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Laureano AF, Vigato AA, Puzer L, de Araujo DR. Recombinant scFv-Fc Anti-kallikrein 7 Antibody-Loaded Thermosensitive Hydrogels Against Skin Desquamation Disorders. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:4486-4496. [PMID: 38886921 PMCID: PMC11253099 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Human tissue kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) is a serine protease implicated in the physiology of skin desquamation, and its uncontrolled activity can lead to chronic diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and Netherton syndrome. For this reason, kallikrein 7 has been identified as a potential therapeutic target. This work aimed to evaluate Pluronic (PL) hydrogels as topical carriers of four specific scFv-Fc antibodies to inhibit KLK7. The hydrogels comprised PL F127 (30% w/v) alone and a binary F127/P123 (28-2% w/v) system. Each formulation was loaded with 1 μg/mL of each antibody and characterized by physicochemical and pharmaceutical techniques, considering antibody-micelle interactions and hydrogel behavior as smart delivery systems. Results showed that the antibodies were successfully loaded into the PL-based systems, and the sol-gel transition temperature was shifted to high values after the P123 addition. The antibodies released from the gels preserved their rheological properties (G' > G'', 35- to 41-fold) and inhibitory activity against KLK7, even after 24 h. This work presented potential agents targeting KLK7 that may provide strategies for treating skin abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Flávia
Santarine Laureano
- Department
of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, CNY149 13th Street, Charlestown, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Centro
de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade
Federal do ABC, Al. da Universidade, s/n-Anchieta, São
Bernardo do Campo, SP 09606-045, Brazil
| | - Aryane Alves Vigato
- Department
of Biomedical Science (BMV), Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö 20506, Sweden
- Biofilms−Research
Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö 20506, Sweden
| | - Luciano Puzer
- Centro
de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade
Federal do ABC, Al. da Universidade, s/n-Anchieta, São
Bernardo do Campo, SP 09606-045, Brazil
| | - Daniele Ribeiro de Araujo
- Centro
de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade
Federal do ABC, Av. dos
Estados, 5001, Bloco A, Torre 3, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil
- Departamento
de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
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2
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Kind S, Castillo CP, Schlichter R, Gorbokon N, Lennartz M, Hornsteiner LS, Dwertmann Rico S, Reiswich V, Viehweger F, Kluth M, Hube-Magg C, Bernreuther C, Büscheck F, Clauditz TS, Fraune C, Hinsch A, Krech T, Lebok P, Steurer S, Burandt E, Minner S, Marx AH, Simon R, Wilczak W, Sauter G, Menz A, Jacobsen F. KLK7 expression in human tumors: a tissue microarray study on 13,447 tumors. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:794. [PMID: 38961454 PMCID: PMC11221178 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) is a chymotrypsin-like serine protease which is essential for the desquamation of corneocytes and thus plays a pivotal role in maintaining skin homeostasis. In cancer, KLK7 overexpression was suggested to represent a route for metastasis through cleavage of cell junction and extracellular matrix proteins of cancer cells. METHODS To comprehensively determine KLK7 protein expression in normal and neoplastic tissues, a tissue microarray containing 13,447 samples from 147 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS KLK7 positivity was found in 64 of 147 tumor categories, including 17 tumor categories with at least one strongly positive case. The highest rate of KLK7 positivity was found in squamous cell carcinomas from various sites of origin (positive in 18.1%-63.8%), ovarian and endometrium cancers (4.8%-56.2%), salivary gland tumors (4.8%-13.7%), bilio-pancreatic adenocarcinomas (20.0%-40.4%), and adenocarcinomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract (3.3%-12.5%). KLK7 positivity was linked to nodal metastasis (p = 0.0005), blood vessel infiltration (p = 0.0037), and lymph vessel infiltration (p < 0.0001) in colorectal adenocarcinoma, nodal metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (p = 0.0382), advanced pathological tumor stage in papillary thyroid cancer (p = 0.0132), and low grade of malignancy in a cohort of 719 squamous cell carcinomas from 11 different sites of origin (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS These data provide a comprehensive overview on KLK7 expression in normal and neoplastic human tissues. The prognostic relevance of KLK7 expression and the possible role of KLK7 as a drug target need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kind
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Carolina Palacios Castillo
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Ria Schlichter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Natalia Gorbokon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Maximilian Lennartz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Lisa S Hornsteiner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dwertmann Rico
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Viktor Reiswich
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Florian Viehweger
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Till S Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Andreas H Marx
- Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Fuerth, Fuerth, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Anne Menz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
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3
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Peled A, Sprecher E. Proteolytic and Antiproteolytic Activity in the Skin: Gluing the Pieces Together. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:466-473. [PMID: 37865898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal differentiation is ultimately aimed at the formation of a functional barrier capable of protecting the organism from the environment while preventing loss of biologically vital elements. Epidermal differentiation entails a delicately regulated process of cell-cell junction formation and dissolution to enable upward cell migration and desquamation. Over the past two decades, the deciphering of the genetic basis of a number of inherited conditions has delineated the pivotal role played in this process by a series of proteases and protease inhibitors, including serpins, cathepsins, and cystatins, suggesting novel avenues for therapeutic intervention in both rare and common disorders of cornification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Peled
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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4
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Petrova E, López-Gay JM, Fahrner M, Leturcq F, de Villartay JP, Barbieux C, Gonschorek P, Tsoi LC, Gudjonsson JE, Schilling O, Hovnanian A. Comparative analyses of Netherton syndrome patients and Spink5 conditional knock-out mice uncover disease-relevant pathways. Commun Biol 2024; 7:152. [PMID: 38316920 PMCID: PMC10844249 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Netherton syndrome (NS) is a rare skin disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in the serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 5 (SPINK5) gene. Disease severity and the lack of efficacious treatments call for a better understanding of NS mechanisms. Here we describe a novel and viable, Spink5 conditional knock-out (cKO) mouse model, allowing to study NS progression. By combining transcriptomics and proteomics, we determine a disease molecular profile common to mouse models and NS patients. Spink5 cKO mice and NS patients share skin barrier and inflammation signatures defined by up-regulation and increased activity of proteases, IL-17, IL-36, and IL-20 family cytokine signaling. Systemic inflammation in Spink5 cKO mice correlates with disease severity and is associated with thymic atrophy and enlargement of lymph nodes and spleen. This systemic inflammation phenotype is marked by neutrophils and IL-17/IL-22 signaling, does not involve primary T cell immunodeficiency and is independent of bacterial infection. By comparing skin transcriptomes and proteomes, we uncover several putative substrates of tissue kallikrein-related proteases (KLKs), demonstrating that KLKs can proteolytically regulate IL-36 pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our study thus provides a conserved molecular framework for NS and reveals a KLK/IL-36 signaling axis, adding new insights into the disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Petrova
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute and University of Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Jesús María López-Gay
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Paris, F-75248, Cedex 05, France
- Sorbonne University, UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Fahrner
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florent Leturcq
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute and University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre de Villartay
- Imagine Institute, Laboratory "Genome Dynamics in the Immune System", INSERM UMR 11635, Paris, France
| | - Claire Barbieux
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute and University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Gonschorek
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Johann E Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute and University of Paris, Paris, France.
- Department of Genomic Medicine of rare diseases, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.
- University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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5
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Chavarria-Smith J, Chiu CPC, Jackman JK, Yin J, Zhang J, Hackney JA, Lin WY, Tyagi T, Sun Y, Tao J, Dunlap D, Morton WD, Ghodge SV, Maun HR, Li H, Hernandez-Barry H, Loyet KM, Chen E, Liu J, Tam C, Yaspan BL, Cai H, Balazs M, Arron JR, Li J, Wittwer AJ, Pappu R, Austin CD, Lee WP, Lazarus RA, Sudhamsu J, Koerber JT, Yi T. Dual antibody inhibition of KLK5 and KLK7 for Netherton syndrome and atopic dermatitis. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabp9159. [PMID: 36516271 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abp9159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is a barrier that prevents water loss while keeping harmful substances from penetrating the host. The impermeable cornified layer of the stratum corneum is maintained by balancing continuous turnover driven by epidermal basal cell proliferation, suprabasal cell differentiation, and corneal shedding. The epidermal desquamation process is tightly regulated by balance of the activities of serine proteases of the Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK) family and their cognate inhibitor lymphoepithelial Kazal type-related inhibitor (LEKTI), which is encoded by the serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 5 gene. Imbalance of proteolytic activity caused by a deficiency of LEKTI leads to excessive desquamation due to increased activities of KLK5, KLK7, and KLK14 and results in Netherton syndrome (NS), a debilitating condition with an unmet clinical need. Increased activity of KLKs may also be pathological in other dermatoses such as atopic dermatitis (AD). Here, we describe the discovery of inhibitory antibodies against murine KLK5 and KLK7 that could compensate for the deficiency of LEKTI in NS. These antibodies are protective in mouse models of NS and AD and, when combined, promote improved skin barrier integrity and reduced inflammation. To translate these findings, we engineered a humanized bispecific antibody capable of potent inhibition of human KLK5 and KLK7. A crystal structure of KLK5 bound to the inhibitory Fab revealed that the antibody binds distal to its active site and uses a relatively unappreciated allosteric inhibition mechanism. Treatment with the bispecific anti-KLK5/7 antibody represents a promising therapy for clinical development in NS and other inflammatory dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Chavarria-Smith
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Cecilia P C Chiu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Janet K Jackman
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jianping Yin
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason A Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tulika Tyagi
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yonglian Sun
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Janet Tao
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Debra Dunlap
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - William D Morton
- Confluence Discovery Technologies Inc., 4320 Duncan Ave, Suite 400, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Swapnil V Ghodge
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Henry R Maun
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hilda Hernandez-Barry
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kelly M Loyet
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Emily Chen
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - John Liu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christine Tam
- Department of Biomolecular Resources, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Brian L Yaspan
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hao Cai
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mercedesz Balazs
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Joseph R Arron
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Arthur J Wittwer
- Confluence Discovery Technologies Inc., 4320 Duncan Ave, Suite 400, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Rajita Pappu
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Cary D Austin
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Robert A Lazarus
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jawahar Sudhamsu
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - James T Koerber
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tangsheng Yi
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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6
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Tian S, Durek T, Wang CK, Zdenek CN, Fry BG, Craik DJ, de Veer SJ. Engineering the Cyclization Loop of MCoTI-II Generates Targeted Cyclotides that Potently Inhibit Factor XIIa. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15698-15709. [PMID: 36383928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Factor XIIa (FXIIa) is a promising target for developing new drugs that prevent thrombosis without causing bleeding complications. A native cyclotide (MCoTI-II) is gaining interest for engineering FXIIa-targeted anticoagulants as this peptide inhibits FXIIa but not other coagulation proteases. Here, we engineered the native biosynthetic cyclization loop of MCoTI-II (loop 6) to generate improved FXIIa inhibitors. Decreasing the loop length led to gains in potency up to 7.7-fold, with the most potent variant having five residues in loop 6 (Ki = 25 nM). We subsequently examined sequence changes within loop 6 and an adjacent loop, with substitutions at P4 and P2' producing a potent FXIIa inhibitor (Ki = 2 nM) that displayed more than 700-fold selectivity, was stable in human serum, and blocked the intrinsic coagulation pathway in human plasma. These findings demonstrate that engineering the biosynthetic cyclization loop can generate improved cyclotide variants, expanding their potential for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixin Tian
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Durek
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Christina N Zdenek
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Simon J de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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7
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Matus CE, Ehrenfeld P, Figueroa CD. The family of kallikrein-related peptidases and kinin peptides as modulators of epidermal homeostasis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1070-C1087. [PMID: 35993513 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00012.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is the outermost skin layer and is part of one of the largest organs in the body; it is supported by the dermis, a network of fibrils, blood vessels, pilosebaceous units, sweat glands, nerves, and cells. The skin as a whole is a protective shield against numerous noxious agents, including microorganisms and chemical and physical factors. These functions rely on the activity of multiple growth factors, peptide hormones, proteases, and specific signaling pathways that are triggered by the activation of distinct types of receptors sited in the cell membranes of the various cell types present in the skin. The human kallikrein family comprises a large group of 15 serine proteases synthesized and secreted by different types of epithelial cells throughout the body, including the skin. At this site, they initiate a proteolytic cascade that generates the active forms of the proteases, some of which regulate skin desquamation, activation of cytokines, and antimicrobial peptides. Kinin peptides are formed by the action of plasma and tissue kallikreins on kininogens, two plasma proteins produced in the liver and other organs. Although kinins are well known for their proinflammatory abilities, in the skin they are also considered important modulators of keratinocyte differentiation. In this review, we summarize the contributions of the kallikreins and kallikrein-related peptidases family and those of kinins and their receptors in skin homeostasis, with special emphasis on their pathophysiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola E Matus
- Departament of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center of Biomedical and Morphofunctional Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos D Figueroa
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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8
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Wei J, Quan Q, Wang P, Wang Y, Huo T, An Q. Portulaca oleracea extract relieves skin barrier damage induced by increased photosensitivity after GA peeling. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2022; 41:257-263. [PMID: 35920724 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2022.2109658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to find active substances to help relieve the symptoms caused by increased photosensitivity after alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) peeling. Methods: A questionnaire survey was provided to 66 patients who received AHA peeling therapy to understand if increased photosensitivity existed and its specific symptoms. We verified increased photosensitivity after AHA peeling by monitoring cell viability to detect the combined toxicity of glycolic acid (GA) and UVB in HaCaT cells. The ELISA method was used to determine the expression of KLK7, FLG, IL-1β, and IL-8 to correlate damage to the skin barrier and inflammation induced by GA and UVB and the relieving effects of Portulaca oleracea extract. Results: Our survey results showed that 6.06% of people were more sensitive to sunlight after AHA peeling than before. Experiments at the cellular level showed that UVB induced cytotoxicity on HaCaT cells pre-treated with GA. Combined exposure of GA and UVB induced up-regulation of KLK7 and down-regulation of FLG and increased inflammatory cytokines of IL-1β and IL-8. Portulaca oleracea extract inhibited the reduction of FLG and increased KLK7, IL-1β, and IL-8 expression caused by combined exposure. Conclusions: Our study found that combined exposure to GA and UV disrupted the skin barrier and induced significant inflammation. These results provided a theoretical basis for increased photosensitivity after chemical peeling. Portulaca oleracea extract ameliorated GA and UVB-induced impaired skin barrier function and inflammation in HaCaT cells and may have the potential to relieve photosensitivity after AHA peeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- East Asia Skin Health Research Center, Beijing, China.,Yunnan Baiyao Group Health Products Co., Ltd., Kunming, China.,REAL DermaSci & Biotech Co., Ltd
| | - Qianghua Quan
- East Asia Skin Health Research Center, Beijing, China.,Yunnan Baiyao Group Health Products Co., Ltd., Kunming, China.,REAL DermaSci & Biotech Co., Ltd
| | - Peiyu Wang
- East Asia Skin Health Research Center, Beijing, China.,Yunnan Baiyao Group Health Products Co., Ltd., Kunming, China.,REAL DermaSci & Biotech Co., Ltd
| | - Yiming Wang
- East Asia Skin Health Research Center, Beijing, China.,Yunnan Baiyao Group Health Products Co., Ltd., Kunming, China.,REAL DermaSci & Biotech Co., Ltd
| | - Tong Huo
- East Asia Skin Health Research Center, Beijing, China.,Yunnan Baiyao Group Health Products Co., Ltd., Kunming, China.,REAL DermaSci & Biotech Co., Ltd
| | - Quan An
- East Asia Skin Health Research Center, Beijing, China.,Yunnan Baiyao Group Health Products Co., Ltd., Kunming, China.,Yunnan Baiyao Group Shanghai Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
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9
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Barbero G, Castro MV, Quezada MJ, Lopez-Bergami P. Bioinformatic analysis identifies epidermal development genes that contribute to melanoma progression. Med Oncol 2022; 39:141. [PMID: 35834068 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several diagnostic and prognostic markers for melanoma have been identified in last few years. However, their actual contribution to melanoma progression have not been investigated in detail. This study was aimed to identify genes, biological processes, and signaling pathways implicated in melanoma progression by applying bioinformatics analysis. We identified nine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (IL36RN, KRT6A, KRT6B, KRT16, S100A7, SPRR1A, SPRR1B, SPRR2B, and KLK7) that were upregulated in primary melanoma compared with metastatic melanoma in all five datasets analyzed. All these genes except IL36RN, both form a protein-protein interaction network and have cellular functions associated with constitutive processes of keratinocytes. Thus, they were generically termed Epidermal Development and Cornification (EDC) genes. The differential expression of these genes in primary and metastatic melanoma was confirmed in the TCGA-SKCM cohort. High expression of the EDC genes correlated with reduced tumor thickness in primary melanoma and shorter survival in metastatic melanoma. Analysis of DEGs from primary melanoma patients displaying high or low expression of all eight EDC revealed that the upregulated genes are enriched in biological process related to cell migration, extracellular matrix organization, invasion, and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Further analysis of enriched curated oncogenic genesets together with RPPA data of phosphorylated proteins revealed the activation of MEK, ATF2, and EGFR pathways in tumors displaying high expression of EDC genes. Thus, EDC genes may contribute to melanoma progression by promoting the activation of MEK, ATF2, and EGFR pathways together with biological processes associated with tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón Barbero
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico (CEBBAD), Buenos Aires, Argentina and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602, 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Castro
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico (CEBBAD), Buenos Aires, Argentina and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602, 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Josefina Quezada
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico (CEBBAD), Buenos Aires, Argentina and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602, 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Lopez-Bergami
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico (CEBBAD), Buenos Aires, Argentina and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602, 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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10
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Gonschorek P, Zorzi A, Maric T, Le Jeune M, Schüttel M, Montagnon M, Gómez-Ojea R, Vollmar DP, Whitfield C, Reymond L, Carle V, Verma H, Schilling O, Hovnanian A, Heinis C. Phage Display Selected Cyclic Peptide Inhibitors of Kallikrein-Related Peptidases 5 and 7 and Their In Vivo Delivery to the Skin. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9735-9749. [PMID: 35653695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases 5 (KLK5) and 7 (KLK7) are serine proteases with homeostatic functions in the epidermis that play a critical role in Netherton syndrome (NS), a rare yet life-threatening genetic disorder that currently lacks specific treatment. Previous research suggests that controlling KLKs could lead to the development of NS therapies, but existing synthetic inhibitors have limitations. Herein, we used phage display to screen libraries comprising more than 100 billion different cyclic peptides and found selective, high-affinity inhibitors of KLK5 (Ki = 2.2 ± 0.1 nM) and KLK7 (Ki = 16 ± 4 nM). By eliminating protease-prone sites and conjugating the inhibitors to an albumin-binding peptide, we enhanced the inhibitor stability and prolonged the elimination half-life to around 5 h in mice. In tissue sections taken from mice, a fluorescently labeled peptide was detected in the epidermis, suggesting that the inhibitors can reach the KLKs upon systemic delivery and should be suited to control deregulated protease activity in NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Gonschorek
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Zorzi
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Maric
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Le Jeune
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Mischa Schüttel
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Montagnon
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Rebeca Gómez-Ojea
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Denis Patrick Vollmar
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Whitfield
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Luc Reymond
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Carle
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Hitesh Verma
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France; Department of Genetics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children (AP-HP), 75015 Paris, France
| | - Christian Heinis
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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11
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Srinivasan S, Kryza T, Batra J, Clements J. Remodelling of the tumour microenvironment by the kallikrein-related peptidases. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:223-238. [PMID: 35102281 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are critical regulators of the tumour microenvironment. KLKs are proteolytic enzymes regulating multiple functions of bioactive molecules including hormones and growth factors, membrane receptors and the extracellular matrix architecture involved in cancer progression and metastasis. Perturbations of the proteolytic cascade generated by these peptidases, and their downstream signalling actions, underlie tumour emergence or blockade of tumour growth. Recent studies have also revealed their role in tumour immune suppression and resistance to cancer therapy. Here, we present an overview of the complex biology of the KLK family and its context-dependent nature in cancer, and discuss the different therapeutic strategies available to potentially target these proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilakshmi Srinivasan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Kryza
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
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12
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Bisyris E, Zingkou E, Kordopati GG, Matsoukas M, Magriotis PA, Pampalakis G, Sotiropoulou G. Generation of a quenched phosphonate activity-based probe for labelling the active KLK7 protease. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6834-6841. [PMID: 34308939 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01273h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Kallikrein 7 (KLK7) is a chymotrypsin-like serine protease with established roles in skin diseases like the rare Netherton syndrome, an overdesquamating and inflammatory condition, but also common atopic dermatitis, and a potential drug target for these and possibly other diseases. Nevertheless, tools to determine the active KLK7 enzyme are not available. Here, a mixed alkyl aryl phosphonate quenched activity-based probe that detects the active KLK7 was developed and evaluated in vitro. This KLK7-qABP can potentially be used to monitor KLK7 activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Bisyris
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece.
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece.
| | - Golfo G Kordopati
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece.
| | - Minos Matsoukas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece.
| | - Plato A Magriotis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece.
| | - Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy-Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 541 24, Greece.
| | - Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece.
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13
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Blicharz L, Rudnicka L, Czuwara J, Waśkiel-Burnat A, Goldust M, Olszewska M, Samochocki Z. The Influence of Microbiome Dysbiosis and Bacterial Biofilms on Epidermal Barrier Function in Atopic Dermatitis-An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168403. [PMID: 34445108 PMCID: PMC8395079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory dermatosis affecting up to 30% of children and 10% of adults worldwide. AD is primarily driven by an epidermal barrier defect which triggers immune dysregulation within the skin. According to recent research such phenomena are closely related to the microbial dysbiosis of the skin. There is growing evidence that cutaneous microbiota and bacterial biofilms negatively affect skin barrier function, contributing to the onset and exacerbation of AD. This review summarizes the latest data on the mechanisms leading to microbiome dysbiosis and biofilm formation in AD, and the influence of these phenomena on skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Blicharz
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (L.R.); (J.C.); (A.W.-B.); (M.O.); (Z.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lidia Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (L.R.); (J.C.); (A.W.-B.); (M.O.); (Z.S.)
| | - Joanna Czuwara
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (L.R.); (J.C.); (A.W.-B.); (M.O.); (Z.S.)
| | - Anna Waśkiel-Burnat
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (L.R.); (J.C.); (A.W.-B.); (M.O.); (Z.S.)
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Małgorzata Olszewska
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (L.R.); (J.C.); (A.W.-B.); (M.O.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zbigniew Samochocki
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (L.R.); (J.C.); (A.W.-B.); (M.O.); (Z.S.)
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14
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Lovell S, Zhang L, Kryza T, Neodo A, Bock N, De Vita E, Williams ED, Engelsberger E, Xu C, Bakker AT, Maneiro M, Tanaka RJ, Bevan CL, Clements JA, Tate EW. A Suite of Activity-Based Probes To Dissect the KLK Activome in Drug-Resistant Prostate Cancer. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8911-8924. [PMID: 34085829 PMCID: PMC9282638 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Kallikrein-related
peptidases (KLKs) are a family of secreted serine
proteases, which form a network (the KLK activome) with an important
role in proteolysis and signaling. In prostate cancer (PCa), increased
KLK activity promotes tumor growth and metastasis through multiple
biochemical pathways, and specific quantification and tracking of
changes in the KLK activome could contribute to validation of KLKs
as potential drug targets. Herein we report a technology platform
based on novel activity-based probes (ABPs) and inhibitors enabling
simultaneous orthogonal analysis of KLK2, KLK3, and KLK14 activity
in hormone-responsive PCa cell lines and tumor homogenates. Importantly,
we identifed a significant decoupling of KLK activity and abundance
and suggest that KLK proteolysis should be considered as an additional
parameter, along with the PSA blood test, for accurate PCa diagnosis
and monitoring. Using selective inhibitors and multiplexed fluorescent
activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), we dissect the KLK activome
in PCa cells and show that increased KLK14 activity leads to a migratory
phenotype. Furthermore, using biotinylated ABPs, we show that active
KLK molecules are secreted into the bone microenvironment by PCa cells
following stimulation by osteoblasts suggesting KLK-mediated signaling
mechanisms could contribute to PCa metastasis to bone. Together our
findings show that ABPP is a powerful approach to dissect dysregulation
of the KLK activome as a promising and previously underappreciated
therapeutic target in advanced PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Lovell
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Leran Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Thomas Kryza
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Anna Neodo
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Nathalie Bock
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Elena De Vita
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Elizabeth D Williams
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Engelsberger
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Congyi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Alexander T Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Maria Maneiro
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Reiko J Tanaka
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Charlotte L Bevan
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, U.K
| | - Judith A Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.,The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, U.K
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15
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Pandey R, Zhou M, Chen Y, Darmoul D, Kisiel CC, Nfonsam VN, Ignatenko NA. Molecular Pathways Associated with Kallikrein 6 Overexpression in Colorectal Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:749. [PMID: 34065672 PMCID: PMC8157155 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. The high mortality of CRC is related to its ability to metastasize to distant organs. The kallikrein-related peptidase Kallikrein 6 (KLK6) is overexpressed in CRC and contributes to cancer cell invasion and metastasis. The goal of this study was to identify KLK6-associated markers for the CRC prognosis and treatment. Tumor Samples from the CRC patients with significantly elevated KLK6 transcript levels were identified in the RNA-Seq data from Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and their expression profiles were evaluated using Gene Ontology (GO), Phenotype and Reactome enrichment, and protein interaction methods. KLK6-high cases had a distinct spectrum of mutations in titin (TTN), APC, K-RAS, and MUC16 genes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) found in the KLK6-overexpressing CRCs were associated with cell signaling, extracellular matrix organization, and cell communication regulatory pathways. The top KLK6-interaction partners were found to be the members of kallikrein family (KLK7, KLK8, KLK10), extracellular matrix associated proteins (keratins, integrins, small proline rich repeat, S100A families) and TGF-β, FOS, and Ser/Thr protein kinase signaling pathways. Expression of selected KLK6-associated genes was validated in a subset of paired normal and tumor CRC patient-derived organoid cultures. The performed analyses identified KLK6 itself and a set of genes, which are co-expressed with KLK6, as potential clinical biomarkers for the management of the CRC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Pandey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Muhan Zhou
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (M.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuliang Chen
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (M.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Dalila Darmoul
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, 75010 Paris, France;
| | - Conner C. Kisiel
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Valentine N. Nfonsam
- Department of Surgery, Section of Surgical Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Natalia A. Ignatenko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
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16
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Liddle J, Beneton V, Benson M, Bingham R, Bouillot A, Boullay AB, Brook E, Cryan J, Denis A, Edgar E, Ferrie A, Fouchet MH, Grillot D, Holmes DS, Howes A, Krysa G, Laroze A, Lennon M, McClure F, Moquette A, Nicodeme E, Santiago B, Santos L, Smith KJ, Thorpe JH, Thripp G, Trottet L, Walker AL, Ward SA, Wang Y, Wilson S, Pearce AC, Hovnanian A. A Potent and Selective Kallikrein-5 Inhibitor Delivers High Pharmacological Activity in Skin from Patients with Netherton Syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2272-2279. [PMID: 33744298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of proteolytic activity in the skin plays a pivotal role in epidermal homeostasis. This is best exemplified in Netherton syndrome, a severe genetic skin condition caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 encoding lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor, a serine protease inhibitor that regulates kallikrein (KLK)-related peptidase 5, 7, and 14 activities. KLK5 plays a central role in stratum corneum shedding and inflammatory cell signaling, activates KLK7 and KLK14, and is therefore an optimal therapeutic target. We aimed to identify a potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor of KLK5 amenable to epidermal delivery. GSK951 was identified using a structure-based design strategy and showed a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 250 pM for KLK5 and greater than 100-fold selectivity over KLK7 and KLK14. Cocrystal structure analysis identified the critical catalytic site interactions to a surrogate for KLK5. Topical application of GSK951-containing cream inhibited KLK5 activity in TgKLK5 mouse skin, reduced transepidermal water loss, and decreased proinflammatory cytokine expression. GSK951 achieved high concentrations in healthy human epidermis following topical application in a cream formulation. Finally, KLK5 protease activity was increased in stratum corneum of patients with Netherton syndrome and significantly inhibited by GSK951. These findings unveil a KLK5-specific small-molecule inhibitor with a high therapeutic potential for patients with Netherton syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Liddle
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew Benson
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Bingham
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Eloisa Brook
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Jenni Cryan
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma Edgar
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Ferrie
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Duncan S Holmes
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Ashleigh Howes
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mark Lennon
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona McClure
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Brandon Santiago
- Discovery and Preclinical Development, GSK Dermatology Unit, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leandro Santos
- Discovery and Preclinical Development, GSK Dermatology Unit, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathrine J Smith
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - James H Thorpe
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Thripp
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ann L Walker
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Simon A Ward
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Yichen Wang
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Steve Wilson
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C Pearce
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; University of Paris, Paris, France; Department of Genetics, Necker hospital for sick children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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17
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Role of Kallikrein 7 in Body Weight and Fat Mass Regulation. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020131. [PMID: 33572949 PMCID: PMC7912635 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased plasma and adipose tissue protease activity is observed in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity. It has been proposed that specific proteases contribute to the link between obesity, adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic diseases. We have recently shown that ablation of the serine protease kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (Klk7) specifically in adipose tissue preserves systemic insulin sensitivity and protects mice from obesity-related AT inflammation. Here, we investigated whether whole body Klk7 knockout (Klk7-/-) mice develop a phenotype distinct from that caused by reduced Klk7 expression in adipose tissue. Compared to littermate controls, Klk7-/- mice gain less body weight and fat mass both under chow and high fat diet (HFD) feeding, are hyper-responsive to exogenous insulin and exhibit preserved adipose tissue function due to adipocyte hyperplasia and lower inflammation. Klk7-/- mice exhibit increased adipose tissue thermogenesis, which is not related to altered thyroid function. These data strengthen our recently proposed role of Klk7 in the regulation of body weight, energy metabolism, and obesity-associated adipose tissue dysfunction. The protective effects of Klk7 deficiency in obesity are likely linked to a significant limitation of adipocyte hypertrophy. In conclusion, our data indicate potential application of specific KLK7 inhibitors to regulate KLK7 activity in the development of obesity and counteract obesity-associated inflammation and metabolic diseases.
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18
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Petrova E, Hovnanian A. Advances in understanding of Netherton syndrome and therapeutic implications. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2020.1857724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Petrova
- Laboratory of genetic skin diseases, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- Laboratory of genetic skin diseases, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Departement of Genetics, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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19
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de Veer SJ, White AM, Craik DJ. Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1): Sowing Seeds in the Fields of Chemistry and Biology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:8050-8071. [PMID: 32621554 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nature-derived cyclic peptides have proven to be a vast source of inspiration for advancing modern pharmaceutical design and synthetic chemistry. The focus of this Review is sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1), one of the smallest disulfide-bridged cyclic peptides found in nature. SFTI-1 has an unusual biosynthetic pathway that begins with a dual-purpose albumin precursor and ends with the production of a high-affinity serine protease inhibitor that rivals other inhibitors much larger in size. Investigations on the molecular basis for SFTI-1's rigid structure and adaptable function have planted seeds for thought that have now blossomed in several different fields. Here we survey these applications to highlight the growing potential of SFTI-1 as a versatile template for engineering inhibitors, a prototypic peptide for studying inhibitory mechanisms, a stable scaffold for grafting bioactive peptides, and a model peptide for evaluating peptidomimetic motifs and platform technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew M White
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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20
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Veer SJ, White AM, Craik DJ. Der Sonnenblumen‐Trypsin‐Inhibitor 1 (SFTI‐1) in der Chemie und Biologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australien
| | - Andrew M. White
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australien
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australien
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21
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Gitlin-Domagalska A, Maciejewska A, Dębowski D. Bowman-Birk Inhibitors: Insights into Family of Multifunctional Proteins and Peptides with Potential Therapeutical Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120421. [PMID: 33255583 PMCID: PMC7760496 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBIs) are found primarily in seeds of legumes and in cereal grains. These canonical inhibitors share a highly conserved nine-amino acids binding loop motif CTP1SXPPXC (where P1 is the inhibitory active site, while X stands for various amino acids). They are natural controllers of plants' endogenous proteases, but they are also inhibitors of exogenous proteases present in microbials and insects. They are considered as plants' protective agents, as their elevated levels are observed during injury, presence of pathogens, or abiotic stress, i.a. Similar properties are observed for peptides isolated from amphibians' skin containing 11-amino acids disulfide-bridged loop CWTP1SXPPXPC. They are classified as Bowman-Birk like trypsin inhibitors (BBLTIs). These inhibitors are resistant to proteolysis and not toxic, and they are reported to be beneficial in the treatment of various pathological states. In this review, we summarize up-to-date research results regarding BBIs' and BBLTIs' inhibitory activity, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity, antimicrobial and insecticidal strength, as well as chemopreventive properties.
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22
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Di Paolo CT, Filippou PS, Yu Y, Poda G, Diamandis EP, Prassas I. Screening of chemical libraries in pursuit of kallikrein-5 specific inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory dermatoses. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 57:1737-1743. [PMID: 31129650 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Aberrant kallikrein activity is observed in a number of inflammatory dermatoses. Up-regulation of kallikrein-5 (KLK5) activity leads to uncontrolled skin desquamation and cleavage of proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), causing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and disruption of epidermal barrier function. This study aimed to identify KLK5-specific small molecule inhibitors which can serve as the foundation of a novel therapeutic for inflammatory skin disorders. Methods Five chemical libraries (13,569 compounds total) were screened against recombinant KLK5 using a fluorogenic enzymatic assay. Secondary validation was performed on the top 22 primary hits. All hits were docked in the KLK5 crystal structure to rationalize their potential interactions with the protein. Results A naturally occurring compound derived from the wood of Caesalpinia sappan (Brazilin) was identified as a novel KLK5 inhibitor (IC50: 20 μM, Ki: 6.4 μM). Docking suggests that the phenolic moiety of Brazilin binds in the S1-pocket of KLK5 and forms a H-bond with S195 side chain. KLK14 was also found to be susceptible to inhibition by Brazilin with a calculated IC50 value of 14.6 μM. Conclusions Natural KLK5 small molecule inhibitors such as Brazilin, are ideal for topical skin disease drug design and remain a promising therapeutic for severe cases of inflammatory skin disorders. Optimized KLK inhibitors may have increased efficacy as therapeutics and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin T Di Paolo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Panagiota S Filippou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University Health Network, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yijing Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gennadiy Poda
- Drug Discovery, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Head of the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, 60 Murray St., Box 32, Floor 6, Rm L6-201, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 60 Murray Street, 6th Floor, Room 6-201 [Box 32], Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
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23
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Chen QY, Luo D, Seabra GM, Luesch H. Ahp-Cyclodepsipeptides as tunable inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase and kallikrein 7: Total synthesis of tutuilamide A, serine protease selectivity profile and comparison with lyngbyastatin 7. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115756. [PMID: 33002682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We describe the total synthesis of tutuilamide A, a potent porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) inhibitor and a representative member of the 3-amino-6-hydroxy-2-piperidone (Ahp) cyclodepsipeptide family, isolated from marine cyanobacteria. The Ahp unit serves as a pharmacophore and the adjacent 2-amino-2-butenoic acid (Abu) is a main driver of the selectivity among serine proteases. We adapted our previous convergent strategy to generate the macrocycle, common with lyngbyastatin 7 and related elastase inhibitors, and then appended the tutuilamide A-specific side chain bearing a vinyl chloride. Tutuilamide A and lyngbyastatin 7 were evaluated side by side for the inhibition of the disease-relevant human neutrophil elastase (HNE). Tutuilamide A and lyngbyastatin 7 were approximately equipotent against HNE, while tutuilamide A was previously shown to be more active against PPE compared with lyngbyastatin 7, further demonstrating that the side chain provides opportunities to not only modulate potency but also selectivity among proteases of the same function from different organisms. Profiling of tutuilamide A against mainly human serine proteases revealed high selectivity for HNE (IC50 0.73 nM) and pleiotropic activity against kallikrein 7 (KLK7, IC50 5.0 nM), without affecting other kallikreins, similarly to lyngbyastatin 7 (IC50 0.85 nM for HNE and 3.1 nM for KLK7). A comprehensive molecular docking study for elastases and KLK7 afforded deeper insight into the intricate differences between inhibitor interactions with HNE and PPE, accounting for the differential activities for both compounds. The synthesis and molecular studies serve as a proof-of-concept that the macrocyclic scaffold can be diversified to fine-tune the activity of serine protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Danmeng Luo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Gustavo M Seabra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
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24
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Hanke S, Tindall CA, Pippel J, Ulbricht D, Pirotte B, Reboud-Ravaux M, Heiker JT, Sträter N. Structural Studies on the Inhibitory Binding Mode of Aromatic Coumarinic Esters to Human Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 7. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5723-5733. [PMID: 32374603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The serine protease kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) is a member of the human tissue kallikreins. Its dysregulation leads to pathophysiological inflammatory processes in the skin. Furthermore, it plays a role in several types of cancer. For the treatment of KLK7-associated diseases, coumarinic esters have been developed as small-molecule enzyme inhibitors. To characterize the inhibition mode of these inhibitors, we analyzed structures of the inhibited protease by X-ray crystallography. Electron density shows the inhibitors covalently attached to His57 of the catalytic triad. This confirms the irreversible character of the inhibition process. Upon inhibitor binding, His57 undergoes an outward rotation; thus, the catalytic triad of the protease is disrupted. Besides, the halophenyl moiety of the inhibitor was absent in the final enzyme-inhibitor complex due to the hydrolysis of the ester linkage. With these results, we analyze the structural basis of KLK7 inhibition by the covalent attachment of aromatic coumarinic esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hanke
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Catherine A Tindall
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Pippel
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Ulbricht
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernard Pirotte
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Michèle Reboud-Ravaux
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Adaptation biologique et Vieillissement, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - John T Heiker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Leipzig University and University Hospital Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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25
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White AM, Veer SJ, Wu G, Harvey PJ, Yap K, King GJ, Swedberg JE, Wang CK, Law RHP, Durek T, Craik DJ. Application and Structural Analysis of Triazole‐Bridged Disulfide Mimetics in Cyclic Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. White
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Simon J. Veer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Guojie Wu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Peta J. Harvey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Kuok Yap
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Gordon J. King
- The Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Joakim E. Swedberg
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Conan K. Wang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Ruby H. P. Law
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Thomas Durek
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - David J. Craik
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
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26
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White AM, Veer SJ, Wu G, Harvey PJ, Yap K, King GJ, Swedberg JE, Wang CK, Law RHP, Durek T, Craik DJ. Application and Structural Analysis of Triazole‐Bridged Disulfide Mimetics in Cyclic Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11273-11277. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. White
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Simon J. Veer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Guojie Wu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Peta J. Harvey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Kuok Yap
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Gordon J. King
- The Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Joakim E. Swedberg
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Conan K. Wang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Ruby H. P. Law
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Thomas Durek
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - David J. Craik
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
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27
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Fu L, Chen Y, Xu CM, Wu T, Guo HM, Lin ZH, Wang R, Shu M. 3D-QSAR, HQSAR, molecular docking, and new compound design study of 1,3,6-trisubstituted 1,4-diazepan-7-ones as human KLK7 inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02542-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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28
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Mohamad J, Sarig O, Malki L, Rabinowitz T, Assaf S, Malovitski K, Shkury E, Mayer T, Vodo D, Peled A, Daniely D, Pavlovsky M, Shomron N, Samuelov L, Sprecher E. Loss-of-Function Variants in SERPINA12 Underlie Autosomal Recessive Palmoplantar Keratoderma. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2178-2187. [PMID: 32247861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inherited palmoplantar keratodermas refer to a large and heterogeneous group of conditions resulting from abnormal epidermal differentiation and featuring thickening of the skin of the palms and soles. Here, we aimed at delineating the genetic basis of an autosomal recessive form of palmoplantar keratodermas manifesting with erythematous hyperkeratotic plaques over the palms and soles, extending to non-palmoplantar areas. Whole-exome sequencing in affected individuals revealed homozygous nonsense variants in the SERPINA12 gene. SERPINA12 encodes the visceral adipose tissue-derived serpin A12, a serine protease inhibitor. The pathogenic variants were found to result in reduced visceral adipose tissue-derived serpin A12 expression in patients' skin biopsies in comparison to healthy controls. In addition, SERPINA12 downregulation in three-dimensional skin equivalents was associated with marked epidermal acanthosis and hyperkeratosis, replicating the human phenotype. Moreover, decreased SERPINA12 expression resulted in reduced visceral adipose tissue-derived serpin A12-mediated inhibition of kallikrein 7 activity as well as decreased levels of desmoglein-1 and corneodesmosin, two known kallikrein 7 substrates, which are required for normal epidermal differentiation. The present data, taken collectively, demarcate a unique type of autosomal recessive palmoplantar keratodermas, attribute to visceral adipose tissue-derived serpin A12 a role in skin biology, and emphasize the importance of mechanisms regulating proteolytic activity for normal epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janan Mohamad
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofer Sarig
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liron Malki
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tom Rabinowitz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Sari Assaf
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kiril Malovitski
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eden Shkury
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Talia Mayer
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Vodo
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alon Peled
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Daniely
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mor Pavlovsky
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Shomron
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Samuelov
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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29
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Li CY, Yap K, Swedberg JE, Craik DJ, de Veer SJ. Binding Loop Substitutions in the Cyclic Peptide SFTI-1 Generate Potent and Selective Chymase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2020; 63:816-826. [PMID: 31855419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chymase is a serine protease that is predominantly expressed by mast cells and has key roles in immune defense and the cardiovascular system. This enzyme has also emerged as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease due to its ability to remodel cardiac tissue and generate angiotensin II. Here, we used the nature-derived cyclic peptide sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1) as a template for designing novel chymase inhibitors. The key binding contacts of SFTI-1 were optimized by combining a peptide substrate library screen with structure-based design, which yielded several variants with potent activity. The lead variant was further modified by replacing the P1 Tyr residue with para-substituted Phe derivatives, generating new inhibitors with improved potency (Ki = 1.8 nM) and higher selectivity over closely related enzymes. Several variants were shown to block angiotensin I cleavage in vitro, highlighting their potential for further development and future evaluation as pharmaceutical leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choi Yi Li
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Kuok Yap
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Joakim E Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Simon J de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
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30
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Kallikrein-related Peptidase 5 (KLK5) Expression and Distribution in Canine Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Comp Pathol 2019; 174:113-119. [PMID: 31955796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is one of the most common types of malignant skin cancer in dogs, representing 3.9-10.4% of all canine skin tumours. Although the metastatic potential of cSCC is debated, it appears to mimic that observed in man. In man, predictive histopathological features for metastasis include tumour depth, lesions >5-6 mm in depth, and invasion of muscle, cartilage or bone. In dogs, some reports have focused on the clinical features and long-term progression of cSCC, but a gold standard treatment has not yet been developed. We explored the protein expression of kallikrein-related peptidase 5 (KLK5), an important modulator of skin homeostasis, in normal canine skin and in examples of cSCC. KLK5 was highly expressed in the upper stratum granulosum, stratum corneum, hair follicles and sweat glands, skin sites where human KLK5 has been shown to be involved in physiological processes including keratinocyte desquamation, antimicrobial defence, lipid permeability and pigmentation. In cSCC, tumour cells at the deep margin, as well as those in the centre of keratin pearls, displayed cytoplasmic expression of KLK5. Some of the KLK5 immunoreactive cells also expressed vimentin, suggesting that they may be undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and therefore have a more invasive behaviour than those expressing only KLK5. KLK5 may be a novel molecular biomarker useful for predicting prognosis of cSSC in dogs.
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Chen X, Leahy D, Van Haeften J, Hartfield P, Prentis PJ, van der Burg CA, Surm JM, Pavasovic A, Madio B, Hamilton BR, King GF, Undheim EAB, Brattsand M, Harris JM. A Versatile and Robust Serine Protease Inhibitor Scaffold from Actinia tenebrosa. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E701. [PMID: 31842369 PMCID: PMC6950308 DOI: 10.3390/md17120701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases play pivotal roles in normal physiology and a spectrum of patho-physiological processes. Accordingly, there is considerable interest in the discovery and design of potent serine protease inhibitors for therapeutic applications. This led to concerted efforts to discover versatile and robust molecular scaffolds for inhibitor design. This investigation is a bioprospecting study that aims to isolate and identify protease inhibitors from the cnidarian Actinia tenebrosa. The study isolated two Kunitz-type protease inhibitors with very similar sequences but quite divergent inhibitory potencies when assayed against bovine trypsin, chymostrypsin, and a selection of human sequence-related peptidases. Homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations of these inhibitors in complex with their targets were carried out and, collectively, these methodologies enabled the definition of a versatile scaffold for inhibitor design. Thermal denaturation studies showed that the inhibitors were remarkably robust. To gain a fine-grained map of the residues responsible for this stability, we conducted in silico alanine scanning and quantified individual residue contributions to the inhibitor's stability. Sequences of these inhibitors were then used to search for Kunitz homologs in an A. tenebrosa transcriptome library, resulting in the discovery of a further 14 related sequences. Consensus analysis of these variants identified a rich molecular diversity of Kunitz domains and expanded the palette of potential residue substitutions for rational inhibitor design using this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Chen
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (X.C.); (D.L.); (J.V.H.); (C.A.v.d.B.); (A.P.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
| | - Darren Leahy
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (X.C.); (D.L.); (J.V.H.); (C.A.v.d.B.); (A.P.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
| | - Jessica Van Haeften
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (X.C.); (D.L.); (J.V.H.); (C.A.v.d.B.); (A.P.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
| | - Perry Hartfield
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
| | - Peter J. Prentis
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
- Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Chloé A. van der Burg
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (X.C.); (D.L.); (J.V.H.); (C.A.v.d.B.); (A.P.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
| | - Joachim M. Surm
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (X.C.); (D.L.); (J.V.H.); (C.A.v.d.B.); (A.P.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
| | - Ana Pavasovic
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (X.C.); (D.L.); (J.V.H.); (C.A.v.d.B.); (A.P.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
| | - Bruno Madio
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (B.M.); (G.F.K.)
| | - Brett R. Hamilton
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (B.R.H.); (E.A.B.U.)
| | - Glenn F. King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (B.M.); (G.F.K.)
| | - Eivind A. B. Undheim
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (B.R.H.); (E.A.B.U.)
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Brattsand
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Jonathan M. Harris
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (X.C.); (D.L.); (J.V.H.); (C.A.v.d.B.); (A.P.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
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Kryza T, Bock N, Lovell S, Rockstroh A, Lehman ML, Lesner A, Panchadsaram J, Silva LM, Srinivasan S, Snell CE, Williams ED, Fazli L, Gleave M, Batra J, Nelson C, Tate EW, Harris J, Hooper JD, Clements JA. The molecular function of kallikrein-related peptidase 14 demonstrates a key modulatory role in advanced prostate cancer. Mol Oncol 2019; 14:105-128. [PMID: 31630475 PMCID: PMC6944120 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase 14 (KLK14) is one of the several secreted KLK serine proteases involved in prostate cancer (PCa) pathogenesis. While relatively understudied, recent reports have identified KLK14 as overexpressed during PCa development. However, the modulation of KLK14 expression during PCa progression and the molecular and biological functions of this protease in the prostate tumor microenvironment remain unknown. To determine the modulation of KLK14 expression during PCa progression, we analyzed the expression levels of KLK14 in patient samples using publicly available databases and immunohistochemistry. In order to delineate the molecular mechanisms involving KLK14 in PCa progression, we integrated proteomic, transcriptomic, and in vitro assays with the goal to identify substrates, related-signaling pathways, and functional roles of this protease. We showed that KLK14 expression is elevated in advanced PCa, and particularly in metastasis. Additionally, KLK14 levels were found to be decreased in PCa tissues from patients responsive to neoadjuvant therapy compared to untreated patients. Furthermore, we also identified that KLK14 expression reoccurred in patients who developed castrate-resistant PCa. The combination of proteomic and transcriptomic analysis as well as functional assays revealed several new KLK14 substrates (agrin, desmoglein 2, vitronectin, laminins) and KLK14-regulated genes (Interleukin 32, midkine, SRY-Box 9), particularly an involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 and interleukin 1 receptor pathways, and an involvement of KLK14 in the regulation of cellular migration, supporting its involvement in aggressive features of PCa progression. In conclusion, our work showed that KLK14 expression is associated with the development of aggressive PCa suggesting that targeting this protease could offer a novel route to limit the progression of prostate tumors. Additional work is necessary to determine the benefits and implications of targeting/cotargeting KLK14 in PCa as well as to determine the potential use of KLK14 expression as a predictor of PCa aggressiveness or response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kryza
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nathalie Bock
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Scott Lovell
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Anja Rockstroh
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Melanie L Lehman
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Janaththani Panchadsaram
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Lakmali Munasinghage Silva
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Srilakshmi Srinivasan
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Cameron E Snell
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elizabeth D Williams
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Colleen Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Jonathan Harris
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - John D Hooper
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Judith A Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
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Steinmetzer T, Pilgram O, Wenzel BM, Wiedemeyer SJA. Fibrinolysis Inhibitors: Potential Drugs for the Treatment and Prevention of Bleeding. J Med Chem 2019; 63:1445-1472. [PMID: 31658420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperfibrinolytic situations can lead to life-threatening bleeding, especially during cardiac surgery. The approved antifibrinolytic agents such as tranexamic acid, ε-aminocaproic acid, 4-aminomethylbenzoic acid, and aprotinin were developed in the 1960s without the structural insight of their respective targets. Crystal structures of the main antifibrinolytic targets, the lysine binding sites on plasminogen's kringle domains, and plasmin's serine protease domain greatly contributed to the structure-based drug design of novel inhibitor classes. Two series of ligands targeting the lysine binding sites have been recently described, which are more potent than the most-widely used antifibrinolytic agent, tranexamic acid. Furthermore, four types of promising active site inhibitors of plasmin have been developed: tranexamic acid conjugates targeting the S1 pocket and primed sites, substrate-analogue linear homopiperidylalanine-containing 4-amidinobenzylamide derivatives, macrocyclic inhibitors addressing nonprimed binding regions, and bicyclic 14-mer SFTI-1 analogues blocking both, primed and nonprimed binding sites of plasmin. Furthermore, several allosteric plasmin inhibitors based on heparin mimetics have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Steinmetzer
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Oliver Pilgram
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Benjamin M Wenzel
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Simon J A Wiedemeyer
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
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34
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Papachristopoulou G, Malachias A, Devetzi M, Kamouza E, Scorilas A, Xynopoulos D, Talieri M. Uncovering the clinical impact of kallikrein-related peptidase 5 (KLK5) mRNA expression in the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Clin Chem Lab Med 2019; 57:1251-1260. [PMID: 30759066 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2018-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a subgroup of serine proteases located on chromosome 19q13.3. Most KLKs have been extensively studied as potential biomarkers for several carcinomas and other diseases. KLK5 was originally identified from a keratinocyte library, and its enzyme was purified from the stratum corneum of human skin. KLK5 was shown to be differentially expressed in a variety of endocrine tumors, although it is not as yet examined widely in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods In this study, we quantitatively assessed the mRNA expression status of KLK5 in 197 colorectal tissues from 133 patients (70 cancerous and their paired normal colonic mucosa for 64 of them, as well as 63 colorectal adenomas) by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) using TaqMan probes. Statistical analysis evaluated the results. Results It was shown that KLK5 expression is reduced following the histologically non-cancerous-adenoma sequence (p<0.001), whereas it is increased during the sequence adenoma-carcinoma (p<0.001). Furthermore, KLK5 positive expression is associated with positive nodal status (p=0.022), advanced tumor stage (p=0.038) and high histological grade (p=0.033). Cox univariate analysis revealed that KLK5 positive expression is associated with disease-free survival (DFS) (p=0.028) and overall survival (OS) of patients (p=0.048). Kaplan-Meyer survival models showed that patients with positive KLK5 expression have lower DFS (p=0.009) and OS (p=0.019). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated for first time that KLK5 expression had significant discriminatory values between cancer and adenoma tissues (area under the curve [AUC] 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.69-0.85, p=0.03). Conclusions KLK5 mRNA expression may be useful for the differentiation of CRC from colorectal adenoma and represents a potential unfavorable prognostic biomarker for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Papachristopoulou
- Department of Pathology, "Saint Savvas" Cancer Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos Malachias
- Department of Gastroenterology, "Saint Savvas" Cancer Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Devetzi
- Department of Cellular Physiology, G. Papanicolaou Research Center of Oncology, "Saint Savvas" Cancer Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evdoxia Kamouza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Xynopoulos
- Department of Gastroenterology, "Saint Savvas" Cancer Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maroulio Talieri
- Department of Cellular Physiology, G. Papanicolaou Research Center of Oncology, "Saint Savvas" Cancer Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
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35
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Horn M, Zbodakova O, Kasparek P, Srp J, Haneckova R, Hradilek M, Mares M, Sedlacek R. Profiling system for skin kallikrein proteolysis applied in gene-deficient mouse models. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1085-1089. [PMID: 29885275 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related proteases (KLKs) play a critical role in epidermis physiology and have been implicated in skin pathologies such as Netherton syndrome. The contribution of individual KLKs to skin proteolysis is poorly understood. Monitoring of their activities in skin proteome is hampered by overlapping substrate specificities, and there is a need for novel assays. Here, we present a platform of selective and sensitive fluorogenic substrates and inhibitors for profiling KLK5, KLK7 and KLK14. These chemical tools were evaluated using recombinant KLKs and tissue from a unique set of mice deficient in eight combinations of KLKs and their natural regulator LEKTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Horn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Zbodakova
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kasparek
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.,Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Srp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Haneckova
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hradilek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Mares
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.,Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
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36
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Ulbricht D, Tindall CA, Oertwig K, Hanke S, Sträter N, Heiker JT. Kallikrein-related peptidase 14 is the second KLK protease targeted by the serpin vaspin. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1079-1084. [PMID: 29494334 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases KLK5, KLK7 and KLK14 are important proteases in skin desquamation and aberrant KLK activity is associated with inflammatory skin diseases such as Netherton syndrome but also with various serious forms of cancer. Previously, we have identified KLK7 as the first protease target of vaspin (Serpin A12). Here, we report KLK14 as a second KLK protease to be inhibited by vaspin. In conclusion, vaspin represents a multi-specific serpin targeting the kallikrein proteases KLK7 and KLK14, with distinct exosites regulating recognition of these target proteases and opposing effects of heparin binding on the inhibition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ulbricht
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Catherine A Tindall
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Oertwig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hanke
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - John T Heiker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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37
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Li CY, de Veer SJ, White AM, Chen X, Harris JM, Swedberg JE, Craik DJ. Amino Acid Scanning at P5' within the Bowman-Birk Inhibitory Loop Reveals Specificity Trends for Diverse Serine Proteases. J Med Chem 2019; 62:3696-3706. [PMID: 30888159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1) is a 14-amino acid cyclic peptide that shares an inhibitory loop with a sequence and structure similar to a larger family of serine protease inhibitors, the Bowman-Birk inhibitors. Here, we focus on the P5' residue in the Bowman-Birk inhibitory loop and produce a library of SFTI variants to characterize the P5' specificity of 11 different proteases. We identify seven amino acids that are generally preferred by these enzymes and also correlate with P5' sequence diversity in naturally occurring Bowman-Birk inhibitors. Additionally, we show that several enzymes have divergent specificities that can be harnessed in engineering studies. By optimizing the P5' residue, we improve the potency or selectivity of existing inhibitors for kallikrein-related peptidase 5 and show that a variant with substitutions at 7 of the scaffold's 14 residues retains a similar structure to SFTI-1. These findings provide new insights into P5' specificity requirements for the Bowman-Birk inhibitory loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choi Yi Li
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Simon J de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Andrew M White
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Xingchen Chen
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane QLD 4059 , Australia
| | - Jonathan M Harris
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane QLD 4059 , Australia
| | - Joakim E Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072 , Australia
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38
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Potent, multi-target serine protease inhibition achieved by a simplified β-sheet motif. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210842. [PMID: 30668585 PMCID: PMC6342301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Engagement of an extended β-sheet is a common substrate/inhibitor interaction at the active site of serine proteases and is an important feature of Laskowski mechanism inhibitors that present a substrate-like loop to a target protease. This loop is cleaved but subsequently relegated forming a stable inhibitor/protease complex. Laskowski inhibitors are ubiquitous in nature and are used extensively in serine protease inhibitor design. However, most studies concentrate on introducing new sidechain interactions rather than the direct contributions of the substrate-like β-sheet to enzyme inhibition. Here we report the crystal structure of an simplified β-sheet inhibitory motif within the Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor (SFTI) in complex with trypsin. We show that the intramolecular hydrogen bond network of this SFTI variant (SFTI-TCTR) engages the inhibitor sidechains that would normally interact with a target protease, giving mainchain interactions a more prominent role in complex formation. Despite having reduced sidechain interactions, this SFTI variant is remarkably potent and inhibits a diverse range of serine proteases. Crystal structural analysis and molecular modelling of SFTI-TCTR complexes again indicates an interface dominated by β–sheet interactions, highlighting the importance of this motif and the adaptability of SFTI as a scaffold for inhibitor design.
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39
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Swedberg JE, Wu G, Mahatmanto T, Durek T, Caradoc-Davies TT, Whisstock JC, Law RHP, Craik DJ. Highly Potent and Selective Plasmin Inhibitors Based on the Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor-1 Scaffold Attenuate Fibrinolysis in Plasma. J Med Chem 2018; 62:552-560. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joakim E. Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Guojie Wu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tunjung Mahatmanto
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Durek
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - James C. Whisstock
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ruby H. P. Law
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Li CY, de Veer SJ, Law RHP, Whisstock JC, Craik DJ, Swedberg JE. Characterising the Subsite Specificity of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator and Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator using a Sequence-Defined Peptide Aldehyde Library. Chembiochem 2018; 20:46-50. [PMID: 30225958 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) are two serine proteases that contribute to initiating fibrinolysis by activating plasminogen. uPA is also an important tumour-associated protease due to its role in extracellular matrix remodelling. Overexpression of uPA has been identified in several different cancers and uPA inhibition has been reported as a promising therapeutic strategy. Although several peptide-based uPA inhibitors have been developed, the extent to which uPA tolerates different tetrapeptide sequences that span the P1-P4 positions remains to be thoroughly explored. In this study, we screened a sequence-defined peptide aldehyde library against uPA and tPA. Preferred sequences from the library screen yielded potent inhibitors for uPA, led by Ac-GTAR-H (Ki =18 nm), but not for tPA. Additionally, synthetic peptide substrates corresponding to preferred inhibitor sequences were cleaved with high catalytic efficiency by uPA but not by tPA. These findings provide new insights into the binding specificity of uPA and tPA and the relative activity of tetrapeptide inhibitors and substrates against these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choi Yi Li
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Simon J de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ruby H P Law
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - James C Whisstock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Joakim E Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Xu P, Huang M. Small Peptides as Modulators of Serine Proteases. Curr Med Chem 2018; 27:3686-3705. [PMID: 30332941 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181016163630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Serine proteases play critical roles in many physiological and pathological processes, and are proven diagnostic and therapeutic targets in a number of clinical indications. Suppression of the aberrant proteolytic activities of these proteases has been clinically used for the treatments of relevant diseases. Polypeptides with 10-20 residues are of great interests as medicinal modulators of serine proteases, because these peptides demonstrate the characteristics of both small molecule drugs and macromolecular drugs. In this review, we summarized the recent development of peptide-based inhibitors against serine proteases with potent inhibitory and high specificity comparable to monoclonal antibodies. In addition, we also discussed the strategies of enhancing plasma half-life and bioavailability of peptides in vivo, which is the main hurdle that limits the clinical translation of peptide-based drugs. This review advocates new avenue for the development of effective serine protease inhibitors and highlights the prospect of the medicinal use of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Mingdong Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
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42
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De Vita E, Schüler P, Lovell S, Lohbeck J, Kullmann S, Rabinovich E, Sananes A, Heßling B, Hamon V, Papo N, Hess J, Tate EW, Gunkel N, Miller AK. Depsipeptides Featuring a Neutral P1 Are Potent Inhibitors of Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 6 with On-Target Cellular Activity. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8859-8874. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Vita
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Biosciences Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Peter Schüler
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Scott Lovell
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Jasmin Lohbeck
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Sven Kullmann
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Eitan Rabinovich
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Amiram Sananes
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Bernd Heßling
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Veronique Hamon
- European Screening Centre, Biocity Scotland, University of Dundee, Newhouse ML1 5UH, U.K
| | - Niv Papo
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jochen Hess
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Research Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Edward W. Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Nikolas Gunkel
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Aubry K. Miller
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Sananes A, Cohen I, Shahar A, Hockla A, De Vita E, Miller AK, Radisky ES, Papo N. A potent, proteolysis-resistant inhibitor of kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) for cancer therapy, developed by combinatorial engineering. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12663-12680. [PMID: 29934309 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tissue kallikrein (KLK) proteases are hormone-like signaling molecules with important functions in cancer pathophysiology. KLK-related peptidase 6 (KLK6), specifically, is highly up-regulated in several types of cancer, where its increased activity promotes cancer invasion and metastasis. This characteristic suggests KLK6 as an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. However, inhibitors that specifically target KLK6 have not yet been reported, possibly because KLK6 shares a high sequence homology and structural similarity with other serine proteases and resists inhibition by many polypeptide inhibitors. Here, we present an innovative combinatorial approach to engineering KLK6 inhibitors via flow cytometry-based screening of a yeast-displayed mutant library of the human amyloid precursor protein Kunitz protease inhibitor domain (APPI), an inhibitor of other serine proteases, such as anionic and cationic trypsins. On the basis of this screening, we generated APPIM17L,I18F,S19F,F34V (APPI-4M), an APPI variant with a KLK6 inhibition constant (Ki ) of 160 pm and a turnover time of 10 days. To the best of our knowledge, APPI-4M is the most potent KLK6 inhibitor reported to date, displaying 146-fold improved affinity and 13-fold improved proteolytic stability compared with WT APPI (APPIWT). We further demonstrate that APPI-4M acts as a functional inhibitor in a cell-based model of KLK6-dependent breast cancer invasion. Finally, the crystal structures of the APPIWT/KLK6 and APPI-4M/KLK6 complexes revealed the structural and mechanistic bases for the improved KLK6 binding and proteolytic resistance of APPI-4M. We anticipate that APPI-4M will have substantial translational potential as both imaging agent and therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiram Sananes
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel
| | - Itay Cohen
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel
| | - Anat Shahar
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel
| | - Alexandra Hockla
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Elena De Vita
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aubry K Miller
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Niv Papo
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel.
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de Veer SJ, Li CY, Swedberg JE, Schroeder CI, Craik DJ. Engineering potent mesotrypsin inhibitors based on the plant-derived cyclic peptide, sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:695-704. [PMID: 29936356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce a diverse range of peptides and proteins that inhibit the activity of different serine proteases. The value of these inhibitors not only stems from their native role(s) in planta, but they are also regarded as promising templates for inhibitor engineering. Interest in this field has grown rapidly in recent years, particularly for therapeutic applications. The serine protease mesotrypsin has been implicated in several cancers, but is a challenging target for inhibitor engineering as a number of serine protease inhibitors that typically display broad-range activity show limited activity against mesotrypsin. In this study, we use a cyclic peptide isolated from sunflower seeds, sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1), as a scaffold for engineering potent mesotrypsin inhibitors. SFTI-1 comprises 14-amino acids and is a potent inhibitor of human cationic trypsin (Ki = 30 ± 0.8 pM) but shows 165,000-fold weaker activity against mesotrypsin (Ki = 4.96 ± 0.2 μM). Using an inhibitor library based on SFTI-1, we show that the inhibitor's P2' residue (Ile) is a key contributor to SFTI-1's limited activity against mesotrypsin. Substituting P2' Ile with chemically diverse amino acids, including non-canonical aromatic residues, produced new inhibitor variants that maintained a similar structure to SFTI-1 and showed marked improvements in activity (exceeding 100-fold). An assessment of the activity of the new inhibitors against closely-related trypsin paralogs revealed that the improved activity against mesotrypsin was accompanied by a loss in activity against off-target proteases, such that several engineered variants showed comparable activity against mesotrypsin and human cationic trypsin. Together, these findings identify potent mesotrypsin inhibitors that are suitable for further optimisation studies and demonstrate the potential gains in activity and selectivity that can be achieved by optimising the P2' residue, particularly for engineered SFTI-based inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Choi Yi Li
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Joakim E Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Christina I Schroeder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Molecular Mechanisms of Vaspin Action - From Adipose Tissue to Skin and Bone, from Blood Vessels to the Brain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1111:159-188. [PMID: 30051323 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor (vaspin) or SERPINA12 according to the serpin nomenclature was identified together with other genes and gene products that were specifically expressed or overexpressed in the intra-abdominal or visceral adipose tissue (AT) of the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rat. These rats spontaneously develop visceral obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and -glycemia, as well as hypertension and thus represent a well suited animal model of obesity and related metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes.The follow-up study reporting the cloning, expression and functional characterization of vaspin suggested the great and promising potential of this molecule to counteract obesity induced insulin resistance and inflammation and has since initiated over 300 publications, clinical and experimental, that have contributed to uncover the multifaceted functions and molecular mechanisms of vaspin action not only in the adipose, but in many different cells, tissues and organs. This review will give an update on mechanistic and structural aspects of vaspin with a focus on its serpin function, the physiology and regulation of vaspin expression, and will summarize the latest on vaspin function in various tissues such as the different adipose tissue depots as well as the vasculature, skin, bone and the brain.
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Yang Q, Wang Y, Zhang H, Xu K, Wei X, Xu P, Zhou Y. A novel dianionic amino acid ionic liquid-coated PEG 4000 modified Fe3O4 nanocomposite for the magnetic solid-phase extraction of trypsin. Talanta 2017; 174:139-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Silva LM, Clements JA. Mass spectrometry based proteomics analyses in kallikrein-related peptidase research: implications for cancer research and therapy. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:1119-1130. [PMID: 29025353 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1389637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a family of serine peptidases that are deregulated in numerous pathological conditions, with a multitude of KLK-mediated functional roles implicated in the progression of cancer. Advances in multidimensional mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics have facilitated the quantitative measurement of deregulated KLK expression in cancer, identifying certain KLKs, as well as their substrates, as potential cancer biomarkers. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss how these approaches have been utilized for KLK biomarker discovery and unbiased substrate determination in complex protein pools that mimic the in vivo extracellular microenvironment. Expert commentary: Although a limited number of studies have been performed, the quantity of information generated has greatly improved our understanding of the functional roles of KLKs in cancer progression. In addition, these data suggest additional means through which deregulated KLK expression may be targeted in cancer treatment, highlighting the potential therapeutic value of these state-of-the-art MS-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmali Munasinghage Silva
- a Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch , National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Judith Ann Clements
- b School of Biomedical Sciences , Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute , Woolloongabba , Australia
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Silva LM, Stoll T, Kryza T, Stephens CR, Hastie ML, Irving-Rodgers HF, Dong Y, Gorman JJ, Clements JA. Mass spectrometry-based determination of Kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) cleavage preferences and subsite dependency. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6789. [PMID: 28754951 PMCID: PMC5533777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cleavage preferences of Kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) have previously been delineated using synthetic peptide libraries of fixed length, or single protein chains and have suggested that KLK7 exerts a chymotryptic-like cleavage preference. Due to the short length of the peptides utilised, only a limited number of subsites have however been assessed. To determine the subsite preferences of KLK7 in a global setting, we used a mass spectrometry (MS)-based in-depth proteomics approach that utilises human proteome-derived peptide libraries of varying length, termed Proteomic Identification of protease Cleavage Sites (PICS). Consistent with previous findings, KLK7 was found to exert chymotryptic-like cleavage preferences. KLK7 subsite preferences were also characterised in the P2-P2′ region, demonstrating a preference for hydrophobic residues in the non-prime and hydrophilic residues in the prime subsites. Interestingly, single catalytic triad mutant KLK7 (mKLK7; S195A) also showed residual catalytic activity (kcat/KM = 7.93 × 102 s−1M−1). Catalytic inactivity of KLK7 was however achieved by additional mutation in this region (D102N). In addition to characterising the cleavage preferences of KLK7, our data thereby also suggests that the use of double catalytic triad mutants should be employed as more appropriate negative controls in future investigations of KLK7, especially when highly sensitive MS-based approaches are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmali Munasinghage Silva
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) and School of Biomedical Sciences at the Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia.,Proteases and Tissue Remodelling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Science, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Thomas Stoll
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Thomas Kryza
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) and School of Biomedical Sciences at the Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Carson Ryan Stephens
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) and School of Biomedical Sciences at the Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Marcus Lachlan Hastie
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Helen Frances Irving-Rodgers
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| | - Ying Dong
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) and School of Biomedical Sciences at the Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Jeffrey John Gorman
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Judith Ann Clements
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) and School of Biomedical Sciences at the Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
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Biochemical and functional characterization of the human tissue kallikrein 9. Biochem J 2017; 474:2417-2433. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human tissue kallikrein 9 (KLK9) is a member of the kallikrein-related family of proteases. Despite its known expression profile, much less is known about the functional roles of this protease and its implications in normal physiology and disease. We present here the first data on the biochemical characterization of KLK9, investigate parameters that affect its enzymatic activity (such as inhibitors) and provide preliminary insights into its putative substrates. We show that mature KLK9 is a glycosylated chymotrypsin-like enzyme with strong preference for tyrosine over phenylalanine at the P1 cleavage position. The enzyme activity is enhanced by Mg2+ and Ca2+, but is reversibly attenuated by Zn2+. KLK9 is inhibited in vitro by many naturally occurring or synthetic protease inhibitors. Using a combination of degradomic and substrate specificity assays, we identified candidate KLK9 substrates in two different epithelial cell lines [the non-tumorigenic human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) and the tumorigenic tongue squamous carcinoma cells (SCC9)]. Two potential KLK9 substrates [KLK10 and midkine (MDK)] were subjected to further validation. Taken together, our data delineate some functional and biochemical properties of KLK9 for future elucidation of the role of this enzyme in health and disease.
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