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Bouchet F, Zanolli C, Skinner MM, Urciuoli A, Fortuny J, Almécija S, Bernardini F, Tuniz C, Schillinger B, Moyà-Solà S, Alba DM. Molar enamel-dentine junction shape of Pliobates cataloniae and other Iberian pliopithecoids. J Hum Evol 2024; 195:103581. [PMID: 39243703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships of the small-bodied catarrhine Pliobates cataloniae (∼11.6 Ma, NE Iberian Peninsula) have been controversial since its original description. However, the recent report of additional dentognathic remains has supported its crouzeliid pliopithecoid status. Based on the available hypodigm, the molar enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) shape of P. cataloniae is compared with that of other pliopithecoids from the same basin as well as both extinct and extant hominoids to further evaluate its pliopithecoid affinities. We also quantitatively compare the EDJ shape among these taxa by means of landmark-based three-dimensional geometric morphometrics using principal component analysis (PCA), canonical variate analysis, and between-group PCA. Permutation tests are performed to test whether Pliobates variation exceeds that of extant hominoid genera. Results indicate that Pliobates is similar in molar EDJ shape to other pliopithecoids, particularly crouzeliids. The variation displayed by Pliobates upper molars is less marked at the EDJ level than at the outer enamel surface, probably owing to differential enamel wear and intraspecific differences in enamel thickness. Multivariate analyses of EDJ shape show that all pliopithecoids (including Pliobates) cluster together in the PCAs, canonical variate analyses, and between-group PCAs and occupy a different portion of the morphospaces from extinct and extant hominoids. Posterior and typicality probabilities strongly support the classification of Pliobates as a pliopithecoid, wheras permutation tests fail to reject the single-genus hypothesis for the P. cataloniae hypodigm. We conclude that P. cataloniae is a crouzeliid pliopithecoid, as recently supported by cladistic analyses of craniodental characters, and that previous cladistic results that supported a stem hominoid status are attributable to postcranial convergences with crown hominoids. Our results further highlight the potential of three-dimensional geometric morphometrics analyses of the EDJ shape for better informing fossil primate alpha-taxonomy by means of quantitatively testing hypotheses about tooth shape variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bouchet
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP-CERCA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Clément Zanolli
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, PACEA, UMR 5199, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Matthew M Skinner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alessandro Urciuoli
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Universidad de Alcalá, Cátedra de Otoacústica Evolutiva y Paleoantropología (HM Hospitales-UAH), Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP-CERCA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Fortuny
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP-CERCA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Almécija
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10024, USA; Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP-CERCA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Bernardini
- Department of Humanistic Studies, Universit a Ca'Foscari, Venezia, Italy; Multidisciplinary Laboratory, 'Abdus Salam' International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Via Beirut 31, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio Tuniz
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory, 'Abdus Salam' International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Via Beirut 31, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Burkhard Schillinger
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (FRM II), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Salvador Moyà-Solà
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP-CERCA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain; Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica (Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David M Alba
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP-CERCA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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Böhme M, Begun DR, Holmes AC, Lechner T, Ferreira G. Buronius manfredschmidi-A new small hominid from the early late Miocene of Hammerschmiede (Bavaria, Germany). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301002. [PMID: 38848328 PMCID: PMC11161025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The known diversity of European middle and late Miocene hominids has increased significantly during the last decades. Most of these great apes were frugivores in the broadest sense, ranging from soft fruit frugivores most like chimpanzees to hard/tough object feeders like orangutans, varying in size from larger than siamangs (over 17 kg) to larger than most chimpanzees (~60-70 kg). In contrast to the frequent sympatry of hominoids in the early-to-middle Miocene of Africa, in no European Miocene locality more than one hominid taxon has been identified. Here we describe the first case of hominid sympatry in Europe from the 11.62 Ma old Hammerschmiede HAM 5 level, best known from its excellent record of Danuvius guggenmosi. The new fossils are consistent in size with larger pliopithecoids but differ morphologically from any pliopithecoid and from Danuvius. They are also distinguished from early and middle Miocene apes, share affinities with late Miocene apes, and represent a small hitherto unknown late Miocene ape Buronius manfredschmidi. With an estimated body mass of about 10 kg it represents the smallest known hominid taxon. The relative enamel thickness of Buronius is thin and contrasts with Danuvius, whose enamel is twice as thick. The differences between Buronius and Danuvius in tooth and patellar morphology, enamel thickness and body mass are indicative of differing adaptations in each, permitting resource partitioning, in which Buronius was a more folivorous climber.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Böhme
- Department of Geosciences, Section Terrestrial Palaeoclimatology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Section Palaeontology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Tübingen, Germany
| | - D. R. Begun
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A. C. Holmes
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - T. Lechner
- Department of Geosciences, Section Terrestrial Palaeoclimatology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Section Palaeontology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Tübingen, Germany
| | - G. Ferreira
- Department of Geosciences, Section Terrestrial Palaeoclimatology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Section Palaeontology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Dean MC, Garrevoet J, Van Malderen SJM, Santos F, Mirazón Lahr M, Foley R, Le Cabec A. The Distribution and Biogenic Origins of Zinc in the Mineralised Tooth Tissues of Modern and Fossil Hominoids: Implications for Life History, Diet and Taphonomy. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1455. [PMID: 38132281 PMCID: PMC10740576 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is incorporated into enamel, dentine and cementum during tooth growth. This work aimed to distinguish between the processes underlying Zn incorporation and Zn distribution. These include different mineralisation processes, the physiological events around birth, Zn ingestion with diet, exposure to the oral environment during life and diagenetic changes to fossil teeth post-mortem. Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence (SXRF) was used to map zinc distribution across longitudinal polished ground sections of both deciduous and permanent modern human, great ape and fossil hominoid teeth. Higher resolution fluorescence intensity maps were used to image Zn in surface enamel, secondary dentine and cementum, and at the neonatal line (NNL) and enamel-dentine-junction (EDJ) in deciduous teeth. Secondary dentine was consistently Zn-rich, but the highest concentrations of Zn (range 197-1743 ppm) were found in cuspal, mid-lateral and cervical surface enamel and were similar in unerupted teeth never exposed to the oral environment. Zinc was identified at the NNL and EDJ in both modern and fossil deciduous teeth. In fossil specimens, diagenetic changes were identified in various trace element distributions but only demineralisation appeared to markedly alter Zn distribution. Zinc appears to be tenacious and stable in fossil tooth tissues, especially in enamel, over millions of years.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Christopher Dean
- Centre for Human Evolution Research, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jan Garrevoet
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (J.G.); (S.J.M.V.M.)
| | - Stijn J. M. Van Malderen
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (J.G.); (S.J.M.V.M.)
| | - Frédéric Santos
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, UMR 5199, F-33600 Pessac, France; (F.S.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Marta Mirazón Lahr
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK; (M.M.L.); (R.F.)
| | - Robert Foley
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK; (M.M.L.); (R.F.)
| | - Adeline Le Cabec
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, UMR 5199, F-33600 Pessac, France; (F.S.); (A.L.C.)
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Post NW, Gilbert CC, Pugh KD, Mongle CS. Implications of outgroup selection in the phylogenetic inference of hominoids and fossil hominins. J Hum Evol 2023; 184:103437. [PMID: 37783198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the phylogenetic relationships among hominins and other hominoid species is critical to the study of human origins. However, phylogenetic inferences are dependent on both the character data and taxon sampling used. Previous studies of hominin phylogenetics have used Papio and Colobus as outgroups in their analyses; however, these extant monkeys possess many derived traits that may confound the polarities of morphological changes among living apes and hominins. Here, we consider Victoriapithecus and Ekembo as more suitable outgroups. Both Victoriapithecus and Ekembo are anatomically well known and are widely accepted as morphologically primitive stem cercopithecoid and hominoid taxa, respectively, making them more appropriate for inferring polarity for later-occurring hominoid- and hominin-focused analyses. Craniodental characters for both taxa were scored and then added to a previously published matrix of fossil hominin and extant hominoid taxa, replacing outgroups Papio and Colobus over a series of iterative analyses using both parsimony and Bayesian inference methods. Neither the addition nor replacement of outgroup taxa changed tree topology in any analysis. Importantly, however, bootstrap support values and posterior probabilities for nodes supporting their relationships generally increased compared to previous analyses. These increases were the highest at extant hominoid and basal hominin nodes, recovering the molecular ape phylogeny with considerably higher support and strengthening the inferred relationships among basal hominins. Interestingly, however, the inclusion of both extant and fossil outgroups reduced support for the crown hominid node. Our findings suggest that, in addition to improving character polarity estimation, including fossil outgroups generally strengthens confidence in relationships among extant hominoid and basal hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Post
- Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA; Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Christopher C Gilbert
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, NY 10024, USA; Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065-5024, USA; PhD Program in Anthropology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016-4309, USA; Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA
| | - Kelsey D Pugh
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, NY 10024, USA; Department of Anthropology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Carrie S Mongle
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA; Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364, USA; Turkana Basin Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364, USA.
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5
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Vanhoof MJM, Croquet B, De Groote I, Vereecke EE. Principal component and linear discriminant analyses for the classification of hominoid primate specimens based on bone shape data. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230950. [PMID: 37736524 PMCID: PMC10509576 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the hypothesis that machine learning methods can accurately classify extant primates based on triquetrum shape data. We then used this classification tool to observe the affinities between extant primates and fossil hominoids. We assessed the discrimination accuracy for an unsupervised and supervised learning pipeline, i.e. with principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) feature extraction, when tasked with the classification of extant primates. The trained algorithm is used to classify a sample of known fossil hominoids. For the visualization, PCA and uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) are used. The results show that the discriminant function correctly classified the extant specimens with an F1-score of 0.90 for both PCA and LDA. In addition, the classification of fossil hominoids reflects taxonomy and locomotor behaviour reported in literature. This classification based on shape data using PCA and LDA is a powerful tool that can discriminate between the triquetrum shape of extant primates with high accuracy and quantitatively compare fossil and extant morphology. It can be used to support taxonomic differentiation and aid the further interpretation of fossil remains. Further testing is necessary by including other bones and more species and specimens per species extinct primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J. M. Vanhoof
- Department of Development & Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Balder Croquet
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle De Groote
- Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Paleoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Evie E. Vereecke
- Department of Development & Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
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6
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Urciuoli A, Alba DM. Systematics of Miocene apes: State of the art of a neverending controversy. J Hum Evol 2023; 175:103309. [PMID: 36716680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hominoids diverged from cercopithecoids during the Oligocene in Afro-Arabia, initially radiating in that continent and subsequently dispersing into Eurasia. From the Late Miocene onward, the geographic range of hominoids progressively shrank, except for hominins, which dispersed out of Africa during the Pleistocene. Although the overall picture of hominoid evolution is clear based on available fossil evidence, many uncertainties persist regarding the phylogeny and paleobiogeography of Miocene apes (nonhominin hominoids), owing to their sparse record, pervasive homoplasy, and the decimated current diversity of this group. We review Miocene ape systematics and evolution by focusing on the most parsimonious cladograms published during the last decade. First, we provide a historical account of the progress made in Miocene ape phylogeny and paleobiogeography, report an updated classification of Miocene apes, and provide a list of Miocene ape species-locality occurrences together with an analysis of their paleobiodiversity dynamics. Second, we discuss various critical issues of Miocene ape phylogeny and paleobiogeography (hylobatid and crown hominid origins, plus the relationships of Oreopithecus) in the light of the highly divergent results obtained from cladistic analyses of craniodental and postcranial characters separately. We conclude that cladistic efforts to disentangle Miocene ape phylogeny are potentially biased by a long-branch attraction problem caused by the numerous postcranial similarities shared between hylobatids and hominids-despite the increasingly held view that they are likely homoplastic to a large extent, as illustrated by Sivapithecus and Pierolapithecus-and further aggravated by abundant missing data owing to incomplete preservation. Finally, we argue that-besides the recovery of additional fossils, the retrieval of paleoproteomic data, and a better integration between cladistics and geometric morphometrics-Miocene ape phylogenetics should take advantage of total-evidence (tip-dating) Bayesian methods of phylogenetic inference combining morphologic, molecular, and chronostratigraphic data. This would hopefully help ascertain whether hylobatid divergence was more basal than currently supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Urciuoli
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David M Alba
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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7
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Foecke KK, Hammond AS, Kelley J. Portable x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy geochemical sourcing of Miocene primate fossils from Kenya. J Hum Evol 2022; 170:103234. [PMID: 36001899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the biogeography and evolution of Miocene catarrhines relies on accurate specimen provenience. It has long been speculated that some catarrhine specimens among the early collections from Miocene sites in Kenya have incorrect provenience data. The provenience of one of these, the holotype of Equatorius africanus (NHM M16649), was previously revised based on x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Here we use nondestructive portable x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to test the provenience of additional catarrhine specimens that, based hat two specimens purportedly from the Early Miocene site of Rusinga (KNM-RU 1681 and KNM-RU 1999) are instead from Maboko, three specimens purportedly from the Middle Miocene site of Fort Ternan (KNM-FT 8, KNM-FT 41, and KNM-FT 3318) are instead from Songhor, and one specimen accessioned as being from Songhor (KNM-SO 5352) is from that site. Elemental data reveal that two of the specimens (KNM-FT 3318 and KNM-RU 1681) are likely to have been collected at sites other than their museum-accessioned provenience, while two others (KNM-RU 1999, and KNM-FT 41) were confirmed to have correct provenience. Results for both KNM-FT 8 and KNM-SO 5352, while somewhat equivocal, are best interpreted as supporting their accessioned provenience. Our results have implications for the distribution of certain catarrhine species during the Miocene in Kenya. Confirmation of the provenience of the specimens also facilitates taxonomic attribution, and resulted in additions to the morphological characterizations of some species. The protocol presented here has potential for wider application to assessing questions of provenience for fossils from other locations and periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly K Foecke
- Center for Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Ashley S Hammond
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA; New York Consortium of Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, NY, USA
| | - Jay Kelley
- Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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8
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Pugh KD. Phylogenetic analysis of Middle-Late Miocene apes. J Hum Evol 2022; 165:103140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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9
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Bouchet F, Urciuoli A, Beaudet A, Pina M, Moyà-Solà S, Alba DM. Comparative anatomy of the carotid canal in the Miocene small-bodied catarrhine Pliobates cataloniae. J Hum Evol 2021; 161:103073. [PMID: 34628300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The small-bodied Miocene catarrhine Pliobates cataloniae (11.6 Ma, Spain) displays a mosaic of catarrhine symplesiomorphies and hominoid synapomorphies that hinders deciphering its phylogenetic relationships. Based on cladistic analyses, it has been interpreted as a stem hominoid or as a pliopithecoid. Intriguingly, the carotid canal orientation of Pliobates was originally described as hylobatid-like. The variation in carotid canal morphology among anthropoid clades shown in previous studies suggests that this structure might be phylogenetically informative. However, its potential for phylogenetic reconstruction among extinct catarrhines remains largely unexplored. Here we quantify the orientation, proportions, and course of the carotid canal in Pliobates, extant anthropoids and other Miocene catarrhines (Epipliopithecus, Victoriapithecus, and Ekembo) using three-dimensional morphometric techniques. We also compute phylogenetic signal and reconstruct the ancestral carotid canal course for main anthropoid clades. Our results reveal that carotid canal morphology embeds strong phylogenetic signal but mostly discriminates between platyrrhines and catarrhines, with an extensive overlap among extant catarrhine families. The analyzed extinct taxa display a quite similar carotid canal morphology more closely resembling that of extant catarrhines. Nevertheless, our results for Pliobates highlight some differences compared with the pliopithecid Epipliopithecus, which displays a somewhat more platyrrhine-like morphology. In contrast, Pliobates appears as derived toward the modern catarrhine condition as the stem cercopithecid Victoriapithecus and the stem hominoid Ekembo, which more closely resemble one another. Moreover, Pliobates appears somewhat derived toward the reconstructed ancestral hominoid morphotype, being more similar than other Miocene catarrhines to the condition of great apes and the hylobatid Symphalangus. Overall, our results rule out previously noted similarities in carotid canal morphology between Pliobates and hylobatids, but do not show particular similarities with pliopithecoids either-as opposed to extant and other extinct catarrhines. Additional analyses will be required to clarify the phylogenetic relationships of Pliobates, particularly given its dental similarities with dendropithecids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bouchet
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alessandro Urciuoli
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amélie Beaudet
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, The Old Schools, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK; School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield 0002, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marta Pina
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Salvador Moyà-Solà
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain; Unitat d'Antropologia (Dept. BABVE), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C, Facultat de Biociències, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David M Alba
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Arias-Martorell J, Almécija S, Urciuoli A, Nakatsukasa M, Moyà-Solà S, Alba DM. A proximal radius of Barberapithecus huerzeleri from Castell de Barberà: Implications for locomotor diversity among pliopithecoids. J Hum Evol 2021; 157:103032. [PMID: 34233242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pliopithecoids are a diverse group of Miocene catarrhine primates from Eurasia. Their positional behavior is still unknown, and many species are known exclusively from dentognathic remains. Here, we describe a proximal radius (IPS66267) from the late Miocene of Castell de Barberà (Vallès-Penedès Basin, NE Iberian Peninsula) that represents the first postcranial specimen of the pliopithecoid Barberapithecus huerzeleri. A body mass estimate based on the radius is compared with dental estimates, and its morphology is compared with that of extant and fossil anthropoids by qualitative means as well as by landmark-based three-dimensional geometric morphometrics. The estimated body mass of ∼5 kg for IPS66267 closely matches the dental estimates for the (female) holotype, thereby discounting an alternative attribution to the large-bodied hominoid recorded at Castell de Barberà. In multiple features (oval and moderately tilted head with a pronounced lateral lip and a restricted articular area for the capitulum; proximodistally expanded proximal radioulnar joint; and short, robust, and anteroposteriorly compressed neck), the specimen differs from hominoids and resembles instead extant nonateline monkeys and stem catarrhines. The results of the morphometric analysis further indicate that the Barberapithecus proximal radius shows closer similarities with nonsuspensory arboreal cercopithecoids and the dendropithecid Simiolus. From a locomotor viewpoint, the radius of Barberapithecus lacks most of the features functionally related to climbing and/or suspensory behaviors and displays instead a proximal radioulnar joint that would have been particularly stable under pronation. On the other hand, the Barberapithecus radius differs from other stem catarrhines in the less anteroposteriorly compressed and less tilted radial head with a deeper capitular fovea, suggesting a somewhat enhanced mobility at the elbow joint. We conclude that pronograde arboreal quadrupedalism was the main component of the locomotor repertoire of Barberapithecus but that, similar to other crouzeliids, it might have displayed better climbing abilities than pliopithecids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Arias-Martorell
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; School of Anthropology and Conservation, Marlowe Building University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK.
| | - Sergio Almécija
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10024, USA; Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandro Urciuoli
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Masato Nakatsukasa
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Salvador Moyà-Solà
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain; Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica (Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David M Alba
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Chaney ME, Ruiz CA, Meindl RS, Lovejoy CO. The foot of the human-chimpanzee last common ancestor was not African ape-like: A response to Prang (2019). J Hum Evol 2021; 164:102940. [PMID: 33441261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Chaney
- Department of Anthropology & School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
| | - Cody A Ruiz
- Department of Anthropology & School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Richard S Meindl
- Department of Anthropology & School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - C Owen Lovejoy
- Department of Anthropology & School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
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12
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A genotype:phenotype approach to testing taxonomic hypotheses in hominids. Naturwissenschaften 2020; 107:40. [PMID: 32870408 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-020-01696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Paleontology has long relied on assumptions about the genetic and developmental influences on skeletal variation. The last few decades of developmental genetics have elucidated the genetic pathways involved in making teeth and patterning the dentition. Quantitative genetic analyses have refined this genotype:phenotype map even more, especially for primates. We now have the ability to define dental traits with a fair degree of fidelity to the underlying genetic architecture; for example, the molar module component (MMC) and the premolar-molar module (PMM) that have been defined through quantitative genetic analyses. We leverage an extensive dataset of extant and extinct hominoid dental variation to explore how these two genetically patterned phenotypes have evolved through time. We assess MMC and PMM to test the hypothesis that these two traits reveal a more biologically informed taxonomy at the genus and species levels than do more traditional measurements. Our results indicate that MMC values for hominids fall into two categories and that Homo is derived compared with earlier taxa. We find a more variable, species-level pattern for PMM. These results, in combination with previous research, demonstrate that MMC reflects the phenotypic output of a more evolutionarily stable, or phylogenetically congruent, genetic mechanism, and PMM is a reflection of a more evolutionarily labile mechanism. These results suggest that the human lineage since the split with chimpanzees may not represent as much genus-level variation as has been inferred from traits whose etiologies are not understood.
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13
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Pitirri MK, Vermeulen E, Komza K, Begun DR. Mandibular shape variation in mainland and insular hylobatids. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23175. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kathleen Pitirri
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Toronto Canada
- Department of Anthropology Pennsylvania State University State College Pennsylvania
| | - Erin Vermeulen
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - Klara Komza
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - David R. Begun
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Toronto Canada
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14
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Machnicki AL, Reno PL. Great apes and humans evolved from a long-backed ancestor. J Hum Evol 2020; 144:102791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Abstract
The relationship of evolution with diet and environment can provide insights into modern disease. Fossil evidence shows apes, and early human ancestors were fruit eaters living in environments with strongly seasonal climates. Rapid cooling at the end of the Middle Miocene (15-12 Ma: millions of years ago) increased seasonality in Africa and Europe, and ape survival may be linked with a mutation in uric acid metabolism. Climate stabilized in the later Miocene and Pliocene (12-5 Ma), and fossil apes and early hominins were both adapted for life on ground and in trees. Around 2.5 Ma, early species of Homo introduced more animal products into their diet, and this coincided with developing bipedalism, stone tool technology and increase in brain size. Early species of Homo such as Homo habilis still lived in woodland habitats, and the major habitat shift in human evolution occurred at 1.8 Ma with the origin of Homo erectus. Homo erectus had increased body size, greater hunting skills, a diet rich in meat, control of fire and understanding about cooking food, and moved from woodland to savannah. Group size may also have increased at the same time, facilitating the transmission of knowledge from one generation to the next. The earliest fossils of Homo sapiens appeared about 300 kyr, but they had separated from Neanderthals by 480 kyr or earlier. Their diet shifted towards grain-based foods about 100 kyr ago, and settled agriculture developed about 10 kyr ago. This pattern remains for many populations to this day and provides important insights into current burden of lifestyle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Andrews
- From the, Natural History Museum, London University College, London, UK
| | - R J Johnson
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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16
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Mincer ST, Russo GA. Substrate use drives the macroevolution of mammalian tail length diversity. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192885. [PMID: 32019445 PMCID: PMC7031669 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
External length is one of the most conspicuous aspects of mammalian tail morphological diversity. Factors that influence the evolution of tail length diversity have been proposed for particular taxa, including habitat, diet, locomotion and climate. However, no study to date has investigated such factors at a large phylogenetic scale to elucidate what drives tail length evolution in and across mammalian lineages. We use phylogenetic comparative methods to test a priori hypotheses regarding proposed factors influencing tail length, explore possible interactions between factors using evolutionary best-fit models, and map evolutionary patterns of tail length for specific mammalian lineages. Across mammals, substrate use is a significant factor influencing tail length, with arboreal species maintaining selection for longer tails. Non-arboreal species instead exhibit a wider range of tail lengths, secondarily influenced by differences in locomotion, diet and climate. Tail loss events are revealed to occur in the context of both long and short tails and influential factors are clade dependent. Some mammalian groups (e.g. Macaca; primates) exhibit elevated rates of tail length evolution, indicating that morphological evolution may be accelerated in groups characterized by diverse substrate use, locomotor modes and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T. Mincer
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Gabrielle A. Russo
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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17
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Pitirri MK, Begun D. Ontogenetic insights into the significance of mandibular corpus shape variation in hominoids: Developmental covariation between M 2 crypt formation and corpus shape. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 171:76-88. [PMID: 31710703 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Here, we quantify and compare the cross-sectional shape of the mandibular corpus between M1 and M2 during growth in Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, and Pongo pygmaeus. The goal is to assess the hypothesis that the shape of the corpus is influenced by the development of permanent molars in their crypts, by examining ontogenetic changes in corpus shape and investigating covariation between corpus shape and M2 and M3 molar crypt forms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ontogenetic changes in mandibular corpus shape were assessed using landmarks and semilandmarks, and measurements of length, width, and height were used to quantify molar crypts (M2 and M3 ). Ontogenetic changes in corpus growth from the eruption of M1 to the eruption of M3 were evaluated for each species through generalized Procrustes analysis and principal components analysis in shape-space and form-space. The relationship between corpus shape and molar crypt form was investigated at three different developmental stages using two-block partial least squares (2B-PLS) analysis. RESULTS The results show clear differences in growth patterns among all three species and provide evidence that species-level differences in mandibular corpus growth occur prior to the emergence of M1 . The results of the 2B-PLS analysis reveal that significant covariance between corpus shape and molar crypt form is limited to the developmental stage marked by the emergence of M1 , with covariance between corpus shape and M2 crypt width. Corpora that are relatively narrower in the inferior portion of the cross section covary with relatively narrower M2 crypts. CONCLUSIONS These results have important implications for understanding the taxonomic and phylogenetic significance of mandibular corpus shape variation in the hominoid fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Pitirri
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.,Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - David Begun
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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18
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A late Miocene hominid partial pelvis from Hungary. J Hum Evol 2019; 136:102645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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O'Neill MC, Demes B, Thompson NE, Umberger BR. Three-dimensional kinematics and the origin of the hominin walking stride. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2018.0205. [PMID: 30089686 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are unique among apes and other primates in the musculoskeletal design of their lower back and pelvis. While the last common ancestor of the Pan-Homo lineages has long been thought to be 'African ape-like', including in its lower back and ilia design, recent descriptions of early hominin and Miocene ape fossils have led to the proposal that its lower back and ilia were more similar to those of some Old World monkeys, such as macaques. Here, we compared three-dimensional kinematics of the pelvis and hind/lower limbs of bipedal macaques, chimpanzees and humans walking at similar dimensionless speeds to test the effects of lower back and ilia design on gait. Our results indicate that locomotor kinematics of bipedal macaques and chimpanzees are remarkably similar, with both species exhibiting greater pelvis motion and more flexed, abducted hind limbs than humans during walking. Some differences between macaques and chimpanzees in pelvis tilt and hip abduction were noted, but they were small in magnitude; larger differences were observed in ankle flexion. Our results suggest that if Pan and Homo diverged from a common ancestor whose lower back and ilia were either 'African ape-like' or more 'Old World monkey-like', at its origin, the hominin walking stride likely involved distinct (i.e. non-human-like) pelvis motion on flexed, abducted hind limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C O'Neill
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Brigitte Demes
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Nathan E Thompson
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Brian R Umberger
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2013, USA
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20
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Ioannidou M, Koufos GD, de Bonis L, Harvati K. A new three-dimensional geometric morphometrics analysis of the Ouranopithecus macedoniensis cranium (Late Miocene, Central Macedonia, Greece). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 170:295-307. [PMID: 31339568 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to virtually reconstruct the deformed face (XIR-1) and maxilla (RPl-128) of the Late Miocene hominoid Ouranopithecus macedoniensis from Greece, through the application of mirror-imaging and segmentation. Additionally, analysis was conducted through 3D geometric morphometrics, utilizing a comparative sample of fossil hominoids, extant great apes (Gorilla, Pan, and Pongo) and humans, so as to explore shape variation and phenetic similarities between them. MATERIALS AND METHODS High-resolution computed tomography was used to create digital representations of the XIR-1 and RPl-128 specimens. The virtual reconstruction of the XIR-1 cranium was achieved by mirror-imaging, while the RPl-128 maxilla was virtually segmented and reattached in a correct anatomical position. Anatomical landmarks were registered in three dimensions on a comparative sample of adult crania of extant great apes, humans and fossil hominoids. The data were processed with Procrustes superimposition and analyzed using multivariate statistics methods. RESULTS Results show that Ouranopithecus macedoniensis falls within or close to the Gorilla convex hull in the principal component analyses, and it is closer to the mean Procrustes shape distance of primarily Gorilla. Both specimens, XIR-1 and RPl-128, are classified as Gorilla based on discriminant function analyses. DISCUSSION The results of our geometric morphometrics analyses indicate that Ouranopithecus macedoniensis is morphologically more similar to Gorilla than to Homo, Pan, or Pongo, results that can contribute to the evaluation of existing hypotheses about its phylogenetic position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Ioannidou
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - George D Koufos
- School of Geology, Laboratory of Geology & Paleontology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Louis de Bonis
- Laboratoire de Paléontologie, Evolution, Paléoécosystèmes, Paléoprimatologie (PALEVOPRIM) - UMR CNRS 7262, Université des Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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21
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MacLatchy L, Rossie J, Houssaye A, Olejniczak AJ, Smith TM. New hominoid fossils from Moroto II, Uganda and their bearing on the taxonomic and adaptive status of Morotopithecus bishopi. J Hum Evol 2019; 132:227-246. [PMID: 31203849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The early Miocene site of Moroto II, Uganda has yielded some of the oldest known hominoid fossils. A new partial mandible (UMP MORII 03'551) is notable for its long tooth row and large, narrow M2 with well-developed cristids - a morphological combination previously unknown for large bodied catarrhines of the Early Miocene and suggesting folivory. The tooth proportions are compatible with belonging to the same taxon as the maxilla UMP 62-11, the holotype of Morotopithecus bishopi; likewise, the long tooth row and vertical planum of UMP MORII 03'551 suggest that it may represent the same taxon as mandible(s) UMP 66-01 and UMP 62-10. Canine size strongly suggests UMP MORII 03'551 is a female. Comparisons of the tooth crown morphology and tooth row proportions, relative enamel thickness, enamel-dentine junction morphology, long-period line periodicity, and dental wear patterns support significant morphological, developmental, and inferred dietary differentiation, and therefore generic-level distinctiveness, among Afropithecus, Morotopithecus and the Proconsul clade. An isolated M1 (UMP MORII 03'559) is morphologically dissimilar, and much smaller than the actual or inferred size of molars in UMP MORII 03'551, UMP 66-01 and UMP 62-10, supporting the presence of two hominoid taxa at Moroto II, M. bishopi and a smaller bodied proconsulid. Given the high level of body mass dimorphism inferred for Morotopithecus and other early Miocene catarrhines, the known postcrania from Moroto II could be attributable to either taxon. However, UMP MORII 03'551 and the femora UMP MORII 94'80 derive from the same stratigraphic interval, while the isolated M1 was deposited later, increasing the likelihood that the mandible and femora are from the same individual. These new fossils expand our understanding of the taxonomic and adaptive diversity of early Miocene catarrhines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura MacLatchy
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA.
| | - James Rossie
- Department of Anthropology, S.U.N.Y. Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Alexandra Houssaye
- UMR 7179 CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Adaptations du Vivant, 57 Rue Cuvier CP-55, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Tanya M Smith
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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22
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Wuthrich C, MacLatchy LM, Nengo IO. Wrist morphology reveals substantial locomotor diversity among early catarrhines: an analysis of capitates from the early Miocene of Tinderet (Kenya). Sci Rep 2019; 9:3728. [PMID: 30842461 PMCID: PMC6403298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable taxonomic diversity has been recognised among early Miocene catarrhines (apes, Old World monkeys, and their extinct relatives). However, locomotor diversity within this group has eluded characterization, bolstering a narrative that nearly all early catarrhines shared a primitive locomotor repertoire resembling that of the well-described arboreal quadruped Ekembo heseloni. Here we describe and analyse seven catarrhine capitates from the Tinderet Miocene sequence of Kenya, dated to ~20 Ma. 3D morphometrics derived from these specimens and a sample of extant and fossil capitates are subjected to a series of multivariate comparisons, with results suggesting a variety of locomotor repertoires were present in this early Miocene setting. One of the fossil specimens is uniquely derived among early and middle Miocene capitates, representing the earliest known instance of great ape-like wrist morphology and supporting the presence of a behaviourally advanced ape at Songhor. We suggest Rangwapithecus as this catarrhine’s identity, and posit expression of derived, ape-like features as a criterion for distinguishing this taxon from Proconsul africanus. We also introduce a procedure for quantitative estimation of locomotor diversity and find the Tinderet sample to equal or exceed large extant catarrhine groups in this metric, demonstrating greater functional diversity among early catarrhines than previously recognised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Wuthrich
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Laura M MacLatchy
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Isaiah O Nengo
- Turkana Basin Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.,Turkana University College, P.O. Box 69-30500, Lodwar, Kenya
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23
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Hammond AS, Foecke KK, Kelley J. Hominoid anterior teeth from the late Oligocene site of Losodok, Kenya. J Hum Evol 2019; 128:59-75. [PMID: 30825982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Kamoyapithecus hamiltoni is a potential early hominoid species described from fragmentary dentognathic specimens from the Oligocene site of Losodok (Turkana Basin, northwestern Kenya). Other catarrhine dental materials have been recovered at Losodok, but were not initially included in the Kamoyapithecus hypodigm. Here we present descriptions of the unpublished canine and incisor specimens from Losodok, and revisit the published specimens in light of recent changes in understanding of hominoid anterior dental evolution. The new fossils include a canine (KNM-LS 18354) that is morphologically compatible with being a female of Kamoyapithecus (KNM-LS 8). Randomization analyses of both Gorilla gorilla and middle Miocene Griphopithecus alpani demonstrate that the size difference between KNM-LS 8 and KNM-LS 18354 is also compatible with their being male and female canines of the same species. Significantly, a canine tip (KNM-LS 18352) attributed to Kamoyapithecus documents the distinctive burin tip morphology now recognized as characterizing Proconsul sensu stricto, which may indicate a close relationship between Kamoyapithecus and Proconsul. We also re-examined the enigmatic KNM-LS 1, a smaller lower canine assumed to derive from Losodok but for which historical provenience data are completely lacking. Elemental data derived from portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy show that KNM-LS 1 is almost certainly from Losodok rather than from nearby Miocene sites (i.e., Moruorot, Esha, Kalodirr). KNM-LS 1 displays a nyanzapithecine-like morphology and is shown by randomization analyses to be too small to be associated with the Kamoyapithecus canines. This demonstrates that there is a second hominoid taxon present at Losodok that records one of the earliest occurrences of the Nyanzapithecinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Hammond
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), USA.
| | - Kimberly K Foecke
- Center for Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jay Kelley
- Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Arias‐Martorell J. The morphology and evolutionary history of the glenohumeral joint of hominoids: A review. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:703-722. [PMID: 30680150 PMCID: PMC6342098 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The glenohumeral joint, the most mobile joint in the body of hominoids, is involved in the locomotion of all extant primates apart from humans. Over the last few decades, our knowledge of how variation in its morphological characteristics relates to different locomotor behaviors within extant primates has greatly improved, including features of the proximal humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula, as well as the muscles that function to move the joint (the rotator cuff muscles). The glenohumeral joint is a region with a strong morphofunctional signal, and hence, its study can shed light on the locomotor behaviors of crucial ancestral nodes in the evolutionary history of hominoids (e.g., the last common ancestor between humans and chimpanzees). Hominoids, in particular, are distinct in showing round and relatively big proximal humeri with lowered tubercles and flattened and oval glenoid cavities, morphology suited to engage in a wide range of motions, which enables the use of locomotor behaviors such as suspension. The comparison with extant taxa has enabled more informed functional interpretations of morphology in extinct primates, including hominoids, from the Early Miocene through to the emergence of hominins. Here, I review our current understanding of glenohumeral joint functional morphology and its evolution throughout the Miocene and Pleistocene, as well as highlighting the areas where a deeper study of this joint is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Arias‐Martorell
- Animal Postcranial Evolution LabSkeletal Biology Research CentreSchool of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
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DeSilva J, McNutt E, Benoit J, Zipfel B. One small step: A review of Plio‐Pleistocene hominin foot evolution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 168 Suppl 67:63-140. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy DeSilva
- Department of AnthropologyDartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of GeosciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Ellison McNutt
- Department of AnthropologyDartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire
| | - Julien Benoit
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of GeosciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Bernhard Zipfel
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of GeosciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
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Pitirri MK, Begun D. A new method to quantify mandibular corpus shape in extant great apes and its potential application to the hominoid fossil record. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 168:318-328. [PMID: 30537105 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mandibular corpus robusticity (corpus breadth/corpus height) is the most commonly utilized descriptor of the mandibular corpus in the great ape and hominin fossil records. As a consequence of its contoured shape, linear metrics used to characterize mandibular robusticity are inadequate to quantify the shape of the mandibular corpus. Here, we present an alternative to the traditional assessment of mandibular shape by analyzing the outline of the mandibular corpus in cross-section using landmarks and semilandmarks. MATERIALS AND METHODS Outlines of the mandibular corpus in cross-section between M1 and M2 were quantified in a sample of hominoids and analyzed using generalized Procrustes analysis, Procrustes ANOVA, CVA, and cluster analysis. Corpus breadth and width were also collected from the same sample and analyzed using regression, ANOVA, and cluster analysis. RESULTS Analysis of corpus outline shape revealed significant differences in mandibular corpus shape that are independent of size and sex at the genus level across hominoids. Cluster analysis based on the analysis of corpus outline shape results in almost all specimens grouping based on taxonomic affinity (99.28% correct classification). Comparison of these results to results using traditional measures of mandibular robusticity shows that analysis of the outline of the corpus in cross-section discriminate extant great apes more reliably. CONCLUSION The strong taxonomic signal revealed by this analysis indicates that quantification of the outline of the mandibular corpus more fully captures mandibular corpus shape and offers the potential for greater power in discriminating among taxa in the hominoid fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kathleen Pitirri
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania.,Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, St. Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Begun
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, St. Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Sexual dimorphism of body size in an African fossil ape, Nacholapithecus kerioi. J Hum Evol 2018; 123:129-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hip extensor mechanics and the evolution of walking and climbing capabilities in humans, apes, and fossil hominins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4134-4139. [PMID: 29610309 PMCID: PMC5910817 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715120115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of humans’ distinct bipedal gait remains a focus of research and debate. Many reconstructions of hominin locomotor evolution assume climbing capability trades off against walking economy, with improvement in one requiring diminishment of the other, but few have tested these functional inferences experimentally. In this study, we integrate experimental locomotor mechanics from humans and other primates with osteological measurements to assess the locomotor capabilities of early hominins. Our analyses show that changes in the ischium and hamstrings would have made walking more economical without reducing the utility of these muscles for climbing in early hominins. A wider set of evolutionary solutions may have been available to early hominins than previously recognized. The evolutionary emergence of humans’ remarkably economical walking gait remains a focus of research and debate, but experimentally validated approaches linking locomotor capability to postcranial anatomy are limited. In this study, we integrated 3D morphometrics of hominoid pelvic shape with experimental measurements of hip kinematics and kinetics during walking and climbing, hamstring activity, and passive range of hip extension in humans, apes, and other primates to assess arboreal–terrestrial trade-offs in ischium morphology among living taxa. We show that hamstring-powered hip extension during habitual walking and climbing in living apes and humans is strongly predicted, and likely constrained, by the relative length and orientation of the ischium. Ape pelves permit greater extensor moments at the hip, enhancing climbing capability, but limit their range of hip extension, resulting in a crouched gait. Human pelves reduce hip extensor moments but permit a greater degree of hip extension, which greatly improves walking economy (i.e., distance traveled/energy consumed). Applying these results to fossil pelves suggests that early hominins differed from both humans and extant apes in having an economical walking gait without sacrificing climbing capability. Ardipithecus was capable of nearly human-like hip extension during bipedal walking, but retained the capacity for powerful, ape-like hip extension during vertical climbing. Hip extension capability was essentially human-like in Australopithecus afarensis and Australopithecus africanus, suggesting an economical walking gait but reduced mechanical advantage for powered hip extension during climbing.
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Re-evaluating the diets of Morotopithecus bishopi and Afropithecus turkanensis: An anterior dentognathic perspective. J Hum Evol 2017; 112:1-14. [PMID: 29037412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Afropithecus turkanensis (17-17.5 Ma; Kalodirr, Buluk, Locherangan, Moruorot, Nabwal Hills; Kenya) and Morotopithecus bishopi (20.6 Ma; Moroto II; Uganda) are both large-bodied catarrhines from the early Miocene of eastern Africa with relatively primitive cranial and postcanine dental morphology. They are primarily differentiated by a temporal separation of ∼3.6 million years and by postcranial samples suggesting that M. bishopi was capable of orthograde postures and below-branch arboreality, while A. turkanensis was most likely a pronograde quadruped. Several researchers dispute the validity of the postcranial and dating evidence and argue that M. bishopi and A. turkanensis may be congeneric or even conspecific. Although A. turkanensis possesses a derived suite of specialized anterior dentognathic characters that are functionally convergent with extant pitheciins and associated with sclerocarp foraging and maxillary canine dietary function, a similar analysis of M. bishopi anterior dentognathic anatomy is presently lacking. The current study addresses this shortcoming via a detailed morphometric analysis of relevant A. turkanensis and M. bishopi specimens preserving the anterior palate, maxillary canines and incisors. Results indicate that the anterior dentognathic morphologies of A. turkanensis and M. bishopi are distinct and represent significantly dissimilar feeding adaptations. Specifically, M. bishopi lacks the elongated and anteriorly narrow premaxilla, lateral incisors that are more posterior and mesially positioned relative to the central incisors, and pronounced yet evenly distributed mesial curvature of the maxillary canine that are shared by A. turkanensis and extant pitheciins. Given that A. turkanensis anterior dentognathic morphology is functionally convergent with extant pitheciins to the exclusion of M. bishopi, it is likely that M. bishopi and A. turkanensis have dissimilar feeding adaptations. Although a systematic analysis is required to verify these species at the generic and species level, the absence of any substantial morphological similarity in their anterior dentognathic anatomy is most consistent with the interpretation that M. bishopi and A. turkanensis represent, at the least, different species.
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Grabowski M, Jungers WL. Evidence of a chimpanzee-sized ancestor of humans but a gibbon-sized ancestor of apes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:880. [PMID: 29026075 PMCID: PMC5638852 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Body mass directly affects how an animal relates to its environment and has a wide range of biological implications. However, little is known about the mass of the last common ancestor (LCA) of humans and chimpanzees, hominids (great apes and humans), or hominoids (all apes and humans), which is needed to evaluate numerous paleobiological hypotheses at and prior to the root of our lineage. Here we use phylogenetic comparative methods and data from primates including humans, fossil hominins, and a wide sample of fossil primates including Miocene apes from Africa, Europe, and Asia to test alternative hypotheses of body mass evolution. Our results suggest, contrary to previous suggestions, that the LCA of all hominoids lived in an environment that favored a gibbon-like size, but a series of selective regime shifts, possibly due to resource availability, led to a decrease and then increase in body mass in early hominins from a chimpanzee-sized LCA.The pattern of body size evolution in hominids can provide insight into historical human ecology. Here, Grabowski and Jungers use comparative phylogenetic analysis to reconstruct the likely size of the ancestor of humans and chimpanzees and the evolutionary history of selection on body size in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Grabowski
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (HEP), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York City, NY, 10024, USA.
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway.
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
| | - William L Jungers
- Association Vahatra, Antananarivo 101, BP, 3972, Madagascar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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Thompson NE, Almécija S. The evolution of vertebral formulae in Hominoidea. J Hum Evol 2017; 110:18-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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32
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Hammond AS, Almécija S. Lower Ilium Evolution in Apes and Hominins. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:828-844. [PMID: 28406561 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the pelvic morphology of the Pan-Homo last common ancestor (LCA) is crucial for understanding ape and human evolution. The pelvis of Ardipithecus ramidus has been the basis of controversial interpretations of the LCA pelvis. In particular, it was proposed that the lower ilium became elongate independently in the orangutan and chimpanzee clades, making these taxa poor analogues for the pelvis of the LCA. This study examines the variation in relative lower ilium height between and within living and fossil hominoid species (and other anthropoids), and models its evolution using available fossil hominoids as calibration points. We find nuanced differences in relative lower ilium height among living hominoids, particularly in regards to gorillas, which do not have elongate lower ilia (because they are likely to represent the plesiomorphic hominoid condition for this trait). We also show that differences in relative lower ilium height among hominoid taxa are not readily explained by differences in size between species. Our maximum likelihood ancestral state reconstructions support inferences that chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes in particular) and orangutans evolved their elongate lower ilia independently. We also find that the predicted lower ilium height of the Pan-Homo LCA is shorter than all great apes except gorillas. This study adds to a growing body of evidence that finds different regions of the body show different evolutionary histories in different hominoids, and underscores that the unique combinations of morphologies of each modern and fossil hominoid species should be considered when reconstructing the mosaic nature of the Pan-Homo LCA. Anat Rec, 300:828-844, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Hammond
- Center for Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, 20052
| | - Sergio Almécija
- Center for Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, 20052.,Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Patel BA, Yapuncich GS, Tran C, Nengo IO. Catarrhine hallucal metatarsals from the early Miocene site of Songhor, Kenya. J Hum Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Le Cabec A, Dean MC, Begun DR. Dental development and age at death of the holotype of Anapithecus hernyaki (RUD 9) using synchrotron virtual histology. J Hum Evol 2017. [PMID: 28622928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The chronology of dental development and life history of primitive catarrhines provides a crucial comparative framework for understanding the evolution of hominoids and Old World monkeys. Among the extinct groups of catarrhines are the pliopithecoids, with no known descendants. Anapithecus hernyaki is a medium-size stem catarrhine known from Austria, Hungary and Germany around 10 Ma, and represents a terminal lineage of a clade predating the divergence of hominoids and cercopithecoids, probably more than 30 Ma. In a previous study, Anapithecus was characterized as having fast dental development. Here, we used non-destructive propagation phase contrast synchrotron micro-tomography to image several dental microstructural features in the mixed mandibular dentition of RUD 9, the holotype of A. hernyaki. We estimate its age at death to be 1.9 years and describe the pattern, sequence and timing of tooth mineralization. Our results do not support any simplistic correlation between body mass and striae periodicity, since RUD 9 has a 3-day periodicity, which was previously thought unlikely based on body mass estimates in Anapithecus. We demonstrate that the teeth in RUD 9 grew even faster and initiated even earlier in development than suggested previously. Permanent first molars and the canine initiated 49 and 38 days prenatally, respectively. These results contribute to a better understanding of dental development in Anapithecus and may provide a window into the dental development of the last common ancestor of hominoids and cercopithecoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Le Cabec
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany; Beamline ID19, Structure of Materials, ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71, avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, F-38043, Grenoble, Cédex 9, France.
| | - M Christopher Dean
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - David R Begun
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT M5S 3G3, Canada.
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35
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Halsey LG, Coward SRL, Crompton RH, Thorpe SKS. Practice makes perfect: Performance optimisation in 'arboreal' parkour athletes illuminates the evolutionary ecology of great ape anatomy. J Hum Evol 2017; 103:45-52. [PMID: 28166907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An animal's size is central to its ecology, yet remarkably little is known about the selective pressures that drive this trait. A particularly compelling example is how ancestral apes evolved large body mass in such a physically and energetically challenging environment as the forest canopy, where weight-bearing branches and lianas are flexible, irregular and discontinuous, and the majority of preferred foods are situated on the most flexible branches at the periphery of tree crowns. To date the issue has been intractable due to a lack of relevant fossil material, the limited capacity of the fossil record to reconstruct an animal's behavioural ecology and the inability to measure energy consumption in freely moving apes. We studied the oxygen consumption of parkour athletes while they traversed an arboreal-like course as an elite model ape, to test the ecomorphological and behavioural mechanisms by which a large-bodied ape could optimize its energetic performance during tree-based locomotion. Our results show that familiarity with the arboreal-like course allowed the athletes to substantially reduce their energy expenditure. Furthermore, athletes with larger arm spans and shorter legs were particularly adept at finding energetic savings. Our results flesh out the scanty fossil record to offer evidence that long, strong arms, broad chests and a strong axial system, combined with the frequent use of uniform branch-to-branch arboreal pathways, were critical to off-setting the mechanical and energetic demands of large mass in ancestral apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis G Halsey
- Centre for Research in Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, UK.
| | - Samuel R L Coward
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Robin H Crompton
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
| | - Susannah K S Thorpe
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Cote S, McNulty KP, Stevens NJ, Nengo IO. A detailed assessment of the maxillary morphology of Limnopithecus evansi with implications for the taxonomy of the genus. J Hum Evol 2016; 94:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ogihara N, Almécija S, Nakatsukasa M, Nakano Y, Kikuchi Y, Kunimatsu Y, Makishima H, Shimizu D, Takano T, Tsujikawa H, Kagaya M, Ishida H. Carpal bones ofNacholapithecus kerioi, a Middle Miocene Hominoid From Northern Kenya. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 160:469-82. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomichi Ogihara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Sergio Almécija
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology; the George Washington University; Washington DC 20052
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici ICTA-ICP, Carrer de les Columnes sense número; Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Barcelona Spain
| | - Masato Nakatsukasa
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Nakano
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Graduate School of Human Sciences; Osaka University; Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kikuchi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine; Saga University; Saga 840-8501 Japan
| | - Yutaka Kunimatsu
- Faculty of Business Administration; Ryukoku University; Kyoto 612-8577 Japan
| | - Haruyuki Makishima
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Daisuke Shimizu
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Tsujikawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Science and Welfare; Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University; Sendai 981-8551 Japan
| | - Miyuki Kagaya
- Faculty of Medicine; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima 734-8553 Japan
| | - Hidemi Ishida
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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Machnicki AL, Spurlock LB, Strier KB, Reno PL, Lovejoy CO. First steps of bipedality in hominids: evidence from the atelid and proconsulid pelvis. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1521. [PMID: 26793418 PMCID: PMC4715437 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upright walking absent a bent-hip-bent-knee gait requires lumbar lordosis, a ubiquitous feature in all hominids for which it can be observed. Its first appearance is therefore a central problem in human evolution. Atelids, which use the tail during suspension, exhibit demonstrable lordosis and can achieve full extension of their hind limbs during terrestrial upright stance. Although obviously homoplastic with hominids, the pelvic mechanisms facilitating lordosis appear largely similar in both taxa with respect to abbreviation of upper iliac height coupled with broad sacral alae. Both provide spatial separation of the most caudal lumbar(s) from the iliac blades. A broad sacrum is therefore a likely facet of earliest hominid bipedality. All tailed monkeys have broad alae. By contrast all extant apes have very narrow sacra, which promote “trapping” of their most caudal lumbars to achieve lower trunk rigidity during suspension. The alae in the tailless proconsul Ekembo nyanzae appear to have been quite broad, a character state that may have been primitive in Miocene hominoids not yet adapted to suspension and, by extension, exaptive for earliest bipedality in the hominid/panid last common ancestor. This hypothesis receives strong support from other anatomical systems preserved in Ardipithecus ramidus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Machnicki
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA , United States
| | - Linda B Spurlock
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University , Kent, OH , United States
| | - Karen B Strier
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , United States
| | - Philip L Reno
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA , United States
| | - C Owen Lovejoy
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University , Kent, OH , United States
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Nowak MG, Reichard UH. Locomotion and Posture in Ancestral Hominoids Prior to the Split of Hylobatids. DEVELOPMENTS IN PRIMATOLOGY: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-5614-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Senut B. Morphology and environment in some fossil Hominoids and Pedetids (Mammalia). J Anat 2015; 228:700-15. [PMID: 26712383 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Linking the environment to functional anatomy is not an easy exercise, especially when dealing with fossils, which are often fragmentary and represent animals that are extinct. A holistic approach permits us to fill the gaps in reconstructing the evolutionary patterns in fossil groups. Identifying the environment where animals lived can help to interpret some anatomical structures and, vice versa, the functional morphological pattern can help to refine some fossil environments. Two examples focusing on locomotor behaviours in fossil mammals are considered in this paper: the hominoids and the origins of hominid bipedalism and the springing adaptations in fossil rodents (Pedetidae) in connection with different habitats. In the first case, the limits of the chimp-based models and the necessity to take into account detailed environmental reconstructions will be addressed. The famous 'savannah hypothesis' is no longer tenable because the palaeontological data support a more vegetated environment for the origins of bipedal hominids. Data from the environment will be considered. The earliest putative hominid fossils which preserve skeletal remains of the locomotor apparatus show mixed adaptations to terrestrial bipedalism and arboreal activities. The second example focuses on the variation in springing adaptations in Pedetidae in the Lower Miocene of East Africa and Southern Africa. In the East, the sites where Pedetidae were preserved were mainly forested, whereas in the South the region was more open and drier, with extensive grassy patches. In the first case, pedetids were robust and heavy jumpers, whereas in the South they were smaller, their skeleton more gracile and their springing was lighter. During the desertification of the southern part of Africa, the large pedetid species became extinct, but a smaller species developed. In the case of primates, as in the case of rodents, the skeletal morphology was adapted to its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Senut
- Sorbonne-Universités - CR2P, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC - Paris 06, Paris, France
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Alba DM, Almecija S, DeMiguel D, Fortuny J, de los Rios MP, Pina M, Robles JM, Moya-Sola S. Miocene small-bodied ape from Eurasia sheds light on hominoid evolution. Science 2015; 350:aab2625. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aab2625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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