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Kubyshkin V, Rubini M. Proline Analogues. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8130-8232. [PMID: 38941181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Within the canonical repertoire of the amino acid involved in protein biogenesis, proline plays a unique role as an amino acid presenting a modified backbone rather than a side-chain. Chemical structures that mimic proline but introduce changes into its specific molecular features are defined as proline analogues. This review article summarizes the existing chemical, physicochemical, and biochemical knowledge about this peculiar family of structures. We group proline analogues from the following compounds: substituted prolines, unsaturated and fused structures, ring size homologues, heterocyclic, e.g., pseudoproline, and bridged proline-resembling structures. We overview (1) the occurrence of proline analogues in nature and their chemical synthesis, (2) physicochemical properties including ring conformation and cis/trans amide isomerization, (3) use in commercial drugs such as nirmatrelvir recently approved against COVID-19, (4) peptide and protein synthesis involving proline analogues, (5) specific opportunities created in peptide engineering, and (6) cases of protein engineering with the analogues. The review aims to provide a summary to anyone interested in using proline analogues in systems ranging from specific biochemical setups to complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Rubini
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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2
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Jiang X, Gao L, Li Z, Shen Y, Lin ZH. Development and Challenges of Cyclic Peptides for Immunomodulation. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2024; 25:353-375. [PMID: 37990433 DOI: 10.2174/0113892037272528231030074158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides are polypeptide chains formed by cyclic sequences of amide bonds between protein-derived or non-protein-derived amino acids. Compared to linear peptides, cyclic peptides offer several unique advantages, such as increased stability, stronger affinity, improved selectivity, and reduced toxicity. Cyclic peptide has been proved to have a promising application prospect in the medical field. In addition, this paper mainly describes that cyclic peptides play an important role in anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-virus, treatment of multiple sclerosis and membranous nephropathy through immunomodulation. In order to know more useful information about cyclic peptides in clinical research and drug application, this paper also summarizes cyclic peptides currently in the clinical trial stage and cyclic peptide drugs approved for marketing in the recent five years. Cyclic peptides have many advantages and great potential in treating various diseases, but there are still many challenges to be solved in the development process of cyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqiong Jiang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, 405400 Chongqing, China
| | - Li Gao
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, 405400 Chongqing, China
| | - Zhilong Li
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, 405400 Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Shen
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, 405400 Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Target Based Drug Screening and Activity Evaluation, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Lin
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, 405400 Chongqing, China
- Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 402760
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Target Based Drug Screening and Activity Evaluation, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
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Xiao T, Yu X, Yang L, Duan X. Palmatine treats urticaria by reducing inflammation and increasing autophagy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1268467. [PMID: 38035098 PMCID: PMC10682667 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1268467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is mainly manifested as wheals and erythema on the skin accompanied by itching, which will cause emotional anxiety and seriously affect the quality of life in patients. Palmatine (PAL) is a main chemical component of Yajieshaba, which has been found to effectively alleviate the symptoms of food allergy. However, its role and mechanism in CSU remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of PAL on CSU rats. Methods We replicated the CSU rat model by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin (OVA) in rats on days 0, 2, 4, and 14, with a double dose given on the last challenge. PAL, loratadine and saline were given by gavage from day 5 to day 14. We observed the skin pathologic changes, mast cell degranulation, immune factor levels, inflammatory response and autophagy-related protein expression in CSU rats. Results We found PAL treatment to be effective in alleviating CSU-like skin lesions and reducing itching and mast cell degranulation in rats. Compared with the OVA group, the levels of immune and inflammatory factors were significantly reduced, neutrophil recruitment was alleviated, suggesting a reduced inflammatory response. The autophagy results showed that PAL further increased the expression of LC3, Beclin-1 and p-LKB1, p-AMPK, Atg5, Atg12 and Atg5-Atg12, while P62 and p-p70S6K1 expression decreased. They collectively suggested that autophagic flux was activated after PAL treatment. However, there was an increase in the expression of LC3I, probably due to the fact that PAL induced its accumulation in order to provide substrate for the generation of more LC3II. Discussion Overall, PAL had a protective effect on CSU in normal rats, activated the expression of autophagy and improved the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaohua Duan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Autophagy: Guardian of Skin Barrier. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081817. [PMID: 36009363 PMCID: PMC9405116 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major degradation pathway that removes harmful intracellular substances to maintain homeostasis. Various stressors, such as starvation and oxidative stress, upregulate autophagy, and the dysregulation of autophagy is associated with various human diseases, including cancer and skin diseases. The skin is the first defense barrier against external environmental hazards such as invading pathogens, ultraviolet rays, chemical toxins, and heat. Although the skin is exposed to various stressors that can activate autophagy, the roles of autophagy in the skin have not yet been fully elucidated. Accumulating evidence suggests that autophagy is closely associated with pathogenesis and the treatment of immune-related skin diseases. In this study, we review how autophagy interacts with skin cells, including keratinocytes and immune cells, enabling them to successfully perform their protective functions by eliminating pathogens and maintaining skin homeostasis. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of autophagy in immune-related skin diseases, such as alopecia areata, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis, and suggest that a combination of autophagy modulators with conventional therapies may be a better strategy for the treatment of these diseases.
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Ripszky Totan A, Greabu M, Stanescu-Spinu II, Imre M, Spinu TC, Miricescu D, Ilinca R, Coculescu EC, Badoiu SC, Coculescu BI, Albu C. The Yin and Yang dualistic features of autophagy in thermal burn wound healing. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:3946320221125090. [PMID: 36121435 PMCID: PMC9490459 DOI: 10.1177/03946320221125090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Burn healing should be regarded as a dynamic process consisting of two main, interrelated phases: (a) the inflammatory phase when neutrophils and monocytes infiltrate the injury site, through localized vasodilation and fluid extravasation, and (b) the proliferative-remodeling phase, which represents a key event in wound healing. In the skin, both canonical autophagy (induced by starvation, oxidative stress, and environmental aggressions) and non-canonical or selective autophagy have evolved to play a discrete, but, essential, “housekeeping” role, for homeostasis, immune tolerance, and survival. Experimental data supporting the pro-survival roles of autophagy, highlighting its Yang, luminous and positive feature of this complex but insufficient explored molecular pathway, have been reported. Autophagic cell death describes an “excessive” degradation of important cellular components that are necessary for normal cell function. This deadly molecular mechanism brings to light the darker, concealed, Yin feature of autophagy. Autophagy seems to perform dual, conflicting roles in the angiogenesis context, revealing once again, its Yin–Yang features. Autophagy with its Yin–Yang features remains the shadow player, able to decide quietly whether the cell survives or dies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ripszky Totan
- Department of Biochemistry, 367124Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Romania
| | - Maria Greabu
- Department of Biochemistry, 367124Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Romania
| | - Iulia-Ioana Stanescu-Spinu
- Department of Biochemistry, 367124Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Romania
| | - Marina Imre
- Department of Complete Denture, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Romania
| | - Tudor-Claudiu Spinu
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics and Occlusology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Romania
| | - Daniela Miricescu
- Department of Biochemistry, 367124Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Romania
| | - Radu Ilinca
- Department of Biophysics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Romania
| | - Elena Claudia Coculescu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Romania
| | - Silviu Constantin Badoiu
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan-Ioan Coculescu
- Cantacuzino National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Crenguta Albu
- Department of Genetics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
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6
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Liu C, Gu L, Ding J, Meng Q, Li N, Dai G, Li Q, Wu X. Autophagy in skin barrier and immune-related skin diseases. J Dermatol 2021; 48:1827-1837. [PMID: 34655245 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a process which is highly conserved in eukaryotes to degrade or recycle cytoplasmic components through lysosomes to maintain cellular homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that autophagy also plays critical roles in cell apoptosis, inflammation, pathogen clearance, and so on under stressed conditions and thereby has been linked to a variety of human disorders. The skin is the largest organ of the body and serves as the first line of defense against environmental insult. Skin as a nutrient-poor environment requires recycling of limited resources via the autophagy machinery to maintain homeostasis. Therefore, dysregulation of autophagy has been linked to skin diseases. In this review, we describe the molecular machinery and regulation of autophagy, discuss its role in keratinocytes and skin barrier, skin immune cells, and immune-related skin diseases including autoimmune skin disorders, allergic skin diseases, infectious skin disorders, and antitumor immunity against skin tumor. Finally, we highlight the potential of autophagy as a therapeutic target for immune-related skin diseases, and delivery of autophagy-related molecules (such as inducers, inhibitors, or nucleic acid molecules) by virtue of physical materials (such as nanoparticles) or biological materials (such as peptides) to skin topically may obtain clinical benefits in immune-related skin diseases. Moreover, developing autophagy-related gene product-based biomarkers may be promising to diagnose immune-related skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Liu
- Department of Geriatrics Center & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Gu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai Shende Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Gerontology, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianchao Meng
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Geriatrics Center & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guifeng Dai
- Department of Geriatrics Center & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinying Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jing'an District Center Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyong Wu
- Department of Geriatrics Center & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Sophoricoside ameliorates cardiac hypertrophy by activating AMPK/mTORC1-mediated autophagy. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226492. [PMID: 32964914 PMCID: PMC7677750 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The study aims to evaluate protective effects of sophoricoside (Sop) on cardiac hypertrophy. Meanwhile, the potential and significance of Sop should be broadened and it should be considered as an attractive drug for the treatment of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Methods: Using the phenylephrine (PE)-induced neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) enlargement model, the potent protection of Sop against cardiomyocytes enlargement was evaluated. The function of Sop was validated in mice received transverse aortic coarctation (TAC) or sham surgery. At 1 week after TAC surgery, mice were treated with Sop for the following 4 weeks, the hearts were harvested after echocardiography examination. Results: Our study revealed that Sop significantly mitigated TAC-induced heart dysfunction, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis. Mechanistically, Sop treatment induced a remarkable activation of AMPK/mTORC1-autophagy cascade following sustained hypertrophic stimulation. Importantly, the protective effect of Sop was largely abolished by the AMPKα inhibitor Compound C, suggesting an AMPK activation-dependent manner of Sop function on suppressing pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Conclusion: Sop ameliorates cardiac hypertrophy by activating AMPK/mTORC1-mediated autophagy. Hence, Sop might be an attractive candidate for the treatment of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
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8
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Amer AS, Samaka RM, Moftah NH. Beclin1 in psoriasis: an immunohistochemical study. Clin Exp Dermatol 2021; 46:851-860. [PMID: 33405299 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal autophagy is known to be associated with the pathogenesis of some skin disorders. The protein Beclin1 plays a central role in the machinery of autophagy. AIM To assess the expression of Beclin1 in psoriasis, using immunohistochemical study in lesional and perilesional skin in patients with psoriasis, and to compare the results with those of an apparently healthy control (HC) group. METHODS This case-control study enrolled a total of 40 participants: 20 patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and 20 age- and sex-matched, apparently HCs. Skin biopsies were taken from (i) lesional and (ii) perilesional skin of patients with psoriasis and from (iii) normal skin of HCs for immunohistochemical evaluation of Beclin1 expression. RESULTS Epidermal Beclin1 expression was positive in all three studied groups. There was a significant difference between the three studied groups regarding Beclin1 epidermal topographic distribution, epidermal staining intensity, H score and H-score category (P < 0.01 for all). Significant differences were found between the three studied groups regarding Beclin1 H score and H-score category for skin adnexal structures (P < 0.01 for both). For dermal inflammatory infiltrate, significant differences were found between lesional and perilesional skin regarding Beclin1 expression status, staining intensity, H score and H-score category (P < 0.01, P = 0.01, P < 0.01 and P < 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSION The increased expression of Beclin1 in psoriatic skin, both lesional and perilesional, reflects increased autophagy, which could be a consequence of the rapid keratinocyte proliferation in psoriasis, which would also ramp up all the cellular processes including autophagy. The cellular localization of Beclin1 was nucleocytoplasmic in psoriasis skin but cytoplasmic only in normal HC skin, which needs further study to allow its interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Amer
- Dermatology and Venereology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - R M Samaka
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - N H Moftah
- Dermatology and Venereology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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9
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Wang M, Qu S, Ma J, Wang X, Yang Y. Metformin Suppresses LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Macrophage and Ameliorates Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Mice via Autophagy. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:129-137. [PMID: 31902918 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is one of the most common skin diseases caused by hapten-modified proteins. Metformin, a drug commonly prescribed for type II diabetes, has been demonstrated to have various biological functions beyond its antidiabetic effects. However, its role in ACD remains unknown. In the present study, we found that metformin reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the level of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. These anti-inflammatory effects were also demonstrated on bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Furthermore, metformin also enhanced autophagic flux, inhibited the phosphorylation of the serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) related protein levels and the level of miR-221 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Besides, metformin attenuated 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced ACD and inhibited proinflammatory cytokines in the ear. In addition, metformin ameliorated ACD partly through the inhibition of macrophage activation and the induction of autophagic flux. Taken together, our data indicated that metformin ameliorates ACD through enhanced autophagic flux to inhibit macrophage activation and provides a potential contribution to ACD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Shulan Qu
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Jun Ma
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Yifu Yang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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10
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Roseotoxin B alleviates cholestatic liver fibrosis through inhibiting PDGF-B/PDGFR-β pathway in hepatic stellate cells. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:458. [PMID: 32541811 PMCID: PMC7296008 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Identifying effective anti-fibrotic therapies is a major clinical need that remains unmet. In the present study, roseotoxin B was shown to possess an improving effect on cholestatic liver fibrosis in bile duct–ligated mice, as proved by histochemical and immunohistochemical staining, hepatic biochemical parameters, and TUNEL apoptotic cell detection in tissue sections. Using cellular thermal shift assay, computational molecular docking, microscale thermophoresis technology, and surface plasmon resonance biosensor, we confirmed that PDGFR-β was a direct target of roseotoxin B in fibrotic livers. Of note, human tissue microarrays detected pathologically high expression of p-PDGFR-β in liver samples of ~80% of patients with liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. PDGF-B/PDGFR-β pathway promotes transdifferentiation and excessive proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which is a very crucial driver for liver fibrosis. Meaningfully, roseotoxin B blocked the formation of PDGF-BB/PDGFR-ββ complex by targeting the D2 domain of PDGFR-β, thereby inhibiting the PDGF-B/PDGFR-β pathway in HSCs. In summary, our study provided roseotoxin B as a unique candidate agent for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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11
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Guo K, Liu X, Zhou TT, Liu YC, Liu Y, Shi QM, Li XN, Li SH. Gentianelloids A and B: Immunosuppressive 10,11-seco-Gentianellane Sesterterpenoids from the Traditional Uighur Medicine Gentianella turkestanorum. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5511-5515. [PMID: 32202107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Mei Shi
- College of Tea and Food Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China
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12
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Insights into autophagy machinery in cells related to skin diseases and strategies for therapeutic modulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 113:108775. [PMID: 30889485 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, literally meaning "self-eating," is a highly conserved process that is part of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Morphologically, the double membrane contains vesicles with phagocytic components known as autophagosomes. Autophagy is often used as a cellular stress response and quality control mechanisms are used to maintain cell survival. Survival is facilitated by providing energy and metabolic precursors as well as removing damaged proteins or organelles. Moreover, autophagy refers to organelles fused together with part of the cell cytoplasm with a double or multi-membrane structure called phagosome. Research has demonstrated that autophagy is an important mediator of cell fate and has effects on inflammation, pathogen clearance, and antigen presentation. In recent years, studies discussing autophagy have increased in number. Nevertheless, only a small amount of research has considered the impact of autophagy on the pathogenesis of skin diseases. The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a surface area of around two square metre; it is the first line of defense against numerous environmental insults, including ultraviolet radiation, pathogens, mechanical stresses, and toxic chemicals. Autophagy is thought to be a vital modality for endogenous defenses against environmental derangements. This review provides an overview of autophagy machinery in keratinocytes, skin fibroblasts, melanocytes related to skin diseases as well as strategies for therapeutic modulation, for the future development of treatment for skin diseases.
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Sil P, Wong SW, Martinez J. More Than Skin Deep: Autophagy Is Vital for Skin Barrier Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1376. [PMID: 29988591 PMCID: PMC6026682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a highly organized first line of defense that stretches up to 1.8 m2 and is home to more than a million commensal bacteria. The microenvironment of skin is driven by factors such as pH, temperature, moisture, sebum level, oxidative stress, diet, resident immune cells, and infectious exposure. The skin has a high turnover of cells as it continually bares itself to environmental stresses. Notwithstanding these limitations, it has devised strategies to adapt as a nutrient-scarce site. To perform its protective function efficiently, it relies on mechanisms to continuously remove dead cells without alarming the immune system, actively purging the dying/senescent cells by immunotolerant efferocytosis. Both canonical (starvation-induced, reactive oxygen species, stress, and environmental insults) and non-canonical (selective) autophagy in the skin have evolved to perform astute due-diligence and housekeeping in a quiescent fashion for survival, cellular functioning, homeostasis, and immune tolerance. The autophagic “homeostatic rheostat” works tirelessly to uphold the delicate balance in immunoregulation and tolerance. If this equilibrium is upset, the immune system can wreak havoc and initiate pathogenesis. Out of all the organs, the skin remains under-studied in the context of autophagy. Here, we touch upon some of the salient features of autophagy active in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Sil
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sing-Wai Wong
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States.,Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Curriculum, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
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14
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Wang X, Gong X, Li P, Lai D, Zhou L. Structural Diversity and Biological Activities of Cyclic Depsipeptides from Fungi. Molecules 2018; 23:E169. [PMID: 29342967 PMCID: PMC6017592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic depsipeptides (CDPs) are cyclopeptides in which amide groups are replaced by corresponding lactone bonds due to the presence of a hydroxylated carboxylic acid in the peptide structure. These peptides sometimes display additional chemical modifications, including unusual amino acid residues in their structures. This review highlights the occurrence, structures and biological activities of the fungal CDPs reported until October 2017. About 352 fungal CDPs belonging to the groups of cyclic tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-, and tridecadepsipeptides have been isolated from fungi. These metabolites are mainly reported from the genera Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Beauveria, Fusarium, Isaria, Metarhizium, Penicillium, and Rosellina. They are known to exhibit various biological activities such as cytotoxic, phytotoxic, antimicrobial, antiviral, anthelmintic, insecticidal, antimalarial, antitumoral and enzyme-inhibitory activities. Some CDPs (i.e., PF1022A, enniatins and destruxins) have been applied as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiao Gong
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Daowan Lai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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15
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Chen RJ, Lee YH, Yeh YL, Wang YJ, Wang BJ. The Roles of Autophagy and the Inflammasome during Environmental Stress-Triggered Skin Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E2063. [PMID: 27941683 PMCID: PMC5187863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory skin diseases are the most common problem in dermatology. The induction of skin inflammation by environmental stressors such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR), hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and TiO₂/ZnO/Ag nanoparticles (NPs) has been demonstrated previously. Recent studies have indicated that the inflammasome is often wrongly activated by these environmental irritants, thus inducing massive inflammation and resulting in the development of inflammatory diseases. The regulation of the inflammasome with respect to skin inflammation is complex and is still not completely understood. Autophagy, an intracellular degradation system that is associated with the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, plays a key role in inflammasome inactivation. As a housekeeping pathway, cells utilize autophagy to maintain the homeostasis of the organ structure and function when exposed to environmental stressors. However, only a few studies have examined the effect of autophagy and/or the inflammasome on skin pathogenesis. Here we review recent findings regarding the involvement of autophagy and inflammasome activation during skin inflammation. We posit that autophagy induction is a novel mechanism inter-modulating environmental stressor-induced skin inflammation. We also attempt to highlight the role of the inflammasome and the possible underlying mechanisms and pathways reflecting the pathogenesis of skin inflammation induced by UVR, Cr(VI) and TiO₂/ZnO/Ag NPs. A more profound understanding about the crosstalk between autophagy and the inflammasome will contribute to the development of prevention and intervention strategies against human skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jane Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ling Yeh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Jan Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Bour-Jr Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
- Department of Cosmetic Science and Institute of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan.
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16
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Li X, Wang X, Jiang H, Zhang G, Tan R, Sun Y, Wu X, Tan R, Xu Q. Herpetol ameliorates allergic contact dermatitis through regulating T-lymphocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 40:131-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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