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Sengupta R, Roy M, Dey NS, Kaye PM, Chatterjee M. Immune dysregulation and inflammation causing hypopigmentation in post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: partners in crime? Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:822-836. [PMID: 37586987 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), a heterogeneous dermal sequela of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is challenging in terms of its etiopathogenesis. Hypopigmentation is a consistent clinical feature in PKDL, but mechanisms contributing to the loss of melanocytes remains poorly defined. Like other hypopigmentary dermatoses - for example, vitiligo, psoriasis, and leprosy - the destruction of melanocytes is likely a multifactorial phenomenon, key players being immune dysregulation and inflammation. This review focuses on immunological mechanisms responsible for the 'murder' of melanocytes, prime suspects at the lesional sites being CD8+ T cells and keratinocytes and their criminal tools being proinflammatory cytokines, for example, IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNF-α. Collectively, these may cause decreased secretion of melanocyte growth factors, loss/attenuation of cell adhesion molecules and inflammasome activation, culminating in melanocyte death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Sengupta
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244B AJC Bose Road, Kolkata 700020, India
| | - Madhurima Roy
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244B AJC Bose Road, Kolkata 700020, India
| | - Nidhi S Dey
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Paul M Kaye
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244B AJC Bose Road, Kolkata 700020, India.
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de Sá KSG, Amaral LA, Rodrigues TS, Ishimoto AY, de Andrade WAC, de Almeida L, Freitas-Castro F, Batah SS, Oliveira SC, Pastorello MT, Fabro AT, Zamboni DS. Gasdermin-D activation promotes NLRP3 activation and host resistance to Leishmania infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1049. [PMID: 36828815 PMCID: PMC9958042 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular parasites from the Leishmania genus cause Leishmaniasis, a disease affecting millions of people worldwide. NLRP3 inflammasome is key for disease outcome, but the molecular mechanisms upstream of the inflammasome activation are still unclear. Here, we demonstrate that despite the absence of pyroptosis, Gasdermin-D (GSDMD) is active at the early stages of Leishmania infection in macrophages, allowing transient cell permeabilization, potassium efflux, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Further, GSDMD is processed into a non-canonical 25 kDa fragment. Gsdmd-/- macrophages and mice exhibit less NLRP3 inflammasome activation and are highly susceptible to infection by several Leishmania species, confirming the role of GSDMD for inflammasome-mediated host resistance. Active NLRP3 inflammasome and GSDMD are present in skin biopsies of patients, demonstrating activation of this pathway in human leishmaniasis. Altogether, our findings reveal that Leishmania subverts the normal functions of GSDMD, an important molecule to promote inflammasome activation and immunity in Leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyla S G de Sá
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Luana A Amaral
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Tamara S Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Adriene Y Ishimoto
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Warrison A C de Andrade
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Leticia de Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe Freitas-Castro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Sabrina S Batah
- Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Sergio C Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mônica T Pastorello
- Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre T Fabro
- Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
- Serviço de Patologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
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3
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Role of DAMPs and cell death in autoimmune diseases: the example of multiple sclerosis. Genes Immun 2023; 24:57-70. [PMID: 36750753 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-023-00198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of unknown etiology and still incompletely clarified pathogenesis. The disease is generally considered a disorder resulting from a complex interplay between environmental risk factors and predisposing causal genetic variants. To examine the etiopathogenesis of the disease, two complementary pre-clinical models are currently discussed: the "outside-in" model proposing a peripherally elicited inflammatory/autoimmune attack against degraded myelin as the cause of the disease, and the "inside-out" paradigm implying a primary cytodegenerative process of cells in the CNS that triggers secondary reactive inflammatory/autoimmune responses against myelin debris. In this review, the integrating pathogenetic role of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in these two scenario models is examined by focusing on the origin and sources of these molecules, which are known to promote neuroinflammation and, via activation of pattern recognition receptor-bearing antigen-presenting cells, drive and shape autoimmune responses. In particular, environmental factors are discussed that are conceptually defined as agents which produce endogenous DAMPs via induction of regulated cell death (RCD) or act themselves as exogenous DAMPs. Indeed, in the field of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, recent research has focused on environmental triggers that cause secondary events in terms of subroutines of RCD, which have been identified as prolific sources of DAMPs. Finally, a model of a DAMP-driven positive feed-forward loop of chronic inflammatory demyelinating processes is proposed, aimed at reconciling the competing "inside-out" and "outside-in" paradigms.
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de Mesquita TGR, Junior JDES, da Silva LDO, Silva GAV, de Araújo FJ, Pinheiro SK, Kerr HKA, da Silva LS, de Souza LM, de Almeida SA, Queiroz KLGD, de Souza JL, da Silva CC, Sequera HDG, de Souza MLG, Barbosa AN, Pontes GS, Guerra MVDF, Ramasawmy R. Distinct plasma chemokines and cytokines signatures in Leishmania guyanensis-infected patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:974051. [PMID: 36091007 PMCID: PMC9453042 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunopathology associated with Leishmaniasis is a consequence of inflammation. Upon infection with Leishmania, the type of host-immune response is determinant for the clinical manifestations that can lead to either self-healing or chronic disease. Multiple pathways may determine disease severity. A comparison of systemic immune profiles in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. guyanensis and healthy individuals with the same socio-epidemiological characteristics coming from the same endemic areas as the patients is performed to identify particular immune profile and pathways associated with the progression of disease development. Twenty-seven plasma soluble circulating factors were evaluated between the groups by univariate and multivariate analysis. The following biomarkers pairs IL-17/IL-9 (ρ=0,829), IL-17/IL-12 (ρ=0,786), IL-6/IL-1ra (ρ=0,785), IL-6/IL-12 (ρ=0,780), IL-1β/G-CSF (ρ=0,758) and IL-17/MIP-1β (ρ=0,754) showed the highest correlation mean among the patient while only INF-γ/IL-4 (ρ=0.740), 17/MIP-1β (ρ=0,712) and IL-17/IL-9 (ρ=0,707) exhibited positive correlation among the control group. The cytokine IL-17 and IL1β presented the greater number of positive pair correlation among the patients. The linear combinations of biomarkers displayed IP-10, IL-2 and RANTES as the variables with the higher discriminatory activity in the patient group compared to PDGF, IL-1ra and eotaxin among the control subjects. IP-10, IL-2, IL-1β, RANTES and IL-17 seem to be predictive value of progression to the development of disease among the Lg-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirza Gabrielle Ramos de Mesquita
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - José do Espírito Santo Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina Nilton Lins, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - George Allan Villarouco Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Felipe Jules de Araújo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina Nilton Lins, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Suzana Kanawati Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Lener Santos da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Luciane Macedo de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Josué Lacerda de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina Nilton Lins, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Cilana Chagas da Silva
- Department of Molecular Biology, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Héctor David Graterol Sequera
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Mara Lúcia Gomes de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Gemilson Soares Pontes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Virology, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
- Genomic Health Surveillance Network: Optimization of Assistance and Research in The State of Amazonas – REGESAM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinitius de Farias Guerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Rajendranath Ramasawmy
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina Nilton Lins, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Brazil
- Genomic Health Surveillance Network: Optimization of Assistance and Research in The State of Amazonas – REGESAM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rajendranath Ramasawmy,
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved in immune responses and outcome of tegumentary leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2022; 235:106660. [PMID: 35988820 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases with a broad clinical spectrum. Tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) is a disease caused by different Leishmania species, transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies and distributed worldwide. TL can present a cutaneous (CL) or mucocutaneous (MCL) clinical form depending on factors inherent to the parasite, the host and the vector. Polymorphisms in the immune response genes are host genetic factors that influence the pathogenesis or control of leishmaniasis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in immune genes have been evaluated in several countries where leishmaniasis is endemic. In this review, we report studies on SNPs in several immune genes that might be associated with susceptibility or resistance to TL. We summarize studies from around the world and in Brazil, highlight the difficulties of these studies and future analyses needed to enhance our knowledge regarding host genetic factors in TL. Understanding the genetic characteristics of the host that facilitate resistance or susceptibility to leishmaniasis can contribute to the development of immunotherapy schedules for this disease. The current treatment methods are toxic, and no human vaccine is available.
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Zhang Y, Hu J, Li Y, Zhang M, Jacques KJ, Gu W, Sun Y, Sun J, Yang Y, Xu S, Wang Y, Yan X. Immune response of silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) to Amyloodinium ocellatum infection. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:2111-2123. [PMID: 34585397 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Amyloodinium ocellatum (AO) infection in silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) causes extensive mortality. Insufficient information exists on the molecular immune response of silver pomfret to AO infestation, so herein we simulated the process of silver pomfret being infected by AO. Translucent trophosomes were observed on the gills of AO-infected fish. Transcriptome profiling was performed to investigate the effects of AO infection on the gill, kidney complex and spleen. Overall, 404,412,298 clean reads were obtained, assembling into 96,341 unigenes, which were annotated against public databases. In total, 2730 differentially expressed genes were detected, and few energy- and immune-related genes were further assessed using RT-qPCR. Moreover, activities of three immune-related (SOD, AKP and ACP) and three energy-related (PKM, LDH and GCK) enzymes were determined. AO infection activated the immune system and increased interleukin-1 beta and immunoglobulin M heavy chain levels. Besides, the PPAR signalling pathway was highly enriched, which played a role in improving immunity and maintaining homeostasis. AO infection also caused dyspnoea, leading to extensive lactic acid accumulation, potentially contributing towards a strong immune response in the host. Our data improved our understanding regarding the immune response mechanisms through which fish coped with parasitic infections and may help prevent high fish mortality in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiabao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yaya Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Kimran Jean Jacques
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Weiwei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yibo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiachu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shanliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Araújo CF, Oliveira IBN, Silva MVT, Pereira LIDA, Pinto SA, Silveira MB, Dorta ML, Fonseca SG, Gomes RS, Ribeiro-Dias F. New world Leishmania spp. infection in people living with HIV: Concerns about relapses and secondary prophylaxis. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106146. [PMID: 34562423 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Coinfection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Leishmania impairs immune responses, increases treatment failure and relapse rates in patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), as well as visceral leishmaniasis (VL). There is insufficient data on the treatment, relapse, and secondary prophylaxis in patients coinfected with HIV/Leishmania in Brazil. This study investigated patients with HIV/ATL and HIV/VL to describe the outcome of leishmaniasis in patients assisted at a referral hospital of Brazilian midwestern region. Patients with HIV/ATL (n = 21) mainly presented cutaneous diseases (76.2%) with an overall relapse rate of 28.57% after treatment, whereas HIV/VL (n = 28) patients accounted for 17.5% of the cases. The counts of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells and the CD4+/CD8+ cell ratios at diagnosis or relapses were not significantly different between relapsing and non-relapsing patients. Patients with HIV/ATL or HIV/VL showed high levels of activation markers in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The regular use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and viral load at the time of diagnosis did not influence the relapse rates. Relapses occurred in 36.4% (4/11) of the patients with HIV/VL receiving secondary prophylaxis and in 5.9% (1/17) of the patients who did not receive secondary prophylaxis (p = 0.06). These data are relevant for the therapeutic management of the patients coinfected with HIV/Leishmania.
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Carneiro PP, Dórea AS, Oliveira WN, Guimarães LH, Brodskyn C, Carvalho EM, Bacellar O. Blockade of TLR2 and TLR4 Attenuates Inflammatory Response and Parasite Load in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:706510. [PMID: 34691019 PMCID: PMC8526941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.706510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis is characterized by a pronounced inflammatory response associated with ulcer development. Monocytes/macrophages, the main cells harboring parasites, are largely responsible for parasite control. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling leads to the transcription of inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1β and TNF during innate immune response. TLR antagonists have been used in the treatment of inflammatory disease. The neutralization of these receptors may attenuate an exacerbated inflammatory response. We evaluated the ability of TLR2 and TLR4 antagonists to modulate host immune response in L. braziliensis-infected monocytes and cells from CL patient skin lesions. Following TLR2 and TLR4 neutralization, decreased numbers of infected cells and internalized parasites were detected in CL patient monocytes. In addition, reductions in oxidative burst, IL-1β, TNF and CXCL9 production were observed. TNF production by cells from CL lesions also decreased after TLR2 and TLR4 neutralization. The attenuation of host inflammatory response after neutralizing these receptors suggests the potential of TLR antagonists as immunomodulators in association with antimonial therapy in human cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Paulo Carneiro
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Andreza S Dórea
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Walker N Oliveira
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Goncalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Olívia Bacellar
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
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