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Kim YH, Kanczler JM, Lanham S, Rawlings A, Roldo M, Tozzi G, Dawson JI, Cidonio G, Oreffo ROC. Biofabrication of nanocomposite-based scaffolds containing human bone extracellular matrix for the differentiation of skeletal stem and progenitor cells. Biodes Manuf 2024; 7:121-136. [PMID: 38497056 PMCID: PMC10937808 DOI: 10.1007/s42242-023-00265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Autograft or metal implants are routinely used in skeletal repair. However, they fail to provide long-term clinical resolution, necessitating a functional biomimetic tissue engineering alternative. The use of native human bone tissue for synthesizing a biomimetic material ink for three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting of skeletal tissue is an attractive strategy for tissue regeneration. Thus, human bone extracellular matrix (bone-ECM) offers an exciting potential for the development of an appropriate microenvironment for human bone marrow stromal cells (HBMSCs) to proliferate and differentiate along the osteogenic lineage. In this study, we engineered a novel material ink (LAB) by blending human bone-ECM (B) with nanoclay (L, Laponite®) and alginate (A) polymers using extrusion-based deposition. The inclusion of the nanofiller and polymeric material increased the rheology, printability, and drug retention properties and, critically, the preservation of HBMSCs viability upon printing. The composite of human bone-ECM-based 3D constructs containing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) enhanced vascularization after implantation in an ex vivo chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. The inclusion of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) with the HBMSCs further enhanced vascularization and mineralization after only seven days. This study demonstrates the synergistic combination of nanoclay with biomimetic materials (alginate and bone-ECM) to support the formation of osteogenic tissue both in vitro and ex vivo and offers a promising novel 3D bioprinting approach to personalized skeletal tissue repair. Graphic abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42242-023-00265-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hee Kim
- Faculty of Medicine, Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Janos M. Kanczler
- Faculty of Medicine, Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Stuart Lanham
- Faculty of Medicine, Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Andrew Rawlings
- Faculty of Medicine, Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Marta Roldo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT UK
| | - Gianluca Tozzi
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Greenwich, ME4 4TB UK
| | - Jonathan I. Dawson
- Faculty of Medicine, Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Gianluca Cidonio
- Faculty of Medicine, Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science (CLN2S), Italian Institute of Technology, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Richard O. C. Oreffo
- Faculty of Medicine, Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
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2
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Al Qabbani A, Rani KGA, AlKawas S, Sheikh Abdul Hamid S, Yap Abdullah A, Samsudin AR, Azlina A. Evaluation of the osteogenic potential of demineralized and decellularized bovine bone granules following implantation in rat calvaria critical-size defect model. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294291. [PMID: 38127838 PMCID: PMC10734957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the ability of demineralized (DMB) and decellularized (DCC) bovine bone granules to support bone regeneration in rat calvaria critical-size defects. DMB and DCC were prepared using a previously published method. The granule size used ranged between 500 and 750 μm. A total of forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups (n = 24). A pair of 5 mm diameter defects were created on the calvaria of the rats in the right and left parietal bone in both groups. Group A animals received DMB granules and Group B received DCC granules in the right parietal defect side while the left parietal untreated defect acted as sham surgery for both groups. Four animals per group were euthanized in a CO2 chamber at day 7, 14 and 21 post-surgery and the calvaria implantation site biopsy harvested was subjected to osteogenic gene expression analysis. Another four animals per group were euthanized at days 15, 30 and 60 post surgery and the calvaria implantation site biopsy harvested was subjected to histological, immunohistochemistry, RAMAN spectroscopy and Micro-CT analysis at the mentioned time points. Statistical analysis was conducted using t-tests and ANOVA. Histomorphometry showed significantly higher new bone formation in the DCC sites (p<0.05) compared to DMB. Both DMB and DCC implantation sites showed distinct staining for osteocalcin and osteopontin proteins compared to their respective sham sites. By day 21 after implantation, DCC sites demonstrated significantly elevated mRNA levels of osteonectin (p<0.001), osteopontin (p<0.001), osteocalcin (p<0.0001), ALP (p<0.01), and BMP-2 (p<0.001) compared to DMB. However, VEGF expression showed no significant differences at this time point between the two groups. Micro-CT analysis also showed enhanced defect closure and higher bone density in DCC implanted sites while RAMAN spectra demonstrated increased abundance of collagen and bone minerals, especially, PO43- ions than DMB. In conclusion, both DMB and DCC granules demonstrated favorable osteogenic potential in critical-sized defects, with DCC exhibited superior osteoconductive, osteoinductive and osteogenesis properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al Qabbani
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences Department, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - K. G. Aghila Rani
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sausan AlKawas
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences Department, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - A. R. Samsudin
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences Department, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad Azlina
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
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3
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Bello SA, Cruz-Lebrón J, Rodríguez-Rivera OA, Nicolau E. Bioactive Scaffolds as a Promising Alternative for Enhancing Critical-Size Bone Defect Regeneration in the Craniomaxillofacial Region. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:4465-4503. [PMID: 37877225 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Reconstruction of critical-size bone defects (CSDs) in the craniomaxillofacial (CMF) region remains challenging. Scaffold-based bone-engineered constructs have been proposed as an alternative to the classical treatments made with autografts and allografts. Scaffolds, a key component of engineered constructs, have been traditionally viewed as biologically passive temporary replacements of deficient bone lacking intrinsic cues to promote osteogenesis. Nowadays, scaffolds are functionalized, giving rise to bioactive scaffolds promoting bone regeneration more effectively than conventional counterparts. This review focuses on the three approaches most used to bioactivate scaffolds: (1) conferring microarchitectural designs or surface nanotopography; (2) loading bioactive molecules; and (3) seeding stem cells on scaffolds, providing relevant examples of in vivo (preclinical and clinical) studies where these methods are employed to enhance CSDs healing in the CMF region. From these, adding bioactive molecules (specifically bone morphogenetic proteins or BMPs) to scaffolds has been the most explored to bioactivate scaffolds. Nevertheless, the downsides of grafting BMP-loaded scaffolds in patients have limited its successful translation into clinics. Despite these drawbacks, scaffolds containing safer, cheaper, and more effective bioactive molecules, combined with stem cells and topographical cues, remain a promising alternative for clinical use to treat CSDs in the CMF complex replacing autografts and allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir A Bello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De León Ave, Suite 1-7, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - Junellie Cruz-Lebrón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De León Ave, Suite 1-7, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - Osvaldo A Rodríguez-Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De León Ave, Suite 1-7, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - Eduardo Nicolau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De León Ave, Suite 1-7, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
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Brown M, Zhu S, Taylor L, Tabrizian M, Li-Jessen NY. Unraveling the Relevance of Tissue-Specific Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels for Vocal Fold Regenerative Biomaterials: A Comprehensive Proteomic and In Vitro Study. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2023; 3:2200095. [PMID: 37547672 PMCID: PMC10398787 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) is a promising material for tissue engineering applications. Tissue-specific dECM is often seen as a favorable material that recapitulates a native-like microenvironment for cellular remodeling. However, the minute quantity of dECM derivable from small organs like the vocal fold (VF) hampers manufacturing scalability. Small intestinal submucosa (SIS), a commercial product with proven regenerative capacity, may be a viable option for VF applications. This study aims to compare dECM hydrogels derived from SIS or VF tissue with respect to protein content and functionality using mass spectrometry-based proteomics and in vitro studies. Proteomic analysis reveals that VF and SIS dECM share 75% of core matrisome proteins. Although VF dECM proteins have greater overlap with native VF, SIS dECM shows less cross-sample variability. Following decellularization, significant reductions of soluble collagen (61%), elastin (81%), and hyaluronan (44%) are noted in VF dECM. SIS dECM contains comparable elastin and hyaluronan but 67% greater soluble collagen than VF dECM. Cells deposit more neo-collagen on SIS than VF-dECM hydrogels, whereas neo-elastin (~50 μg/scaffold) and neo-hyaluronan (~ 6 μg/scaffold) are comparable between the two hydrogels. Overall, SIS dECM possesses reasonably similar proteomic profile and regenerative capacity to VF dECM. SIS dECM is considered a promising alternative for dECM-derived biomaterials for VF regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Room 1003, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Shirley Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology 2001 McGill College Ave, 8th Floor, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Lorne Taylor
- The Proteomics Platform, McGill University Health Center 1001 Decarie Boulevard Montreal Suite E01.5056 Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Maryam Tabrizian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Room 1003, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University 740 Avenue Dr. Penfield, Room 4300, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University 740 Avenue Dr. Penfield, Room 4300, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Nicole Y.K. Li-Jessen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Room 1003, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, McGill University 2001 McGill College Ave, 8th Floor, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1G1, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, McGill University 2001 McGill College Ave, 8th Floor, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1G1, Canada
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, McGill University 2001 McGill College Ave, 8th Floor, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1G1, Canada
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5
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Amirazad H, Baradar Khoshfetrat A, Zarghami N. A dual synergistic effect of titanium and curcumin co-embedded on extracellular matrix hydrogels of decellularized bone: Potential application in osteoblastic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2023; 34:372-397. [PMID: 36071650 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2123216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This research aims to design and fabricate a novel hydrogel-based composite as a functional biomimetic and biocompatible scaffold for amended osteoblastic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs). The extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogel is an ideal scaffold in tissue engineering in terms of its structure mimics natural tissue. In this study, the fresh bovine femur was demineralized and decellularized; next, ECM hydrogel was obtained by digesting these matrices. Then, TiO2 and curcumin-loaded hydrogel (Hy/Ti/Cur) was fabricated besides TiO2-loaded hydrogel (Hy/Ti) and curcumin-loaded hydrogel (Hy/Cur). Comparing the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the pure network hydrogel and the rough morphology of Hy/Ti/Cur revealed that curcumin and titanium dioxide were successfully loaded into the hydrogel. In addition, FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) validated these findings. The findings of the hydrogels' swelling test indicated the favourable impact of curcumin and titanium dioxide in hydrogels, which enhances water absorption capacity. Our results showed that the hydrogels were cytocompatible, and the cell viability on the hydrogels was elevated compared to the control. The synergistic effect of TiO2 and Cur co-embedded on ECM hydrogel (Hy/Ti/Cur) stimulates bone differentiation markers, such as Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX-2) and osteocalcin (OCN) in ADMSCs cultured in normal and osteogenic medium. Moreover, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition of ADMSCs cultured on engineered hydrogels were increased. These experiments showed that newly fabricated hydrogel has the potential to induce osteogenesis, which is recommended as an attractive scaffold in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halimeh Amirazad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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6
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Kang HJ, Park SS, Tripathi G, Lee BT. Injectable demineralized bone matrix particles and their hydrogel bone grafts loaded with β-tricalcium phosphate powder and granules: A comparative study. Mater Today Bio 2022; 16:100422. [PMID: 36133794 PMCID: PMC9483747 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Demineralized bone matrix (DBM), has been used as a bone-graft material because of its osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity. However, the previous research report that supports the single use of DBM is limited by its rapid resorption caused by the lack of calcium and phosphate. β-Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) is an enriched calcium phosphate material suitable for bone healing with osteoconductive properties. In this study, we have developed injectable bone graft by the loading two kinds of TCP in DBM particles and thermo-sensitive DBM-derived hydrogel (hDBM). TCP powder (pTCP) and TCP granules (gTCP) were loaded into hDBM and DBM, respectively. The bone formation effect was investigated according to the morphological features of TCP. Residual growth factor concentrations were investigated; microstructure and morphology were characterized by SEM. In-vitro studies showed that hDBM/DBM/pTCP and hDBM/DBM/gTCP bone grafts were biocompatible and could promote osteogenesis by up-regulating the expression of Runx2 and OPN, bone-related genes. In-vivo studies using the rabbit-femur defect model revealed that the implanted hDBM/DBM/pTCP bone graft showed similar histology to that of fibrous dysplasia with the expression of CD68, whereas hDBM/DBM/gTCP showed good bone formation. Loading of gTCP in place of pTCP was noticed as an effective way to improve bone regeneration in an injectable hDBM/DBM hydrogel-based bone graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoe-Jin Kang
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Seong-Su Park
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Garima Tripathi
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Byong-Taek Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, South Korea.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, South Korea
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7
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Zhang X, Chen X, Hong H, Hu R, Liu J, Liu C. Decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: Recent trends and emerging strategies in tissue engineering. Bioact Mater 2022; 10:15-31. [PMID: 34901526 PMCID: PMC8637010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of scaffolding materials is believed to hold enormous potential for tissue regeneration. Despite the widespread application and rapid advance of several tissue-engineered scaffolds such as natural and synthetic polymer-based scaffolds, they have limited repair capacity due to the difficulties in overcoming the immunogenicity, simulating in-vivo microenvironment, and performing mechanical or biochemical properties similar to native organs/tissues. Fortunately, the emergence of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) scaffolds provides an attractive way to overcome these hurdles, which mimic an optimal non-immune environment with native three-dimensional structures and various bioactive components. The consequent cell-seeded construct based on dECM scaffolds, especially stem cell-recellularized construct, is considered an ideal choice for regenerating functional organs/tissues. Herein, we review recent developments in dECM scaffolds and put forward perspectives accordingly, with particular focus on the concept and fabrication of decellularized scaffolds, as well as the application of decellularized scaffolds and their combinations with stem cells (recellularized scaffolds) in tissue engineering, including skin, bone, nerve, heart, along with lung, liver and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hua Hong
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Rubei Hu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Jiashang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Changsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
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Lu YC, Chang TK, Yeh ST, Lin TC, Lin HS, Chen CH, Huang CH, Huang CH. Evaluation of graphene-derived bone scaffold exposure to the calvarial bone_ in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:1-15. [PMID: 35085045 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2027036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Graphene is a novel material which has recently been gaining great interest in the biomedical fields. Our previous study observed that graphene-derived particles help induce bone formation in a murine calvarial model. Here, we further developed a blended graphene-contained polycaprolactone (PCL/G) filament for application in a 3D-printed bone scaffold. Since implants are expected to be for long-term usage, in vitro cell culture and in vivo scaffold implants were evaluated in a critical-size bone defect calvarial model for over 60 weeks. Graphene greatly improved the mechanical strength by 30.2% compared to pure PCL. The fabricated PCL/G scaffolds also showed fine cell viability. In animal model, an abnormal electroencephalogram power spectrum and early signs of aging, such as hair graying and hair loss, were found in the group with a PCL/G scaffold compared to pure PCL scaffold. Neither of the abnormal symptoms caused death of all animals in both groups. The long-term use of graphene-derived biomaterials for in-vivo implants seems to be safe. But the comprehensive biosafety still needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chang Lu
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Kuo Chang
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ting Yeh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chiao Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Shih Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiung Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Changhau Christian Hospital, Changhau, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hung Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Amirazad H, Dadashpour M, Zarghami N. Application of decellularized bone matrix as a bioscaffold in bone tissue engineering. J Biol Eng 2022; 16:1. [PMID: 34986859 PMCID: PMC8734306 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-021-00282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous bone grafts are commonly used as the gold standard to repair and regenerate diseased bones. However, they are strongly associated with postoperative complications, especially at the donor site, and increased surgical costs. In an effort to overcome these limitations, tissue engineering (TE) has been proposed as an alternative to promote bone repair. The successful outcome of tissue engineering depends on the microstructure and composition of the materials used as scaffold. Decellularized bone matrix-based biomaterials have been applied as bioscaffolds in bone tissue engineering. These biomaterials play an important role in providing the mechanical and physical microenvironment needed by cells to proliferate and survive. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) can be used as a powder, hydrogel and electrospun scaffolds. These bioscaffolds mimic the native microenvironment due to their structure similar to the original tissue. The aim of this review is to highlight the bone decellularization techniques. Herein we discuss: (1) bone structure; (2) properties of an ideal scaffold; (3) the potential of decellularized bone as bioscaffolds; (4) terminal sterilization of decellularized bone; (5) cell removing confirmation in decellularized tissues; and (6) post decellularization procedures. Finally, the improvement of bone formation by dECM and the immunogenicity aspect of using the decellularized bone matrix are presented, to illustrate how novel dECM-based materials can be used as bioscaffold in tissue engineering. A comprehensive understanding of tissue engineering may allow for better incorporation of therapeutic approaches in bone defects allowing for bone repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halimeh Amirazad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dadashpour
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Deparment of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Aydin Universioty, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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10
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Dynamic process enhancement on chitosan/gelatin/nano-hydroxyapatite-bone derived multilayer scaffold for osteochondral tissue repair. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2022; 133:112662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Ivanov AA, Kuznetsova AV, Popova OP, Danilova TI, Yanushevich OO. Modern Approaches to Acellular Therapy in Bone and Dental Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13454. [PMID: 34948251 PMCID: PMC8708083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An approach called cell-free therapy has rapidly developed in regenerative medicine over the past decade. Understanding the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the internal potential of tissue repair inspires the development of new strategies aimed at controlling and enhancing these processes during regeneration. The use of stem cell mobilization, or homing for regeneration based on endogenous healing mechanisms, prompted a new concept in regenerative medicine: endogenous regenerative medicine. The application of cell-free therapeutic agents leading to the recruitment/homing of endogenous stem cells has advantages in overcoming the limitations and risks associated with cell therapy. In this review, we discuss the potential of cell-free products such as the decellularized extracellular matrix, growth factors, extracellular vesicles and miRNAs in endogenous bone and dental regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Ivanov
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 20 Delegatskaya Str., 127473 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.K.); (O.P.P.); (T.I.D.)
| | - Alla V. Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 20 Delegatskaya Str., 127473 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.K.); (O.P.P.); (T.I.D.)
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga P. Popova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 20 Delegatskaya Str., 127473 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.K.); (O.P.P.); (T.I.D.)
| | - Tamara I. Danilova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 20 Delegatskaya Str., 127473 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.K.); (O.P.P.); (T.I.D.)
| | - Oleg O. Yanushevich
- Department of Paradontology, A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 20 Delegatskaya Str., 127473 Moscow, Russia;
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12
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Dong C, Qiao F, Chen G, Lv Y. Demineralized and decellularized bone extracellular matrix-incorporated electrospun nanofibrous scaffold for bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:6881-6894. [PMID: 34612335 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00895a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM)-based materials have been employed as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, providing a suitable microenvironment with biophysical and biochemical cues for cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation. In this study, bone-derived ECM (bECM)-incorporated electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) (bECM/PCL) nanofibrous scaffolds were prepared and their effects on osteogenesis were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the bECM/PCL scaffolds promoted the attachment, spreading, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), mitigated the foreign-body reaction, and facilitated bone regeneration in a rat calvarial critical size defect model. Thus, this study suggests that bECM can provide a promising option for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Dong
- Mechanobiology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China.
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13
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Safdari M, Bibak B, Soltani H, Hashemi J. Recent advancements in decellularized matrix technology for bone tissue engineering. Differentiation 2021; 121:25-34. [PMID: 34454348 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The native extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a matrix to hold tissue/organ, defines the cellular fate and function, and retains growth factors. Such a matrix is considered as a most biomimetic scaffold for tissue engineering due to the biochemical and biological components, 3D hierarchical structure, and physicomechanical properties. Several attempts have been performed to decellularize allo- or xeno-graft tissues and used them for bone repairing and regeneration. Decellularized ECM (dECM) technology has been developed to create an in vivo-like microenvironment to promote cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation for tissue repair and regeneration. Decellularization is mediated through physical, chemical, and enzymatic methods. In this review, we describe the recent progress in bone decellularization and their applications as a scaffold, hydrogel, bioink, or particles in bone tissue engineering. Furthermore, we address the native dECM limitations and the potential of non-bone dECM, cell-based ECM, and engineered ECM (eECM) for in vitro osteogenic differentiation and in vivo bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Safdari
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Bahram Bibak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Research Center of Natural Products Safety and Medicinal Plants, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Hoseinali Soltani
- Department of General Surgery, Imam Ali Hospital, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Javad Hashemi
- Research Center of Natural Products Safety and Medicinal Plants, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
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14
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Kumar C, Mohana Kumar B, Kurkalli BG, Shetty S, Rao S, Shetty V. Influence of human teeth matrix on the cellular and biological properties of dental pulp stem cells - An in vitro study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2021; 11:552-557. [PMID: 34401228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A major challenge in bone tissue regeneration is the use of right combination of stem cells with osteoinductive biomaterials. Hence, the present in vitro study was aimed at evaluating the effect of mineralized teeth matrix (MTM) and demineralized teeth matrix (DTM) on the selected cellular and biological characteristics of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Methods Established DPSCs were cultured in conditioned media (CM) of MTM and DTM and analyzed on their morphology, proliferation rate, population doubling time (PDT), viability, migration ability, ploidy and expression of cell surface markers, Further, the effect of MTM and DTM on the biocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation ability of DPSCs was evaluated. Results The DPSCs exhibited a fibroblast-like morphology with >80% viability. Cells were highly proliferative with an average PDT of 61 ± 12 h. A greater proliferation of DPSCs in the scratched area was observed when cultured in CM of teeth matrix compared to the cells in basal media. Moreover, no chromosomal abnormalities were induced during the culture of DPSCs. Flow cytometry analysis showed that DPSCs in basal media and CM of MTM and DTM were positive for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90 (>70%), and negative for CD34 and CD45 (<0.1%). Alizarin red staining showed the higher deposition of mineralized nodules in DPSCs cultured with DTM compared to MTM. Conclusion MTM and DTM-derived CM enhanced the proliferation and selected phenotypic markers expression with no chromosomal abnormalities in DPSCs. In addition, both matrices were biocompatible with DPSCs and increased the osteogenic differentiation through higher nodule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chethan Kumar
- Nitte University Centre for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte 575018, Mangaluru, India
| | - Basavarajappa Mohana Kumar
- Nitte University Centre for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte 575018, Mangaluru, India
| | - Basan Gowda Kurkalli
- Nitte University Centre for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte 575018, Mangaluru, India
| | - Shishir Shetty
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, A. B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte University (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte 575018, Mangaluru, India
| | - Shama Rao
- Nitte University Centre for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte 575018, Mangaluru, India
| | - Veena Shetty
- Nitte University Centre for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte 575018, Mangaluru, India
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15
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Gao C, Sow WT, Wang Y, Wang Y, Yang D, Lee BH, Matičić D, Fang L, Li H, Zhang C. Hydrogel composite scaffolds with an attenuated immunogenicity component for bone tissue engineering applications. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2033-2041. [PMID: 33587079 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02588g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Xenogeneic bones are potential templates for bone regeneration. In this study, decellularized porcine bone powder with attenuated immunogenicity was incorporated into a photocurable hydrogel, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), to obtain scaffolds with good mechanical properties for bone tissue engineering. The decellularized bone powder (DCB)-GelMA hybrid scaffolds had higher compressive strength and stiffness values when the DCB content was increased. In vitro evaluations revealed the biocompatibility of these scaffolds. The scaffolds could induce human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to undergo osteogenic differentiation even in the absence of an induction medium. The efficiency of the scaffolds for bone regeneration applications was further evaluated using an in vivo cranial bone defect model in rats. Micro-CT images showed that the hybrid scaffolds with 20% DCB content had the best effect in promoting new bone regeneration. Thus, it was concluded that the DCB-GelMA hybrid scaffolds have high potential in bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyuan Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China. and Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325011, P. R. China
| | - Wan Ting Sow
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325011, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yili Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325011, P. R. China
| | - Dejun Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325011, P. R. China and School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Bae Hoon Lee
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325011, P. R. China and School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - DraŽen Matičić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Lian Fang
- ENT Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Huaqiong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China. and Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325011, P. R. China
| | - Chunwu Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China.
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16
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Amini Z, Lari R. A systematic review of decellularized allograft and xenograft–derived scaffolds in bone tissue regeneration. Tissue Cell 2021; 69:101494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Emami A, Talaei-Khozani T, Vojdani Z, Zarei Fard N. Comparative assessment of the efficiency of various decellularization agents for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 109:19-32. [PMID: 32627321 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone regeneration can be possible through grafts or engineered bone replacement when bone defects are larger than the critical size. Decellularized bone extracellular matrix (ECM) is an alternative that is able to accelerate tissue regeneration, while decellularization protocols influence engineered bone quality. The objective of this study was to compare the quality of decellularized bone produced through different methods. Four decellularization methods were employed using (a) sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), (b) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 0.5%, (c) SDS 1% and (d) trypsin/EDTA. All samples were then washed in triton X-100. DNA quantification, hematoxylin and eosin, and Hoechst staining showed that although DNA was depleted in all scaffolds, treatment with SLES led to a significantly lower DNA content. Glycosaminoglycan quantification, Raman confocal microscopy, alcian blue and PAS staining exhibited higher carbohydrate retention in the scaffolds treated with SLES and SDS 0.5%. Raman spectra, scanning electron microscopy and trichrom Masson staining showed more collagen content in SLES and SDS-treated scaffolds compared to trypsin/EDTA-treated scaffolds. Therefore, although trypsin/EDTA could efficiently decellularize the scaffolds, it washed out the ECM contents. Also, both MTT and attachment tests showed a significantly higher cell viability in SLES-treated scaffolds. Raman spectra revealed that while the first washing procedure did not remove SLES traces in the scaffolds, excessive washing reduced ECM contents. In conclusion, SLES and, to a lesser degree, SDS 0.5% protocols could efficiently preserve ultrastructure and ECM constituents of decellularized bone tissue and can thus be suggested as nontoxic and safe protocols for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asrin Emami
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Talaei-Khozani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Vojdani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nehleh Zarei Fard
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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18
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Liao J, Xu B, Zhang R, Fan Y, Xie H, Li X. Applications of decellularized materials in tissue engineering: advantages, drawbacks and current improvements, and future perspectives. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10023-10049. [PMID: 33053004 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01534b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Decellularized materials (DMs) are attracting more and more attention in tissue engineering because of their many unique advantages, and they could be further improved in some aspects through various means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100083
| | - Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100083
| | - Ruihong Zhang
- Department of Research and Teaching
- the Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City
- Baoding 072350
- China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100083
| | - Huiqi Xie
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy
- Chengdu 610041
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100083
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