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Jeong J, Oh D, Ju Y, Goh M. Energy-efficient chemical recycling of CFRP and analysis of the interfacial shear strength on recovered carbon fiber. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 187:134-144. [PMID: 39032436 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Here we report a novel chemical recycling of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) using meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA) as the representative oxidizing agent. The optimal decomposition conditions for the epoxy (EP) resin in CFRP were investigated by varying mCPBA concentration and reaction time. The CFRP decomposed completely within 6 h using a 1.5 M mCPBA solution at 40 °C. Tensile strength of recovered CF (r-CF) measured 4.4 GPa, 93.6% of virgin CF (v-CF), and electrical conductivity reached 590 S/cm, 95% of v-CF. Furthermore, the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of the recovered carbon fibers (r-CF) using EP resin and polyamide 6 (PA6) was analyzed. For EP resin, the IFSS of r-CF was 88 MPa, a 26 % increase compared to v-CF. In the case of PA6 resin, IFSS values were 80 MPa for r-CF, a 17% improvement over v-CF. The study highlights superior mechanical properties and favorable IFSS of r-CF, positioning them as promising for composite regeneration. Remarkably, this method operated at relatively low temperatures compared to existing technologies, with energy consumption recorded at 35 MJ/kg, establishing it as the most energy-efficient recycling method available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongki Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Research Infrastructure Utilization Center, FITI Testing & Research Institute, 79 Magokjungang 8-ro 3-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07791, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonha Ju
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Munju Goh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Kim BJ, Nam IW. Experimental Investigation into the Mechanical and Piezoresistive Sensing Properties of Recycled Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Self-Sensing Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2491. [PMID: 39274124 PMCID: PMC11397957 DOI: 10.3390/polym16172491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanical and piezoresistive sensing properties of recycled carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer composites (rCFRPs) for self-sensing applications, which were prepared from recycled carbon fibers (rCFs) with fiber lengths of 6, 12, 18, and 24 mm using a vacuum infusion method. Mechanical properties of the rCFRPs were examined using uniaxial tensile tests, while sensing characteristics were examined by monitoring the in situ electrical resistance under cyclic and low fatigue loads. Longer fibers (24 mm) showed the superior tensile strength (92.6 MPa) and modulus (8.4 GPa), with improvements of 962.1% and 1061.1%, respectively. Shorter fibers (6 mm) demonstrated enhanced sensing capabilities with the highest sensitivity under low fatigue testing (1000 cycles at 10 MPa), showing an average maximum electrical resistance change rate of 0.7315% and a gauge factor of 4.5876. All the composites displayed a stable electrical response under cyclic and low fatigue loadings. These results provide insights into optimizing rCF incorporation, balancing structural integrity with self-sensing capabilities and contributing to the development of sustainable multifunctional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Jun Kim
- Spatial Design and Engineering, Handong Global University, Pohang-si 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Woo Nam
- School of Spatial Environment System Engineering, Handong Global University, Pohang-si 37554, Republic of Korea
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3
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Oh S, Stache EE. Recent advances in oxidative degradation of plastics. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:7309-7327. [PMID: 38884337 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00407h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative degradation is a powerful method to degrade plastics into oligomers and small oxidized products. While thermal energy has been conventionally employed as an external stimulus, recent advances in photochemistry have enabled photocatalytic oxidative degradation of polymers under mild conditions. This tutorial review presents an overview of oxidative degradation, from its earliest examples to emerging strategies. This review briefly discusses the motivation and the development of thermal oxidative degradation of polymers with a focus on underlying mechanisms. Then, we will examine modern studies primarily relevant to catalytic thermal oxidative degradation and photocatalytic oxidative degradation. Lastly, we highlight some unique studies using unconventional approaches for oxidative polymer degradation, such as electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sewon Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Erin E Stache
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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Liu L, Liu X, Li X, Xu S, Wang YZ. An Integrative Chemical Recycling Approach for Catalytic Oxidation of Epoxy Resin and in situ Separation of Degraded Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405912. [PMID: 38655622 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Although many approaches have been proposed to recycling waste epoxy resin (EP), the separation of mixed degraded products remains a challenge due to their similar structures. To address this, we present a catalytic oxidation strategy that enables mild degradation of EP and in situ separation of degraded products through supramolecular interactions. The oxidative degradation relies on FeIV=O radicals with strong oxidizing properties, which are generated from the electron transfer of FeCl2 with reaction reagents. As the FeIV=O radicals attacked the C-N bonds of EP, EP was broken into fragments rich in active functional groups. Meanwhile, the FeIV=O radicals were reduced to iron ions that can coordinate with the carboxyl groups on the fragments. As a result, the degraded products with different carboxyl content can be effortlessly separated into liquid and solid phase by coordinating with the catalyst. The success of this work lays the foundation for high-value application of degraded products and provides new design ideas for recycling waste plastics with complex compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Liu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xuehui Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Shimei Xu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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5
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Jeong J, Ju Y, Hong Y, Oh D, Goh M. Recyclable Curcumin-Based Bioepoxy Resin with On-Demand Chemical Cleavability. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:9585-9592. [PMID: 38434841 PMCID: PMC10905686 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
We synthesized a novel curcumin-based bioepoxy resin by introducing epichlorohydrin (ECH) into the hydroxyl groups of curcumin and analyzed it using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The epoxy equivalent weight (EEW) was determined based on a reaction with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) through titration, and the actual curing process was conducted after exploring the optimal conditions using an amine-based curing agent through dynamic scanning in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and isotherm analysis. The cured epoxy resin had a tensile strength, Young's modulus, and glass transition temperature (Tg) of 33 MPa, 1.4 GPa, and 86 °C, respectively. Interestingly, the diunsaturated ketone contained in the epoxy resin showed on-demand chemical cleavability, in that it had been decomposed into an aldehyde and ketone only after having been converted to a hydroxyl ketone through an oxidation reaction. The results of this study can significantly contribute to improving the eco-friendliness and recyclability of epoxy resins used in fields requiring long-term stability and chemical resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonha Ju
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Younggi Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongki Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Research Infrastructure Utilization Center, FITI Testing & Research Institute, 79 Magokjungang 8-Ro 3-Gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07791, Republic of Korea
| | - Munju Goh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Jung H, Shin G, Kwak H, Hao LT, Jegal J, Kim HJ, Jeon H, Park J, Oh DX. Review of polymer technologies for improving the recycling and upcycling efficiency of plastic waste. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 320:138089. [PMID: 36754297 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Human society has become increasingly reliant on plastic because it allows for convenient and sanitary living. However, recycling rates are currently low, which means that the majority of plastic waste ends up in landfills or the ocean. Increasing recycling and upcycling rates is a critical strategy for addressing the issues caused by plastic pollution, but there are several technical limitations to overcome. This article reviews advancements in polymer technology that aim to improve the efficiency of recycling and upcycling plastic waste. In food packaging, natural polymers with excellent gas barrier properties and self-cleaning abilities have been introduced as environmentally friendly alternatives to existing materials and to reduce food-derived contamination. Upcycling and valorization approaches have emerged to transform plastic waste into high-value-added products. Recent advancements in the development of recyclable high-performance plastics include the design of super engineering thermoplastics and engineering chemical bonds of thermosets to make them recyclable and biodegradable. Further research is needed to develop more cost-effective and scalable technologies to address the plastic pollution problem through sustainable recycling and upcycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuni Jung
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Giyoung Shin
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojung Kwak
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Lam Tan Hao
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea; Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonggeon Jegal
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Kim
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonyeol Jeon
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea; Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongyeop X Oh
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea; Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Tang S, Lin H, Dong K, Zhang J, Zhao C. Closed-loop recycling and degradation of guaiacol-based epoxy resin and its carbon fiber reinforced composites with S-S exchangeable bonds. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Liu X, Zhao X, An W, Du R, Wu G, Xu S, Zhang F, Wang YZ. Exploiting valuable supramolecular materials from waste plastics. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2993-3001. [PMID: 36222422 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00781a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A new family of supramolecular materials is exploited from waste thermosets via a one-step retrosynthetic approach, which exhibits distinguished adhesion properties in dry/wet environments, good corrosion resistance and dynamic reversibility. This work opens up a wide design space for supramolecular materials with excellent performances and proposes a new strategy for efficient utilization of hybrid degraded products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Liu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Architecture and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xu Zhao
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Architecture and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Wenli An
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Architecture and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Rongcheng Du
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Architecture and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Gang Wu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Architecture and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Shimei Xu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Architecture and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Architecture and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Architecture and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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9
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On-demand and fast recyclable bio-epoxy. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Yu A, Hong Y, Song E, Kim H, Choi I, Goh M. Advanced oxidative chemical recycling of carbon-fiber reinforced plastic using hydroxyl radicals and accelerated by radical initiators. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jeong J, Hong Y, Wook Lee M, Goh M. Synthesis and Enzymatic Recycling of Sugar-based Bio-Polyurethane Foam. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Seok WC, Park JH, Song HJ. Effect of silane acrylate on the surface properties, adhesive performance, and rheological behavior of acrylic pressure sensitive adhesives for flexible displays. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Jeong J, Oh D, Goh M. Synthesis, Antibacterial Activity, and Enzymatic Decomposition of Bio-Polyurethane Foams containing Propolis. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Recovery of Industrial Wastes as Fillers in the Epoxy Thermosets for Building Application. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133490. [PMID: 34201598 PMCID: PMC8269562 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy resins are currently used in many areas of construction, such as resistant coatings, anchors, fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, grouts, etc. This paper deals mainly with epoxy composites that can be applied during the rehabilitation of concrete constructions. The influence of a filler type on epoxy thermoset composites was monitored, whilst three different types of epoxy resin were used in order to achieve a better representation and confirmation of the results. During the testing of fillers, these were mainly secondary raw materials, including pre-treated hazardous waste (neutralisation sludge), representing various shapes and sizes of particle, while their amount in the epoxy matrix was chosen with regard to optimal viscosity and workability. Physical and mechanical parameters, like compressive and flexural strengths, cohesion with the concrete and thermal expansion of the epoxy composites containing various fillers were determined. The microstructure of epoxy composites with a different filler type and chemical resistance against chemical aggressive media were all monitored. The microstructure of epoxy composites was monitored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) supported by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Computed tomography (CT) was also used for the evaluation of the cohesion of the epoxy composites with concrete and dispersion of the filler in the epoxy matrix.
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