rapid increased in brain size in human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Fonseca-Azevedo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional, 04023-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suzana Herculano-Houzel
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional, 04023-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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44
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Ross CF, Iriarte-Diaz J, Nunn CL. Innovative Approaches to the Relationship Between Diet and Mandibular Morphology in Primates. INT J PRIMATOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-012-9599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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45
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Vinyard CJ, Glander KE, Teaford MF, Thompson CL, Deffenbaugh M, Williams SH. Methods for Studying the Ecological Physiology of Feeding in Free-Ranging Howlers (Alouatta palliata) at La Pacifica, Costa Rica. INT J PRIMATOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-012-9579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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46
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Mandibular corpus bone strains during mastication in goats (Capra hircus): A comparison of ingestive and rumination chewing. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:960-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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Phylogenetic rate shifts in feeding time during the evolution of Homo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:14555-9. [PMID: 21873223 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1107806108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique among animals, humans eat a diet rich in cooked and nonthermally processed food. The ancestors of modern humans who invented food processing (including cooking) gained critical advantages in survival and fitness through increased caloric intake. However, the time and manner in which food processing became biologically significant are uncertain. Here, we assess the inferred evolutionary consequences of food processing in the human lineage by applying a Bayesian phylogenetic outlier test to a comparative dataset of feeding time in humans and nonhuman primates. We find that modern humans spend an order of magnitude less time feeding than predicted by phylogeny and body mass (4.7% vs. predicted 48% of daily activity). This result suggests that a substantial evolutionary rate change in feeding time occurred along the human branch after the human-chimpanzee split. Along this same branch, Homo erectus shows a marked reduction in molar size that is followed by a gradual, although erratic, decline in H. sapiens. We show that reduction in molar size in early Homo (H. habilis and H. rudolfensis) is explicable by phylogeny and body size alone. By contrast, the change in molar size to H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis, and H. sapiens cannot be explained by the rate of craniodental and body size evolution. Together, our results indicate that the behaviorally driven adaptations of food processing (reduced feeding time and molar size) originated after the evolution of Homo but before or concurrent with the evolution of H. erectus, which was around 1.9 Mya.
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48
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Terhune CE, Iriarte-Díaz J, Taylor AB, Ross CF. The Instantaneous Center of Rotation of the Mandible in Nonhuman Primates. Integr Comp Biol 2011; 51:320-32. [PMID: 21622946 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icr031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Terhune
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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49
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Intraspecific Variation in Maximum Ingested Food Size and Body Mass in Varecia rubra and Propithecus coquereli. ANATOMY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:831943. [PMID: 22567300 PMCID: PMC3335554 DOI: 10.1155/2011/831943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In a recent study, we quantified the scaling of ingested food size (Vb)—the maximum size at which an animal consistently ingests food whole—and found that Vb scaled isometrically between species of captive strepsirrhines. The current study examines the relationship between Vb and body size within species with a focus on the frugivorous Varecia rubra and the folivorous Propithecus coquereli. We found no overlap in Vb between the species (all V. rubra ingested larger pieces of food relative to those eaten by P. coquereli), and least-squares regression of Vb and three different measures of body mass showed no scaling relationship within each species. We believe that this lack of relationship results from the relatively narrow intraspecific body size variation and seemingly patternless individual variation in Vb within species and take this study as further evidence that general scaling questions are best examined interspecifically rather than intraspecifically.
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50
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Thompson CL, Donley EM, Stimpson CD, Horne WI, Vinyard CJ. The influence of experimental manipulations on chewing speed during in vivo laboratory research in tufted capuchins (Cebus apella). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 145:402-14. [PMID: 21469081 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Even though in vivo studies of mastication in living primates are often used to test functional and adaptive hypotheses explaining primate masticatory behavior, we currently have little data addressing how experimental procedures performed in the laboratory influence mastication. The obvious logistical issue in assessing how animal manipulation impacts feeding physiology reflects the difficulty in quantifying mechanical parameters without handling the animal. In this study, we measured chewing cycle duration as a mechanical variable that can be collected remotely to: 1) assess how experimental manipulations affect chewing speed in Cebus apella, 2) compare captive chewing cycle durations to that of wild conspecifics, and 3) document sources of variation (beyond experimental manipulation) impacting captive chewing cycle durations. We find that experimental manipulations do increase chewing cycle durations in C. apella by as much as 152 milliseconds (ms) on average. These slower chewing speeds are mainly an effect of anesthesia (and/or restraint), rather than electrode implantation or more invasive surgical procedures. Comparison of captive and wild C. apella suggest there is no novel effect of captivity on chewing speed, although this cannot unequivocally demonstrate that masticatory mechanics are similar in captive and wild individuals. Furthermore, we document significant differences in cycle durations due to inter-individual variation and food type, although duration did not always significantly correlate with mechanical properties of foods. We advocate that the significant reduction in chewing speed be considered as an appropriate qualification when applying the results of laboratory-based feeding studies to adaptive explanations of primate feeding behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Thompson
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, OH 44242, USA.
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