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Chen CH, Chen Y, Li YN, Zhang H, Huang X, Li YY, Li ZY, Han JX, Wu XY, Liu HJ, Sun T. EGR3 Inhibits Tumor Progression by Inducing Schwann Cell-Like Differentiation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2400066. [PMID: 38973154 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism and function of the expression of Schwann characteristics by nevus cells in the mature zone of the dermis are unknown. Early growth response 3 (EGR3) induces Schwann cell-like differentiation of melanoma cells by simulating the process of nevus maturation, which leads to a strong phenotypic transformation of the cells, including the formation of long protrusions and a decrease in cell motility, proliferation, and melanin production. Meanwhile, EGR3 regulates the levels of myelin protein zero (MPZ) and collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1) through SRY-box transcription factor 10 (SOX10)-dependent and independent mechanisms, by binding to non-strictly conserved motifs, respectively. Schwann cell-like differentiation demonstrates significant benefits in both in vivo and clinical studies. Finally, a CD86-P2A-EGR3 recombinant mRNA vaccine is developed which leads to tumor control through forced cell differentiation and enhanced immune infiltration. Together, these data support further development of the recombinant mRNA as a treatment for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Hong Chen
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yi-Nan Li
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, 300450, China
| | - Xiu Huang
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, 300450, China
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhi-Yang Li
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, 300450, China
| | - Jing-Xia Han
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, 300450, China
| | - Xin-Ying Wu
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hui-Juan Liu
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, 300450, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
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Lian W, Zeng X, Li J, Zang Q, Liu Y, Lv H, Chen S, Huang S, Shen J, Tang L, Xu Y, Wu F, Zhang Q, Xu J. Single-cell sequencing reveals increased LAMB3-positive basal keratinocytes and ZNF90-positive fibroblasts in autologous cultured epithelium. Commun Biol 2024; 7:79. [PMID: 38200141 PMCID: PMC10781733 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Autologous cultured epithelium grafting (ACEG) presents a promising treatment for refractory vitiligo, yet concerns regarding infections and immunological reactions hinder its surgical use due to serum and feeder dependencies. Addressing this, we culture autologous epithelium under serum- and feeder-free (SFF) conditions, comparing its safety and efficacy with serum- and feeder-dependent (SFD) conditions in stable vitiligo patients, and we discover no significant differences in repigmentation between the SFF and SFD grafts. Single-cell RNA transcriptomics on SFF- and SFD-cultured epithelium alongside healthy skin reveal increased populations of LAMB3+ basal keratinocytes and ZNF90+ fibroblasts in the SFF sheets. Functional analyses showcase active cellular metabolism in LAMB3+ basal keratinocytes, vital in extracellular matrix homeostasis, while ZNF90+ fibroblasts demonstrate increased differentiation, essential in collagen formation for cell adhesion. Importantly, these cell populations in SFF sheets exhibit enhanced interactions with melanocytes compared to SFD sheets. Further, knockdown experiments of LAMB3 in keratinocytes and ZNF90 in fibroblasts lead to a downregulation in melanocyte ligand-receptor-related genes. Overall, SFF sheets demonstrate comparable efficacy to SFD sheets, offering superior safety. LAMB3+ basal keratinocytes and ZNF90+ fibroblasts act as potential drivers behind repigmentation in ACEG under SFF conditions. This study provides translational insights into ACEG repigmentation and potential therapeutic targets for vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiling Lian
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanhao Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yating Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haozhen Lv
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujun Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyi Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Luyan Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuyue Wu
- ReMed Regenerative Medicine Clinical Application Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China.
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Crawford M, Barr K, Dagnino L. Analysis of Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Motility in Mouse Embryonic Melanocytic Precursor Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2849:135-148. [PMID: 38441720 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2024_528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
In this chapter, we provide a method to purify and culture embryonic melanocytic stem cells that express green fluorescent protein in a cell-type specific manner. Isolation of melanocytic lineage cell populations that are >98% pure is accomplished through the use of GFP-based fluorescence activated cell sorting. We also provide a method to culture the purified melanoblasts and to analyze their proliferation, apoptosis, and motility properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Crawford
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Child Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin Barr
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Child Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lina Dagnino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Child Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
- Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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Crawford M, Barr K, Dagnino L. Isolation, Purification, and Culture of Embryonic Melanoblasts from Green Fluorescent Protein-expressing Reporter Mice. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4805. [PMID: 37719067 PMCID: PMC10501914 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we provide a method to isolate embryonic melanoblasts from reporter mouse strains. The mice from which these cells are isolated are bred into the ROSA26mT/mG reporter background, which results in green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in the targeted melanoblast population. These cells are isolated and purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting using GFP fluorescence. We also provide a method to culture the purified melanoblasts for further analysis. This method yields > 99% purity melanoblasts specifically targeted, and can be used for a variety of studies, including gene expression, clonogenic experiments, and biological assays, such as viability, capacity for directional migration, or differentiation into melanin-producing melanocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Crawford
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Child Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin Barr
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Child Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lina Dagnino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Child Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Górska A, Mazur AJ. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK): the known vs. the unknown and perspectives. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:100. [PMID: 35089438 PMCID: PMC8799556 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a multifunctional molecular actor in cell-matrix interactions, cell adhesion, and anchorage-dependent cell growth. It combines functions of a signal transductor and a scaffold protein through its interaction with integrins, then facilitating further protein recruitment within the ILK-PINCH-Parvin complex. ILK is involved in crucial cellular processes including proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis, which reflects on systemic changes in the kidney, heart, muscle, skin, and vascular system, also during the embryonal development. Dysfunction of ILK underlies the pathogenesis of various diseases, including the pro-oncogenic activity in tumorigenesis. ILK localizes mostly to the cell membrane and remains an important component of focal adhesion. We do know much about ILK but a lot still remains either uncovered or unclear. Although it was initially classified as a serine/threonine-protein kinase, its catalytical activity is now questioned due to structural and functional issues, leaving the exact molecular mechanism of signal transduction by ILK unsolved. While it is known that the three isoforms of ILK vary in length, the presence of crucial domains, and modification sites, most of the research tends to focus on the main isoform of this protein while the issue of functional differences of ILK2 and ILK3 still awaits clarification. The activity of ILK is regulated on the transcriptional, protein, and post-transcriptional levels. The crucial role of phosphorylation and ubiquitylation has been investigated, but the functions of the vast majority of modifications are still unknown. In the light of all those open issues, here we present an extensive literature survey covering a wide spectrum of latest findings as well as a past-to-present view on controversies regarding ILK, finishing with pointing out some open questions to be resolved by further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Górska
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Antonina Joanna Mazur
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
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Low-intensity ultrasound inhibits melanoma cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. J Med Ultrason (2001) 2021; 48:451-461. [PMID: 34453238 DOI: 10.1007/s10396-021-01131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of low-intensity ultrasound on cancer cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. METHODS In vitro, several cancer cell lines were exposed to low-intensity ultrasound at 0.11 W/cm2 for 2 min. Of the cell lines screened, melanoma C32 is one of the cell lines that showed sensitivity to growth inhibition by ultrasound and was therefore used in succeeding experiments. In vivo, under the same ultrasound conditions used in vitro, C32 tumors in mice were exposed to ultrasound daily for 2 weeks, and the tumor volumes were monitored weekly using sonography. RESULTS In vitro, C32 cell growth was inhibited, attaining 43.2% inhibition on the 3rd day. In vivo, tumor growth was significantly inhibited, with the treated tumors exhibiting 2.7-fold slowed tumor growth vs. untreated tumors at week 2. Such inhibition was not associated with increased cell death. Several genes related to the cell cycle and proliferation were among those significantly regulated. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the potential of low-intensity ultrasound to inhibit tumor growth in a noninvasive, safe, and easy-to-administer way. In addition, this may suggest that the mechanical stress induced by ultrasound on C32 cells may have affected the intrinsic biomolecular mechanism related to the cell growth of this particular cell line. Further research is needed to identify which of the regulated genes played key roles in growth inhibition.
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Liang J, Oyang L, Rao S, Han Y, Luo X, Yi P, Lin J, Xia L, Hu J, Tan S, Tang L, Pan Q, Tang Y, Zhou Y, Liao Q. Rac1, A Potential Target for Tumor Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:674426. [PMID: 34079763 PMCID: PMC8165220 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.674426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac.1) is one of the important members of Rho GTPases. It is well known that Rac1 is a cytoskeleton regulation protein that regulates cell adhesion, morphology, and movement. Rac1 is highly expressed in different types of tumors, which is related to poor prognosis. Studies have shown that Rac1 not only participates in the tumor cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, migration and angiogenesis, but also participates in the regulation of tumor stem cell, thus promoting the occurrence of tumors. Rac1 also plays a key role in anti-tumor therapy and participates in immune escape mediated by the tumor microenvironment. In addition, the good prospects of Rac1 inhibitors in cancer prevention and treatment are exciting. Therefore, Rac1 is considered as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of cancer. The necessity and importance of Rac1 are obvious, but it still needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Linda Oyang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shan Rao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaqian Han
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Luo
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pin Yi
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinguan Lin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Longzheng Xia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqi Hu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shiming Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qing Pan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yanyan Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Wound Healing in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Wound Healing in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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8
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Smart JA, Oleksak JE, Hartsough EJ. Cell Adhesion Molecules in Plasticity and Metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:25-37. [PMID: 33004622 PMCID: PMC7785660 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prior to metastasis, modern therapeutics and surgical intervention can provide a favorable long-term survival for patients diagnosed with many types of cancers. However, prognosis is poor for patients with metastasized disease. Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, yet in situ and localized, thin melanomas can be biopsied with little to no postsurgical follow-up. However, patients with metastatic melanoma require significant clinical involvement and have a 5-year survival of only 34% to 52%, largely dependent on the site of colonization. Melanoma metastasis is a multi-step process requiring dynamic changes in cell surface proteins regulating adhesiveness to the extracellular matrix (ECM), stroma, and other cancer cells in varied tumor microenvironments. Here we will highlight recent literature to underscore how cell adhesion molecules (CAM) contribute to melanoma disease progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Smart
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julia E Oleksak
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edward J Hartsough
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Crawford M, Liu N, Mahdipour E, Barr K, Heit B, Dagnino L. Integrin-linked kinase regulates melanosome trafficking and melanin transfer in melanocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:768-781. [PMID: 32049584 PMCID: PMC7185957 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-09-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanosomes are melanin-containing organelles that provide pigmentation and protection from solar UV radiation to the skin. In melanocytes, melanosomes mature and traffic to dendritic tips, where they are transferred to adjacent epidermal keratinocytes through pathways that involve microtubule networks and the actin cytoskeleton. However, the role of scaffold proteins in these processes is poorly understood. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a scaffold protein that regulates microtubule stability and F-actin dynamics. Here we show that ILK is necessary for normal trafficking of melanosomes along microtubule tracks. In the absence of ILK, immature melanosomes are not retained in perinuclear regions, and mature melanosome trafficking along microtubule tracks is impaired. These deficits can be attenuated by microtubule stabilization. Microtubules are also necessary for the formation of dendrites in melanocytes, and Ilk inactivation reduces melanocyte dendricity. Activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) interferes with microtubule assembly. Significantly, inhibition of GSK-3 activity or exogenous expression of the GSK-3 substrate collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) in ILK-deficient melanocytes restored dendricity. ILK is also required for normal melanin transfer, and GSK-3 inhibition in melanocytes partially restored melanin transfer to neighboring keratinocytes. Thus, our work shows that ILK is a central modulator of melanosome movements in primary epidermal melanocytes and identifies ILK and GSK-3 as important modulators of melanin transfer to keratinocytes, a key process for epidermal UV photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Crawford
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2C4, Canada
| | - Nancy Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2C4, Canada
| | - Elahe Mahdipour
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kevin Barr
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2C4, Canada
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2C4, Canada
| | - Lina Dagnino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2C4, Canada
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