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Denisdon S, Senthil Kumar P, Boobalan C, Rangasamy G. Hydrothermally Synthesized rGO/MnO 2/MoS 2 Nanohybrids as Superior Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Oxygen and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:17753-17766. [PMID: 39106518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c02192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
This investigation delved into the field of bifunctional electrocatalyst water splitting, aimed at advancing sustainable energy by addressing the scarcity of efficient nonprecious electrocatalysts capable of facilitating both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). This study focused on nanohybrids consisting of hydrothermally synthesized rGO/MnO2/MoS2 composites and highlighted their efficacy as bifunctional electrocatalysts. The synergistic integration of rGO/MnO2/MoS2 enhanced the surface area, magnified electroactive sites, established a customized conductive arrangement, and provoked the efficiency in splitting of water. The nanohybrid displayed exceptional catalytic performance for the OER and HER, with significantly reduced overpotentials of 208 and 205 mV in 1 M KOH at 10 mA cm-2 current density, respectively. The findings underscore the potential of these cost-effective and environmentally friendly rGO/MnO2/MoS2 nanohybrids in advancing the field of electrocatalysis for renewable energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simiyon Denisdon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
- Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ponnusamy Senthil Kumar
- Centre for Pollution Control and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Pondicherry University, Kalapet 605014, Puducherry, India
| | - Chitra Boobalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
- Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gayathri Rangasamy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Pollachi Main Road, Eachanari Post, Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
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Hussain I, Kewate OJ, Hanan A, Bibi F, Javed MS, Rosaiah P, Ahmad M, Chen X, Shaheen I, Hanif MB, Bhatti AH, Assiri MA, Zoubi WA, Zhang K. V-MXenes for Energy Storage/Conversion Applications. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400283. [PMID: 38470130 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
MXenes, a two-dimensional (2D) material, exhibit excellent optical, electrical, chemical, mechanical, and electrochemical properties. Titanium-based MXene (Ti-MXene) has been extensively studied and serves as the foundation for 2D MXenes. However, other transition metals possess the potential to offer excellent properties in various applications. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of the properties, challenges, key findings, and applications of less-explored vanadium-based MXenes (V-MXenes) and their composites. The current trends in V-MXene and their composites for energy storage and conversion applications have been thoroughly summarized. Overall, this review offers valuable insights, identifies potential opportunities, and provides key suggestions for future advancements in the MXenes and energy storage/conversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong
| | - Onkar Jaywant Kewate
- School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Abdul Hanan
- Sunway Centre for Electrochemical Energy and Sustainable Technology (SCEEST), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Faiza Bibi
- Sunway Centre for Electrochemical Energy and Sustainable Technology (SCEEST), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Sufyan Javed
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - P Rosaiah
- Department of Physics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, India
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong
| | - Irum Shaheen
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Bilal Hanif
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ali Hassan Bhatti
- University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Mohammed Ali Assiri
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wail Al Zoubi
- Materials Electrochemistry Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaili Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong
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Rani S, Nadeem M, Alrahili MR, Shalash M, Bhatti MH, Munawar KS, Tariq M, Asif HM, El-Bahy ZM. Synergistic reductive catalytic effects of an organic and inorganic hybrid covalent organic framework for hydrogen fuel production. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:10875-10889. [PMID: 38874545 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00788c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic hydrogen generation in alkaline medium has become widely used in a variety of sectors. However, the possibility for additional performance improvement is hampered by slow kinetics. Because of this restriction, careful control over processes such as water dissociation, hydroxyl desorption and hydrogen recombination is required. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) based on porphyrin and polyoxometalates (POMs) show encouraging electrocatalytic performance, offering a viable route for effective and sustainable hydrogen generation. Their specific architectures lead to increased electrocatalytic activity, which makes them excellent choices for developing water electrolysis as a clean energy conversion method in the alkaline medium. In this regard, TTris@ZnPor and Lindqvist POM were coordinated to create a new eco-friendly and highly active covalent organic framework (TP@VL-COF). In order to describe TP@VL-COF, extensive structural and morphological investigations were carried out through FTIR, 1H NMR, elemental analysis, SEM, fluorescence, UV-visible, PXRD, CV, N2-adsorption isotherm, TGA and DSC analyses. In an alkaline medium, the electrocatalytic capability of 20%C/Pt, TTris@ZnPor, Lindqvist POM and TP@VL-COF was explored and compared for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The TP@VL-COF showed the best catalytic efficiency for HER in an alkaline electrolyte, requiring just a 75 mV overpotential to drive 10 mA cm-2 and outperforming 20%C/Pt, TTris@ZnPor, Lindqvist POM and other reported catalysts. The Tafel slope value also indicates faster kinetics for TP@VL-COF (114 mV dec-1) than for 20%C/Pt (182 mV dec-1) TTris@ZnPor (116 mV dec-1) and Lindqvist POM (125 mV dec-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Rani
- Inorganic Research Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mazen R Alrahili
- Physics Department, School of Science, Taibah University, Janadah Bin Umayyah Road, 42353, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwan Shalash
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Arts Turaif, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moazzam H Bhatti
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khurram Shahzad Munawar
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, 40100 Punjab, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mianwali, 42200 Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Inorganic Research Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Asif
- Inorganic Research Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Zeinhom M El-Bahy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasar City11884, Cairo, Egypt
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Lakhan MN, Hanan A, Hussain A, Ali Soomro I, Wang Y, Ahmed M, Aftab U, Sun H, Arandiyan H. Transition metal-based electrocatalysts for alkaline overall water splitting: advancements, challenges, and perspectives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5104-5135. [PMID: 38625567 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Water electrolysis is a promising method for efficiently producing hydrogen and oxygen, crucial for renewable energy conversion and fuel cell technologies. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are two key electrocatalytic reactions occurring during water splitting, necessitating the development of active, stable, and low-cost electrocatalysts. Transition metal (TM)-based electrocatalysts, spanning noble metals and TM oxides, phosphides, nitrides, carbides, borides, chalcogenides, and dichalcogenides, have garnered significant attention due to their outstanding characteristics, including high electronic conductivity, tunable valence electron configuration, high stability, and cost-effectiveness. This timely review discusses developments in TM-based electrocatalysts for the HER and OER in alkaline media in the last 10 years, revealing that the exposure of more accessible surface-active sites, specific electronic effects, and string effects are essential for the development of efficient electrocatalysts towards electrochemical water splitting application. This comprehensive review serves as a guide for designing and constructing state-of-the-art, high-performance bifunctional electrocatalysts based on TMs, particularly for applications in water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nazim Lakhan
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Abdul Hanan
- Sunway Center for Electrochemical Energy and Sustainable Technology, SCEEST, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Altaf Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Irfan Ali Soomro
- Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Mukhtiar Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Umair Aftab
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
| | - Hongyu Sun
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, 066004 Qinhuangdao, P. R. China
| | - Hamidreza Arandiyan
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis for Sustainability, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Wang A, Yang X, Wang Q, Dou Y, Zhao L, Zhu W, Zhao W, Zhu G. Acenaphthenediimine complex-bridged porphyrin porous organic polymer with enriched active sites as a robust water splitting electrocatalyst. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 657:748-756. [PMID: 38071823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
To realize efficient water splitting, a highly promising hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst is needed for the generation of hydrogen. Herein, we demonstrate a novel acenaphthenediimine complex-bridged porphyrin porous organic polymer (NiTAPP-NiACQ) with enriched active metal sites and hierarchical pores. The as-prepared NiTAPP-NiACQ exhibits good long-term durability and remarkable HER performance in 1.0 M KOH with a low overpotential of 117 mV at 10 mA cm-2, which is comparable to many previously reported electrocatalytic HER systems. Furthermore, a simple water-alkali electrolyzer using NiTAPP-NiACQ as the cathode requires a small cell voltage of 1.59 V to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm-2 at room temperature, along with outstanding durability. NiTAPP-NiACQ features not only a metal ion as the catalytic active center in the porphyrin core but also metal ion coordination on the anthraquinone component to promote HER performance, enabling multiple metal ions as the electrocatalytic active sites for the HER reaction. The excellent HER activity of NiTAPP-NiACQ is ascribed to a combination of mechanisms. These findings highlight the viability of porphyrin-derived porous organic polymers in energy conversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijian Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Yuqin Dou
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Long Zhao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Energy & Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Guisheng Zhu
- Institute of SOPO, Jiangsu SOPO Corporation (Group) LTD, Zhenjiang 212006, PR China
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Hussain I, Amara U, Bibi F, Hanan A, Lakhan MN, Soomro IA, Khan A, Shaheen I, Sajjad U, Mohana Rani G, Javed MS, Khan K, Hanif MB, Assiri MA, Sahoo S, Al Zoubi W, Mohapatra D, Zhang K. Mo-based MXenes: Synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 324:103077. [PMID: 38219341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Ti-MXene allows a range of possibilities to tune their compositional stoichiometry due to their electronic and electrochemical properties. Other than conventionally explored Ti-MXene, there have been ample opportunities for the non-Ti-based MXenes, especially the emerging Mo-based MXenes. Mo-MXenes are established to be remarkable with optoelectronic and electrochemical properties, tuned energy, catalysis, and sensing applications. In this timely review, we systematically discuss the various organized synthesis procedures, associated experimental tunning parameters, physiochemical properties, structural evaluation, stability challenges, key findings, and a wide range of applications of emerging Mo-MXene over Ti-MXenes. We also critically examined the precise control of Mo-MXenes to cater to advanced applications by comprehensively evaluating the summary of recent studies using artificial intelligence and machine learning tools. The critical future perspectives, significant challenges, and possible outlooks for successfully developing and using Mo-MXenes for various practical applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong.
| | - Umay Amara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Faiza Bibi
- Sunway Centre for Electrochemical Energy and Sustainable Technology (SCEEST), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Hanan
- Sunway Centre for Electrochemical Energy and Sustainable Technology (SCEEST), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Nazim Lakhan
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Irfan Ali Soomro
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Amjad Khan
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan, Chungnam 31253, South Korea
| | - Irum Shaheen
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Uzair Sajjad
- Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Gokana Mohana Rani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Keelung Road, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
| | - Muhammad Sufyan Javed
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Karim Khan
- School of Electrical Engineering & Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal Hanif
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mohammed A Assiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumanta Sahoo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea.
| | - Wail Al Zoubi
- Materials Electrochemistry Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Debananda Mohapatra
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kaili Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong.
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Karimzadeh Z, Shokri B, Morsali A. Rapid cold plasma synthesis of cobalt metal-organic framework/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for use as supercapacitor electrodes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15156. [PMID: 37704648 PMCID: PMC10499990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41816-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are recognized as a desirable class of porous materials for energy storage applications, despite their limited conductivity. In the present study, Co-MOF-71 was fabricated as a high-performance supercapacitor electrode at ambient temperature using a fast and straightforward, one-pot cold plasma method. A supercapacitor electrode based on Co-MOF@rGO was also synthesized by adding reduced graphene oxide (rGO) during processing to increase the capacitance retention and stability after 4000 cycles from 80 to 95.4%. The Co-MOF-71 electrode provided a specific capacitance (Cs) of 651.7 Fg-1 at 1 Ag-1, whereas the Co-MOF@rGO electrode produced a Cs value of 967.68 Fg-1 at 1 Ag-1. In addition, we fabricated an asymmetric device (Co-MOF@rGO||AC) using Co-MOF-rGO as a high-rate positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as a negative electrode. This hybrid device has a remarkable specific energy and power density. The combination of MOFs with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in a cold plasma environment resulted in the formation of a three-dimensional nanostructure composed of nanosheets. This nanostructure exhibited an increased number of electroactive sites, providing benefits for energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Karimzadeh
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, P.O. Box 1983969411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Shokri
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, P.O. Box 1983969411, Tehran, Iran.
- Faculty of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, P.O. Box 1983969411, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Morsali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
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Manojkumar K, Kandeeban R, Brindha R, Sangeetha V, Saminathan K. Non-precious metal-based integrated electrodes for overall alkaline water splitting. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bandal HA, Kim H. In situ construction of Fe 3O 4@FeOOH for efficient electrocatalytic urea oxidation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 627:1030-1038. [PMID: 35907328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Substituting water oxidation half of water splitting with anodic oxidation of urea can reduce the cost of H2 production and provide an avenue for treating urea-rich wastewater. However, developing an efficient and stable electrocatalyst is necessary to overcome the indolent kinetics of the urea oxidation reaction (UOR). Accordingly, we have used the Schikorr reaction to deposit Fe3O4 particles on the nickel foam (Fe3O4/NF). Results from the various analysis indicated that under the operational conditions, Fe3O4 underwent surface reconstruction to produce a heterolayered structure wherein a catalytically active FeOOH layer encased a conducting Fe3O4. Fe3O4/NF outperformed RuO2 as a UOR catalyst and delivered a current density of 10 50 and 100 mA cm-2 at low applied potentials of 1.38 1.42 and 1.46 V, respectively, with a Tafel slope of 28 mV dec-1. At the applied potential of 1.4 V, Fe3O4/NF demonstrated a turnover frequency (TOF) of 2.8 × 10-3 s-1, highlighting its superior intrinsic activity. In addition, a symmetrical urea electrolyzer constructed using Fe3O4/NF produced the current density of 10 mA cm-2 at a cell voltage of 1.54 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshad A Bandal
- Department of Energy Science and Technology, Environmental Waste Recycle Institute, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Hern Kim
- Department of Energy Science and Technology, Environmental Waste Recycle Institute, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Republic of Korea.
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