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Ding S, Li G, Fu T, Zhang T, Lu X, Li N, Geng Q. Ceramides and mitochondrial homeostasis. Cell Signal 2024; 117:111099. [PMID: 38360249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Lipotoxicity arises from the accumulation of lipid intermediates in non-adipose tissue, precipitating cellular dysfunction and death. Ceramide, a toxic byproduct of excessive free fatty acids, has been widely recognized as a primary contributor to lipotoxicity, mediating various cellular processes such as apoptosis, differentiation, senescence, migration, and adhesion. As the hub of lipid metabolism, the excessive accumulation of ceramides inevitably imposes stress on the mitochondria, leading to the disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis, which is typified by adequate ATP production, regulated oxidative stress, an optimal quantity of mitochondria, and controlled mitochondrial quality. Consequently, this review aims to collate current knowledge and facts regarding the involvement of ceramides in mitochondrial energy metabolism and quality control, thereby providing insights for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ding
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Guorui Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Tinglv Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
| | - Qing Geng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
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Mu J, Lam SM, Shui G. Emerging roles and therapeutic potentials of sphingolipids in pathophysiology: emphasis on fatty acyl heterogeneity. J Genet Genomics 2024; 51:268-278. [PMID: 37364711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids not only exert structural roles in cellular membranes, but also act as signaling molecules in various physiological and pathological processes. A myriad of studies have shown that abnormal levels of sphingolipids and their metabolic enzymes are associated with a variety of human diseases. Moreover, blood sphingolipids can also be used as biomarkers for disease diagnosis. This review summarizes the biosynthesis, metabolism, and pathological roles of sphingolipids, with emphasis on the biosynthesis of ceramide, the precursor for the biosynthesis of complex sphingolipids with different fatty acyl chains. The possibility of using sphingolipids for disease prediction, diagnosis, and treatment is also discussed. Targeting endogenous ceramides and complex sphingolipids along with their specific fatty acyl chain to promote future drug development will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Lipidall Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China.
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Jamjoum R, Majumder S, Issleny B, Stiban J. Mysterious sphingolipids: metabolic interrelationships at the center of pathophysiology. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1229108. [PMID: 38235387 PMCID: PMC10791800 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1229108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic pathways are complex and intertwined. Deficiencies in one or more enzymes in a given pathway are directly linked with genetic diseases, most of them having devastating manifestations. The metabolic pathways undertaken by sphingolipids are diverse and elaborate with ceramide species serving as the hubs of sphingolipid intermediary metabolism and function. Sphingolipids are bioactive lipids that serve a multitude of cellular functions. Being pleiotropic in function, deficiency or overproduction of certain sphingolipids is associated with many genetic and chronic diseases. In this up-to-date review article, we strive to gather recent scientific evidence about sphingolipid metabolism, its enzymes, and regulation. We shed light on the importance of sphingolipid metabolism in a variety of genetic diseases and in nervous and immune system ailments. This is a comprehensive review of the state of the field of sphingolipid biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Jamjoum
- Department of Pharmacy, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Saurav Majumder
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Batoul Issleny
- Department of Pharmacy, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Johnny Stiban
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
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Lee SH, Seo HS, Seo SJ, Kim CD, Hong SP. Screening of Plant-Derived Natural Extracts to Identify a Candidate Extract Capable of Enhancing Lipid Synthesis in Keratinocytes. Ann Dermatol 2022; 34:331-339. [PMID: 36198624 DOI: 10.5021/ad.21.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced lipid content in the stratum corneum is a major cause of skin-barrier dysfunction in various pathological conditions. Promoting lipid production is a potential strategy to improve skin-barrier function. Recent evidence supports the beneficial effects of adiponectin on lipid metabolism and senescence in keratinocytes. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate whether plant extracts can enhance skin-barrier function. METHODS We screened fruit and herb extracts that enhance the lipid synthesis of keratinocytes via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and SIRT1 signaling in the adiponectin pathway. The levels of major lipid synthesis enzymes and transcription factors as well as epidermal barrier lipids involved in adiponectin-associated epidermal barrier formation were evaluated in the herbal extracts- or adiponectin-treated human epidermal keratinocyte and equivalent models. The mRNA expression of major lipid synthesis enzymes increased following treatment with Lycii Fructus , Prunus tomentosa , and Melia toosendan extracts. RESULTS The expression of transcription factors SIRT1, liver X receptor α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) were upregulated. Levels of free fatty acids, cholesterol, and ceramides were elevated. The expression of keratinocyte differentiation markers increased. In particular, among fruit extracts with a detectable effect, Melia toosendan induced the highest expression of lipid synthase. CONCLUSION These results indicate that Melia toosendan is a promising candidate for improving skin-barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Seo
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Seong Jun Seo
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Deok Kim
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seung-Phil Hong
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.
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Jung SW, Park GH, Kim E, Yoo KM, Kim HW, Lee JS, Chang MY, Shin KO, Park K, Choi EH. Rosmarinic Acid, as an NHE1 Activator, Decreases Skin Surface pH and Improves the Skin Barrier Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3910. [PMID: 35409270 PMCID: PMC8999067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stratum corneum (SC) pH regulates skin barrier functions and elevated SC pH is an important factor in various inflammatory skin diseases. Acidic topical formulas have emerged as treatments for impaired skin barriers. Sodium proton exchanger 1 (NHE1) is an important factor in SC acidification. We investigated whether topical applications containing an NHE1 activator could improve skin barrier functions. We screened plant extracts to identify NHE1 activators in vitro and found Melissa officinalis leaf extract. Rosmarinic acid, a component of Melissa officinalis leaf extract, significantly increased NHE1 mRNA expression levels and NHE1 production. Immunofluorescence staining of NHE1 in 3D-cultured skin revealed greater upregulation of NHE1 expression by NHE1 activator cream, compared to vehicle cream. Epidermal lipid analysis revealed that the ceramide level was significantly higher upon application of the NHE1 activator cream on 3D-cultured skin, compared to application of a vehicle cream. In a clinical study of 50-60-year-old adult females (n = 21), application of the NHE1 activator-containing cream significantly improved skin barrier functions by reducing skin surface pH and transepidermal water loss and increasing skin hydration, compared to patients who applied vehicle cream and those receiving no treatment. Thus, creams containing NHE1 activators, such as rosmarinic acid, could help maintain or recover skin barrier functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Won Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (S.-W.J.); (E.K.)
| | - Gi Hyun Park
- CMS LAB, Seoul 35324, Korea; (G.H.P.); (K.M.Y.); (H.W.K.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Eunjung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (S.-W.J.); (E.K.)
| | - Kang Min Yoo
- CMS LAB, Seoul 35324, Korea; (G.H.P.); (K.M.Y.); (H.W.K.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Hea Won Kim
- CMS LAB, Seoul 35324, Korea; (G.H.P.); (K.M.Y.); (H.W.K.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Jin Soo Lee
- CMS LAB, Seoul 35324, Korea; (G.H.P.); (K.M.Y.); (H.W.K.); (J.S.L.)
| | | | - Kyong-Oh Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (K.-O.S.); (K.P.)
| | - Kyungho Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (K.-O.S.); (K.P.)
| | - Eung Ho Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (S.-W.J.); (E.K.)
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Essential Oils Derived from Cistus Species Activate Mitochondria by Inducing SIRT1 Expression in Human Keratinocytes, Leading to Senescence Inhibition. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072053. [PMID: 35408452 PMCID: PMC9000612 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cistus L. is a genus of dicotyledonous perennial herbaceous plants. Cistus species have been commonly used in folk medicine in the Mediterranean region. In the present study, the biological activities of essential oils derived from Cistus species (Cistus laurifolius, C. monspeliensis, C. creticus, and C. salviifolius) were evaluated. Essential oils derived from C. laurifolius and C. monspeliensis were found to augment the expression of SIRT1, an anti-aging gene, in the normal culture of HaCaT cells. Furthermore, these essential oils increased the number and size of mitochondria and augmented their activity. These effects were thought to be caused by the up- and downregulated expression of MITOL and Drp1 in HaCaT cells, respectively, in response to the essential oil treatment. In addition, these essential oils were found to attenuate ultraviolet-B-induced mitochondrial damage and cellular senescence in HaCaT cells. These findings indicate that essential oils derived from C. laurifolius and C. monspeliensis may inhibit skin aging through mitochondrial regulation via SIRT1 activation.
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Lee SJ, Kim SE, Shin KO, Park K, Lee SE. Dupilumab Therapy Improves Stratum Corneum Hydration and Skin Dysbiosis in Patients With Atopic Dermatitis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021; 13:762-775. [PMID: 34486260 PMCID: PMC8419647 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2021.13.5.762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to investigate the effects of dupilumab on 1) the permeability and antimicrobial barrier, 2) the composition of the skin microbiome, and 3) the correlation between changes in skin barrier properties and microbiota in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. Methods Ten patients with severe AD were treated with dupilumab for 12 weeks. Disease severity was assessed using the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI). Skin barrier function was evaluated by measuring transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum (SC) hydration, and pH. The following parameters were analyzed in the pre- and post-treatment SC samples; 1) skin microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, 2) lipid composition using mass spectrometry, and 3) human β-defensin 2 (hBD-2) expression using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results SC hydration levels in the lesional and non-lesional skin increased after 12-week dupilumab therapy (24.2%, P < 0.001 and 59.9%, P < 0.001, respectively, vs. baseline) and correlated with EASI improvement (r = 0.90, P < 0.001 and r = 0.85, P = 0.003, respectively). Dupilumab increased the long-chain ceramide levels in atopic skin (118.4%, P = 0.028 vs. baseline) that correlated with changes in SC hydration (r = 0.81, P = 0.007) and reduced the elevated hBD-2 messenger RNA levels (−15.4%, P = 0.005 vs. baseline) in the lesional skin. Dupilumab decreased the abundance of Staphylococcus aureus. In contrast, the microbial diversity and the abundance of Cutibacterium and Corynebacterium species increased, which were correlated with an increase in SC hydration levels (Shannon diversity, r = 0.71, P = 0.027; Cutibacterium, r = 0.73, P = 0.017; Corynebacterium, r = 0.75, P = 0.012). Increased abundance of Cutibacterium species was also correlated with EASI improvement (r = 0.68, P = 0.032). Conclusions Th2 blockade-induced normalization of skin microbiome in AD patients is associated with increased SC hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ju Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song-Ee Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyong-Oh Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Kyungho Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sang Eun Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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N-Palmitoyl Serinol Stimulates Ceramide Production through a CB1-Dependent Mechanism in In Vitro Model of Skin Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158302. [PMID: 34361066 PMCID: PMC8348051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramides, a class of sphingolipids containing a backbone of sphingoid base, are the most important and effective structural component for the formation of the epidermal permeability barrier. While ceramides comprise approximately 50% of the epidermal lipid content by mass, the content is substantially decreased in certain inflammatory skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD), causing improper barrier function. It is widely accepted that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) can modulate a number of biological responses in the central nerve system, prior studies revealed that activation of endocannabinoid receptor CB1, a key component of ECS, triggers the generation of ceramides that mediate neuronal cell fate. However, as the impact of ECS on the production of epidermal ceramide has not been studied, we here investigated whether the ECS stimulates the generation of epidermal ceramides in an IL-4-treated in vitro model of skin inflammation using N-palmitoyl serinol (PS), an analog of the endocannabinoid N-palmitoyl ethanolamine. Accordingly, an IL-4-mediated decrease in cellular ceramide levels was significantly stimulated in human epidermal keratinocytes (KC) following PS treatment through both de novo ceramide synthesis- and sphingomyelin hydrolysis-pathways. Importantly, PS selectively increases ceramides with long-chain fatty acids (FAs) (C22–C24), which mainly account for the formation of the epidermal barrier, through activation of ceramide synthase (CerS) 2 and Cer3 in IL-4-mediated inflamed KC. Furthermore, blockade of cannabinoid receptor CB1 activation by AM-251 failed to stimulate the production of total ceramide as well as long-chain ceramides in response to PS. These studies demonstrate that an analog of endocannabinoid, PS, stimulates the generation of specific ceramide species as well as the total amount of ceramides via the endocannabinoid receptor CB1-dependent mechanism, thereby resulting in the enhancement of epidermal permeability barrier function.
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Lim SH, Kim EJ, Lee CH, Park GH, Yoo KM, Nam SJ, Shin KO, Park K, Choi EH. A Lipid Mixture Enriched by Ceramide NP with Fatty Acids of Diverse Chain Lengths Contributes to Restore the Skin Barrier Function Impaired by Topical Corticosteroid. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 35:112-123. [PMID: 34348350 DOI: 10.1159/000518517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The stratum corneum (SC) is a skin barrier that consists of corneocytes, intercellular lipids, and corneodesmosomes. Ceramides are composed of sphingoid bases linked with various types of fatty acids (FAs), and they are an essential constituent of SC intercellular lipids. Among their subtypes, ceramide NP with a phytosphingosine base is especially important. Most of the previous studies on barrier recovery have focused on a specific ceramide with a single chain FA, not with diverse chain lengths. Skin barrier function is impaired by various factors, including topical corticosteroid. OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether a lipid mixture enriched by ceramide NP with FAs of diverse chain lengths (CER [NP]*) can restore the skin barrier function impaired by topical corticosteroid. METHODS Twenty-seven healthy adult male volunteers were recruited. Topical corticosteroid was applied on both volar forearms of volunteers. Then, the test cream containing a lipid mixture with CER (NP)* was applied on the left forearm, and a vehicle cream without a lipid mixture was applied on the right forearm of each subject. The functional parameters of the skin barrier were compared before and after the treatment. Epidermal differentiation markers, hyaluronic acid synthase 3 (HAS3), cytokine levels, and the lipid profiles in the SC were analyzed. RESULTS The functional parameters of the skin barrier, such as barrier recovery rate, SC integrity, and SC hydration were significantly improved in the test cream-applied site compared to the vehicle cream-applied sites. Filaggrin and HAS3 levels were significantly higher in the sites applied with the test cream. Interleukin (IL)-1α levels were also significantly increased in these sites. IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13 levels were significantly decreased in the test cream-applied sites. Lipid analyses showed that C18, C20, and total ceramide NP levels significantly increased in the sites where the test cream was applied. Also, C16, C18, C20, C24, and total ceramide NP levels were significantly elevated in the test cream-applied sites after acute barrier disruption. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that a lipid mixture enriched by CER (NP)* could recover the barrier function impaired by topical corticosteroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ha Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Hyuk Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Kyong-Oh Shin
- The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Park
- The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung Ho Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
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Kim BJ, Lee NR, Lee CH, Lee YB, Choe SJ, Lee S, Hwang HJ, Kim E, Lavery GG, Shin KO, Park K, Choi EH. Increased Expression of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Contributes to Epidermal Permeability Barrier Dysfunction in Aged Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115750. [PMID: 34072239 PMCID: PMC8198579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactive cortisone is converted into active cortisol by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). Excessive levels of active glucocorticoids could deteriorate skin barrier function; barrier impairment is also observed in aged skin. In this study, we aimed to determine whether permeability barrier impairment in the aged skin could be related to increased 11β-HSD1 expression. Aged humans (n = 10) showed increased cortisol in the stratum corneum (SC) and oral epithelium, compared to young subjects (n = 10). 11β-HSD1 expression (as assessed via immunohistochemical staining) was higher in the aged murine skin. Aged hairless mice (56-week-old, n = 5) manifested greater transepidermal water loss, lower SC hydration, and higher levels of serum inflammatory cytokines than the young mice (8-week-old, n = 5). Aged 11β-HSD1 knockout mice (n = 11), 11β-HSD1 inhibitor (INHI)-treated aged wild type (WT) mice (n = 5) and young WT mice (n = 10) exhibited reduced SC corticosterone level. Corneodesmosome density was low in WT aged mice (n = 5), but high in aged 11β-HSD1 knockout and aged INHI-treated WT mice. Aged mice exhibited lower SC lipid levels; this effect was reversed by INHI treatment. Therefore, upregulation of 11β-HSD1 in the aged skin increases the active-glucocorticoid levels; this suppresses SC lipid biosynthesis, leading to impaired epidermal permeability barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Jun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (B.J.K.); (N.R.L.); (C.H.L.); (Y.B.L.); (S.J.C.); (S.L.); (H.J.H.); (E.K.)
| | - Noo Ri Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (B.J.K.); (N.R.L.); (C.H.L.); (Y.B.L.); (S.J.C.); (S.L.); (H.J.H.); (E.K.)
| | - Chung Hyeok Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (B.J.K.); (N.R.L.); (C.H.L.); (Y.B.L.); (S.J.C.); (S.L.); (H.J.H.); (E.K.)
| | - Young Bin Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (B.J.K.); (N.R.L.); (C.H.L.); (Y.B.L.); (S.J.C.); (S.L.); (H.J.H.); (E.K.)
| | - Sung Jay Choe
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (B.J.K.); (N.R.L.); (C.H.L.); (Y.B.L.); (S.J.C.); (S.L.); (H.J.H.); (E.K.)
| | - Solam Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (B.J.K.); (N.R.L.); (C.H.L.); (Y.B.L.); (S.J.C.); (S.L.); (H.J.H.); (E.K.)
| | - Hyun Jee Hwang
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (B.J.K.); (N.R.L.); (C.H.L.); (Y.B.L.); (S.J.C.); (S.L.); (H.J.H.); (E.K.)
| | - Eunjung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (B.J.K.); (N.R.L.); (C.H.L.); (Y.B.L.); (S.J.C.); (S.L.); (H.J.H.); (E.K.)
| | - Gareth G. Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Kyong-Oh Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Materials Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (K.-O.S.); (K.P.)
| | - Kyungho Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Materials Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (K.-O.S.); (K.P.)
| | - Eung Ho Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (B.J.K.); (N.R.L.); (C.H.L.); (Y.B.L.); (S.J.C.); (S.L.); (H.J.H.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-748-2650
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Lee Y, Shin K, Shin KO, Yoon S, Jung J, Hwang E, Chung HJ, Hossini AM, Zouboulis CC, Baek MJ, Baek JH, Chi YM, Lee S, Jeong S. Topical application of autophagy-activating peptide improved skin barrier function and reduced acne symptoms in acne-prone skin. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 20:1009-1016. [PMID: 32697858 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies about the important roles of autophagy signaling in sebaceous lipogenesis and epidermal differentiation suggest potential benefits of autophagy activation in acne. AIMS To investigate the effects of an autophagy activator on acne-prone skin. METHODS Autophagy signaling in human immortalized SZ95 sebocytes, normal human epidermal keratinocytes, and 3D reconstituted skin was examined. Effects of an autophagy-activating peptide on sebaceous lipogenesis were measured by fluorescence microscopic analysis. The clinical efficacy in acne-prone skin was evaluated through an eight-week, double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study. Changes in skin surface lipid compositions were further analyzed. RESULTS In cultured sebocytes and keratinocytes, the investigated autophagy-activating peptide increased LC3-II expression, indicating a stimulation of autophagy signaling. Testosterone and linoleic acid treatment induced lipogenesis in cultured sebocytes and is further inhibited by the autophagy activator peptide treatment. Increased expression of differentiation marker proteins in cultured keratinocytes was also observed by autophagy-activating peptide. In clinical study, reduction of closed comedones and the amount of skin surface lipids as well as of trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) were observed in acne-prone skin after autophagy-activating peptide application. In addition, reduction of squalene and increase in cholesterol were observed after an 8-week application. CONCLUSIONS Topical application of an autophagy activator downregulated sebaceous lipogenesis and improved the skin barrier function. Considering the important roles of sebum and skin barrier function in acne pathogenesis, autophagy activation might represent a new therapeutic option in early forms of acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjin Lee
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kayoung Shin
- Research Division, Incospharm Corp. Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyong-Oh Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seokjeong Yoon
- Research Division, Incospharm Corp. Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Juyeon Jung
- Research Division, Incospharm Corp. Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eojin Hwang
- Research Division, Incospharm Corp. Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hwa-Jee Chung
- Research Division, Incospharm Corp. Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Amir M Hossini
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Dessau, Germany
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Dessau, Germany
| | - Min Jeong Baek
- Dermapro Skin Research Center, DERMAPRO Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Hwoon Baek
- Dermapro Skin Research Center, DERMAPRO Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Min Chi
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangeun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sekyoo Jeong
- Research Division, Incospharm Corp. Daejeon, South Korea
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