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Paone L, Szkolnicki M, DeOre BJ, Tran KA, Goldman N, Andrews AM, Ramirez SH, Galie PA. Effects of Drag-Reducing Polymers on Hemodynamics and Whole Blood-Endothelial Interactions in 3D-Printed Vascular Topologies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:14457-14466. [PMID: 38488736 PMCID: PMC10982934 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Most in vitro models use culture medium to apply fluid shear stress to endothelial cells, which does not capture the interaction between blood and endothelial cells. Here, we describe a new system to characterize whole blood flow through a 3D-printed, endothelialized vascular topology that induces flow separation at a bifurcation. Drag-reducing polymers, which have been previously studied as a potential therapy to reduce the pressure drop across the vascular bed, are evaluated for their effect on mitigating the disturbed flow. Polymer concentrations of 1000 ppm prevented recirculation and disturbed flow at the wall. Proteomic analysis of plasma collected from whole blood recirculated through the vascularized channel with and without drag-reducing polymers provides insight into the effects of flow regimes on levels of proteins indicative of the endothelial-blood interaction. The results indicate that blood flow alters proteins associated with coagulation, inflammation, and other processes. Overall, these proof-of-concept experiments demonstrate the importance of using whole blood flow to study the endothelial response to perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis
S. Paone
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Matthew Szkolnicki
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Brandon J. DeOre
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Kiet A. Tran
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Noah Goldman
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Allison M. Andrews
- Department
of Pathology, Immunology, & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Servio H. Ramirez
- Department
of Pathology, Immunology, & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Peter A. Galie
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
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2
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Yahoum MM, Toumi S, Hentabli S, Tahraoui H, Lefnaoui S, Hadjsadok A, Amrane A, Kebir M, Moula N, Assadi AA, Zhang J, Mouni L. Experimental Analysis and Neural Network Modeling of the Rheological Behavior of Xanthan Gum and Its Derivatives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2565. [PMID: 37048859 PMCID: PMC10095490 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to create a mathematical tool that could be used with experimental data to predict the rheological flow behavior of functionalized xanthan gum according to the types of chemical groups grafted onto its backbone. Different rheological and physicochemical analyses were applied to assess six derivatives synthesized via the etherification of xanthan gum by hydrophobic benzylation with benzyl chloride and carboxymethylation with monochloroacetic acid at three (regent/polymer) ratios R equal to 2.4 and 6. Results from the FTIR study verified that xanthan gum had been modified. The degree of substitution (DS) values varying between 0.2 and 2.9 for carboxymethylxanthan gum derivatives were found to be higher than that of hydrophobically modified benzyl xanthan gum for which the DS ranged from 0.5 to 1. The molecular weights of all the derivatives were found to be less than that of xanthan gum for the two types of derivatives, decreasing further as the degree of substitution (DS) increased. However, the benzyl xanthan gum derivatives presented higher molecular weights varying between 1,373,146 (g/mol) and 1,262,227 (g/mol) than carboxymethylxanthan gum derivatives (1,326,722-1,015,544) (g/mol). A shear-thinning behavior was observed in the derivatives, and the derivatives' viscosity was found to decrease with increasing DS. The second objective of this research was to create an ANN model to predict one of the rheological properties (the apparent viscosity). The significance of the ANN model (R2 = 0.99998 and MSE = 5.95 × 10-3) was validated by comparing experimental results with the predicted ones. The results showed that the model was an efficient tool for predicting rheological flow behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Melha Yahoum
- Materials and Environment Laboratory (LME), University Yahia Fares of Medea, Medea 26000, Algeria
| | - Selma Toumi
- Faculty of Sciences, Nouveau Pole Urbain, University Yahia Fares of Medea, Medea 26000, Algeria
| | - Salma Hentabli
- Laboratory of Experimental Biology and Pharmacology (LBPE), University Yahia Fares of Medea, Medea 26000, Algeria
| | - Hichem Tahraoui
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Chimiques, Department of Process Engineering, University of Ferhat Abbas, Setif 19000, Algeria
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Transport Phenomena (LBMTP), University Yahia Fares of Medea, Medea 26000, Algeria
| | - Sonia Lefnaoui
- Laboratory of Experimental Biology and Pharmacology (LBPE), University Yahia Fares of Medea, Medea 26000, Algeria
| | - Abdelkader Hadjsadok
- Functional Analysis of Chemical Processes Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Saad Dahlab University, PB 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Abdeltif Amrane
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ISCR—UMR 6226, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Mohammed Kebir
- Research Unit on Analysis and Technological Development in Environment (URADTE-CRAPC), BP 384, Bou-Ismail 42004, Algeria
| | - Nassim Moula
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animal and Health (FARAH), Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Amin Aymen Assadi
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ISCR—UMR 6226, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
- College of Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, IMSIU, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Engineering, Merz Court, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Lotfi Mouni
- Laboratory of Management and Valorization of Natural Resources and Quality Assurance, SNVST Faculty, Akli Mohand Oulhadj University, Bouira 10000, Algeria
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3
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The effect of ultrahigh shear rate on the physical characteristics of xanthan gum. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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4
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Li G, Sun Y, Zheng X, Choi HJ, Zhang K. Effect of drag-reducing polymer on blood flow in microchannels. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 209:112212. [PMID: 34798502 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drag-reducing polymers (DRPs) can significantly improve blood circulation when added to blood at a nanomolar concentration, manifesting great potential for application in the biomedical field. In this work, hyaluronic acid (HA) was selected as a natural DRP, and its effects on blood microcirculation at different concentrations, flow rates, and channel geometry were studied in microchannels. The experimental results show that adding a small dose of HA can increase the velocity and shorten the thickness of the cell-free layer (CFL or cell depletion layer (CDL)) near the wall. After considering efficiency, our experiments determined 50 ppm addition of HA to be the most suitable amount for improving blood circulation. Our results demonstrate that HA has high efficiency in improving the circulation of blood flow and shed light on unveiling the mechanism of using natural DRPs to cure some cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjie Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yang Sun
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Hyoung Jin Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Ke Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
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Riaz T, Iqbal MW, Jiang B, Chen J. A review of the enzymatic, physical, and chemical modification techniques of xanthan gum. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:472-489. [PMID: 34217744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Xanthan gum (XG), a bacterial polysaccharide has numerous valuable characteristics in the food, biomedical, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture sector. However, XG has also its particular limitations such as its vulnerability to microbial contamination, inadequate mechanical and thermal stability, unusable viscosity, and poor water solubility. Therefore, XG's structure and conformation need to be modified enzymatically, chemically, or physically to improve its optimistic features and decrease the formation of crystals, increase antioxidant ability, and radical scavenging activity. We have found out different means to modify XG and elaborate the importance and significance of the modified structure of XG. In this review, different enzymes are reviewed for XG degradation, which modifies their structure from different points (main chain or side chain). This article also reviews various physical methods (ultrasound, shear, pressure, sonication, annealing, and heat treatments) based on prevailing publications to alter XG conformation and produce low molecular weight (LMW) and less viscous end-product. Moreover, some chemical means are also discussed that result in modified XG through crosslinking, grafting, acetylation, pyruvation, as well as by applying different chemical agents. Overall, the current progress on XG degradation is very auspicious to develop a new molecule with considerable uses, in various industries with future assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahreem Riaz
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | | | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Jingjing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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6
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Esfandiari N, Zareinezhad R, Habibi Z. The investigation and optimization of drag reduction in turbulent flow of Newtonian fluid passing through horizontal pipelines using functionalized magnetic nanophotocatalysts and lecithin. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Ma G, Li X, Wang X, Liu G, Jiang L, Yang K. Preparation, rheological and drag reduction properties of hydrophobically associating polyacrylamide polymer. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2018.1461637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorui Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, Shaanxi province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanjun Liu
- CNOOC Ener Tech-Drilling & Production Company, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Luan Jiang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi province, People's Republic of China
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