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Verbeek R, Vandekerckhove L, Van Cleemput J. Update on human herpesvirus 7 pathogenesis and clinical aspects as a roadmap for future research. J Virol 2024; 98:e0043724. [PMID: 38717112 PMCID: PMC11237674 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00437-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) is a common virus that is associated with various human diseases including febrile syndromes, dermatological lesions, neurological defects, and transplant complications. Still, HHV-7 remains one of the least studied members of all human betaherpesviruses. In addition, HHV-7-related research is mostly confined to case reports, while in vitro or in vivo studies unraveling basic virology, transmission mechanisms, and viral pathogenesis are sparse. Here, we discuss HHV-7-related literature linking clinical syndromes to the viral life cycle, epidemiology, and viral immunopathogenesis. Based on our review, we propose a hypothetical model of HHV-7 pathogenesis inside its host. Furthermore, we identify important knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research to better understand HHV-7 diseases and improve therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne Verbeek
- HIV Cure Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Van Cleemput
- HIV Cure Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Xiao J, Huang J, Yolken RH. Elevated matrix Metalloproteinase-9 associated with reduced cerebellar perineuronal nets in female mice with toxoplasmosis. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 36:100728. [PMID: 38323226 PMCID: PMC10844038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain infection by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii is thought to impair learning and memory, although the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Recent studies suggest that perineuronal nets (PNNs) and their key regulator, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), have essential roles in synaptic plasticity associated with learning and memory. We investigated their roles in a chronic toxoplasmosis model using female mice. In mice with a high parasite burden of chronic infection, we found that MMP-9 expression was increased in the peripheral circulation and the brain. A correlation was found between the serum levels of MMP-9 and antibodies to the Toxoplasma matrix antigen MAG1, a surrogate marker for Toxoplasma tissue cysts in the brain. MMP-9 elevation was accompanied by increased expression of its endogenous regulators, TIMP-1 and NGAL. An increase in the levels of GSK-3α/β was observed, alongside a decrease in inhibitory GSK-3α/β (Ser-21/Ser-9) phosphorylation. MMP-9 expression was notably associated with the loss of PNNs but increased expression of the synaptic vesicle protein synaptophysin. There was a trend toward a negative correlation between MMP-9 and aggrecan expression, a critical PNN component. Together, these results suggest that chronic Toxoplasma infection can cause an increase in MMP-9 expression, resulting in the degradation of PNNs, which provides a possible mechanism for Toxoplasma-associated deficits in learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Xiao
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Robert H. Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
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3
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Leung AKC, Lam JMC, Barankin B, Leong KF, Hon KL. Roseola Infantum: An Updated Review. Curr Pediatr Rev 2024; 20:119-128. [PMID: 36411550 DOI: 10.2174/1573396319666221118123844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roseola infantum is a common viral disease that occurs during childhood worldwide. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to familiarize pediatricians with the clinical manifestations, evaluation, diagnosis, and management of roseola infantum. METHODS A search was conducted in April, 2022, in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key terms "roseola infantum" OR "exanthem subitum" OR "sixth disease". The search strategy included all clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews published within the past 10 years. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this review. The information retrieved from the above search was used in the compilation of the present article. RESULTS Roseola infantum is a viral illness characterized by high fever that lasts 3 to 4 days, followed by the sudden appearance of rash at defervescence. The disease occurs most frequently in children between 6 months and 2 years of age. Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is the major cause of roseola infantum, followed by HHV-7. Transmission of the infection most likely results from the asymptomatic shedding of the virus in the saliva of the caregivers or other close contacts. Characteristically, the rash is discrete, rose-pink in color, circular or elliptical, macular or maculopapular, measuring 2 to 3 mm in diameter. The eruption is first seen on the trunk. It then spreads to the neck and proximal extremities. Typically, the rash blanches on pressure and subsides in 2 to 4 days without sequelae. Most children look well otherwise and appear to be happy, active, alert, and playful. The diagnosis is mainly clinical. Febrile seizures occur in 10 to 15 % of children with roseola infantum during the febrile period. In general, serious complications are rare and occur more often in individuals who are immunocompromised. There is no specific treatment. An antipyretic may be used to reduce fever and discomfort. CONCLUSION Roseola infantum is generally a benign and self-limited disease. Failure to recognize this condition may result in undue parental fear, unnecessary investigations, delay in treatment for conditions that mimic roseola infantum and complications from roseola infantum, unnecessary treatment of roseola infantum per se, and misuse of healthcare expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kwok-Chu Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joseph Ming-Chee Lam
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Dermatology and Skin Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Kin Fon Leong
- Pediatric Institute, Kuala Lumpur General Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kam Lun Hon
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong, China
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Bronisz E, Cudna A, Wierzbicka A, Kurkowska-Jastrzębska I. Blood-Brain Barrier-Associated Proteins Are Elevated in Serum of Epilepsy Patients. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030368. [PMID: 36766708 PMCID: PMC9913812 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction emerges as one of the mechanisms underlying the induction of seizures and epileptogenesis. There is growing evidence that seizures also affect BBB, yet only scarce data is available regarding serum levels of BBB-associated proteins in chronic epilepsy. In this study, we aimed to assess serum levels of molecules associated with BBB in patients with epilepsy in the interictal period. Serum levels of MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, S100B, CCL-2, ICAM-1, P-selectin, and TSP-2 were examined in a group of 100 patients who were seizure-free for a minimum of seven days and analyzed by ELISA. The results were compared with an age- and sex-matched control group. Serum levels of MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and S100B were higher in patients with epilepsy in comparison to control group (p < 0.0001; <0.0001; 0.001; <0.0001; <0.0001, respectively). Levels of CCL-2, ICAM-1, P-selectin and TSP-2 did not differ between the two groups. Serum levels of MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and S100B are elevated in patients with epilepsy in the interictal period, which suggests chronic processes of BBB disruption and restoration. The pathological process initiating epilepsy, in addition to seizures, is probably the factor contributing to the elevation of serum levels of the examined molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Bronisz
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Agnieszka Cudna
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wierzbicka
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Kurkowska-Jastrzębska
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Oyama T, Kageyama K, Araoka H, Mitsuki T, Yamaguchi K, Kaji D, Taya Y, Nishida A, Ishiwata K, Takagi S, Yamamoto H, Yamamoto G, Asano-Mori Y, Uchida N, Wake A, Makino S, Taniguchi S. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of bacterial meningitis in umbilical cord blood transplantation recipients. Int J Hematol 2022; 116:966-972. [PMID: 35932398 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-022-03425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis is a rare but severe infectious complication after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, its clinical features were previously not clear. We reviewed the cases of 7 patients diagnosed with bacterial meningitis with a positive cerebrospinal fluid culture among 1147 patients who underwent cord blood transplantation (CBT) at our institution between September 2007 and September 2020. The diagnosis was made on day + 5- + 45, and 5 patients developed bacterial meningitis before neutrophil engraftment. The causative organisms were all Gram-positive cocci: Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus gallinarum (2 patients each), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Streptococcus mitis/oralis, and Rothia mucilaginosa (1 patient each). Six patients developed bacterial meningitis secondary to prior or concomitant bacteremia caused by the same bacterium. Five patients had received anti-MRSA agents at onset: vancomycin in 3, teicoplanin in 1, and daptomycin in 1. After diagnosis of bacterial meningitis, linezolid was eventually used for 6 patients. Two patients with E. gallinarum were alive at day + 1380 and + 157 after CBT, respectively, whereas 5 patients died 17-53 (median 43) days after the onset of bacterial meningitis. Breakthrough meningitis in CBT can occur even during the use of anti-MRSA drugs, and intensive antibiotic treatment is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Oyama
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Kosei Kageyama
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan.
| | - Hideki Araoka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Mitsuki
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Yamaguchi
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kaji
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Yuki Taya
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Aya Nishida
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishiwata
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Takagi
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamamoto
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Go Yamamoto
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Yuki Asano-Mori
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Uchida
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Atsushi Wake
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Makino
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Taniguchi
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
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6
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Indari O, Tiwari D, Tanwar M, Kumar R, Jha HC. Early biomolecular changes in brain microvascular endothelial cells under Epstein-Barr virus influence: a Raman microspectroscopic investigation. Integr Biol (Camb) 2022; 14:89-97. [PMID: 35780312 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The brain microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) play an important role in protecting the brain from hazardous pathogens. However, some viral pathogens can smartly modulate the endothelial pathways to gain entry inside the brain. Further, these viruses can cause endothelial dysfunction which could develop serious neurological ailments. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), an oncogenic virus, has also been linked to various neurological disorders. The virus primarily infects epithelial and B cells, however, it also has a tendency to infect ECs and cause endothelial activation. However, the impact of EBV influence on ECs is still underexplored. Studying the early events of virus-mediated cellular modulation could help in understanding the virus' infection strategy or aftermath. Raman microspectroscopy has been widely utilized in biomedical sciences to decipher cellular changes. To understand the EBV-influenced EC modulation by studying intracellular biomolecular changes at early time points, we utilized the Raman microspectroscopy tool. We treated the ECs with EBV and acquired the Raman spectra at different time points (2, 4, 6, 12, 24 and 36 h) and different sites (nucleus and periphery) to check changes in Raman intensities associated with specific biomolecules. In the EBV-treated cells, the status of various biomolecules in terms of Raman intensities was observed to be altered compared with uninfected cells. Specifically, the cholesterol, polysaccharide, nucleotides, nucleic acid and proline moieties were altered at different time points. We also investigated the possible correlation between these molecules using molecular network analysis and observed various associated factors. These factors could be influenced by EBV to alter the associated biomolecular levels. Our study paves the pathway to study EBV infection in human brain microvascular ECs and highlights specific biomolecular alterations, which can be focused for further mechanistic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar Indari
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, India
| | - Deeksha Tiwari
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, India
| | - Manushree Tanwar
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, India
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7
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Komaroff AL, Pellett PE, Jacobson S. Human Herpesviruses 6A and 6B in Brain Diseases: Association versus Causation. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 34:e00143-20. [PMID: 33177186 PMCID: PMC7667666 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00143-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B), collectively termed HHV-6A/B, are neurotropic viruses that permanently infect most humans from an early age. Although most people infected with these viruses appear to suffer no ill effects, the viruses are a well-established cause of encephalitis in immunocompromised patients. In this review, we summarize the evidence that the viruses may also be one trigger for febrile seizures (including febrile status epilepticus) in immunocompetent infants and children, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, multiple sclerosis (MS), and, possibly, Alzheimer's disease. We propose criteria for linking ubiquitous infectious agents capable of producing lifelong infection to any neurologic disease, and then we examine to what extent these criteria have been met for these viruses and these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Komaroff
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip E Pellett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Virology/Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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8
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Shi JW, Lai ZZ, Yang HL, Yang SL, Wang CJ, Ao D, Ruan LY, Shen HH, Zhou WJ, Mei J, Fu Q, Li MQ. Collagen at the maternal-fetal interface in human pregnancy. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2220-2234. [PMID: 32549767 PMCID: PMC7294936 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.45586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival and development of a semi-allogenic fetus during pregnancy require special immune tolerance microenvironment at the maternal fetal interface. During the establishment of a successful pregnancy, the endometrium undergoes a series of changes, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) breaks down and remodels. Collagen is one of the most abundant ECM. Emerging evidence has shown that collagen and its fragment are expressed at the maternal fetal interface. The regulation of expression of collagen is quite complex, and this process involves a multitude of factors. Collagen exerts a critical role during the successful pregnancy. In addition, the abnormal expressions of collagen and its fragments are associated with certain pathological states associated with pregnancy, including recurrent miscarriage, diabetes mellitus with pregnancy, preeclampsia and so on. In this review, the expression and potential roles of collagen under conditions of physiological and pathological pregnancy are systematically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Shi
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Lai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Li Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Liang Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Jie Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Deng Ao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Yu Ruan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Hui Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Zhou
- Center of Reproductive Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Mei
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical College, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
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9
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Amini R, Karampoor S, Zahednasab H, Keyvani H, Gheiasian M, Jalilian FA. Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2, -9, and vitamin D in patients with multiple sclerosis with or without herpesvirus-6 seropositivity. Braz J Infect Dis 2020; 24:144-149. [PMID: 32243867 PMCID: PMC9392051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Amini
- Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Virology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Zahednasab
- University of Tehran, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Virology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Gheiasian
- Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Farid Azizi Jalilian
- Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Hamadan, Department of Medical Virology, Hamadan, Iran.
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Cudna A, Jopowicz A, Mierzejewski P, Kurkowska-Jastrzębska I. Serum metalloproteinase 9 levels increase after generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Epilepsy Res 2017; 129:33-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 in Epilepsy: The Role of Neuroinflammation in Seizure Development. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7369020. [PMID: 28104930 PMCID: PMC5220508 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7369020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 9 is a proteolytic enzyme which is recently one of the more often studied biomarkers. Its possible use as a biomarker of neuronal damage in stroke, heart diseases, tumors, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy is being widely indicated. In epilepsy, MMP-9 is suggested to play a role in epileptic focus formation and in the stimulation of seizures. The increase of MMP-9 activity in the epileptic focus was observed both in animal models and in clinical studies. MMP-9 contributes to formation of epileptic focus, for example, by remodeling of synapses. Its proteolytic action on the elements of blood-brain barrier and activation of chemotactic processes facilitates accumulation of inflammatory cells and induces seizures. Also modification of glutamatergic transmission by MMP-9 is associated with seizures. In this review we will try to recapitulate the results of previous studies about MMP-9 in terms of its association with epilepsy. We will discuss the mechanisms of its actions and present the results revealed in animal models and clinical studies. We will also provide a comparison of the results of various studies on MMP-9 levels in the context of its possible use as a biomarker of the activity of epilepsy.
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12
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Human Herpesvirus 6 Infection Presenting as an Acute Febrile Illness Associated with Thrombocytopenia and Leukopenia. Case Rep Pediatr 2016; 2016:2483183. [PMID: 27980872 PMCID: PMC5131235 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2483183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an infant with acute fever, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia, coming from an endemic region for tick-borne encephalitis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and hantavirus infection. The primary human herpesvirus 6 infection was diagnosed by seroconversion of specific IgM and IgG and by identification of viral DNA in the acute patient's serum. The patient did not show skin rash suggestive of exanthema subitum during the course of illness.
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Vafadari B, Salamian A, Kaczmarek L. MMP-9 in translation: from molecule to brain physiology, pathology, and therapy. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:91-114. [PMID: 26525923 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a member of the metzincin family of mostly extracellularly operating proteases. Despite the fact that all of these enzymes might be target promiscuous, with largely overlapping catalogs of potential substrates, MMP-9 has recently emerged as a major and apparently unique player in brain physiology and pathology. The specificity of MMP-9 may arise from its very local and time-restricted actions, even when released in the brain from cells of various types, including neurons, glia, and leukocytes. In fact, the quantity of MMP-9 is very low in the naive brain, but it is markedly activated at the levels of enzymatic activity, protein abundance, and gene expression following various physiological stimuli and pathological insults. Neuronal MMP-9 participates in synaptic plasticity by controlling the shape of dendritic spines and function of excitatory synapses, thus playing a pivotal role in learning, memory, and cortical plasticity. When improperly unleashed, MMP-9 contributes to a large variety of brain disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, brain injury, stroke, neurodegeneration, pain, brain tumors, etc. The foremost mechanism of action of MMP-9 in brain disorders appears to be its involvement in immune/inflammation responses that are related to the enzyme's ability to process and activate various cytokines and chemokines, as well as its contribution to blood-brain barrier disruption, facilitating the extravasation of leukocytes into brain parenchyma. However, another emerging possibility (i.e., the control of MMP-9 over synaptic plasticity) should not be neglected. The translational potential of MMP-9 has already been recognized in both the diagnosis and treatment domains. The most striking translational aspect may be the discovery of MMP-9 up-regulation in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome, quickly followed by human studies and promising clinical trials that have sought to inhibit MMP-9. With regard to diagnosis, suggestions have been made to use MMP-9 alone or combined with tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 or brain-derived neurotrophic factor as disease biomarkers. MMP-9, through cleavage of specific target proteins, plays a major role in synaptic plasticity and neuroinflammation, and by those virtues contributes to brain physiology and a host of neurological and psychiatric disorders. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
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Krug LT, Pellett PE. Roseolovirus molecular biology: recent advances. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 9:170-7. [PMID: 25437229 PMCID: PMC4753783 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7 (HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7) are classified within the roseolovirus genus of the betaherpesvirus subfamily. Most humans likely harbor at least two of these large DNA viruses, and 1% of humans harbor germline chromosomally integrated (ci) HHV-6A or HHV-6B genomes. Differences at the genetic level manifest as distinct biologic properties during infection and disease. We provide a brief synopsis of roseolovirus replication and highlight the unique properties of their lifecycle and what is known about the viral gene products that mediate these functions. In the nearly 30 years since their discovery, we have only begun to unlock the molecular strategies these highly evolved pathogens employ to establish and maintain chronic infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie T Krug
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Philip E Pellett
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
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