Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer photocatalysts: synthesis, applications and future perspective

Advancements and greenification potential of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers for chromatographic analysis of veterinary drug residues in milk

Milk, as a widely consumed nutrient-rich food, is crucial for bone health, growth, and overall nutrition. The persistent application of veterinary drugs for controlling diseases and heightening milk yield has imparted substantial repercussions on human health and environmental ecosystems. Due to the high demand, fresh consumption, complex composition of milk, and the potential adverse impacts of drug residues, advanced greener analytical methods are necessitated. Among them, functional materials-based analytical methods attract wide concerns. The magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs), as a kind of typical functional material, possess excellent greenification characteristics and potencies, and they are easily integrated into various detection technologies, which have offered green approaches toward analytes such as veterinary drugs in milk. Despite their increasing applications and great potential, MMIPs' use in dairy matrices remains underexplored, especially regarding ecological sustainability. This work reviews recent advances in MMIPs' synthesis and application as efficient sorbents for veterinary drug extraction in milk followed by chromatographic analysis. The uniqueness and effectiveness of MMIPs in real milk samples are evaluated, current limitations are addressed, and greenification opportunities are proposed. MMIPs show promise in revolutionizing green analytical procedures for veterinary drug detection, aligning with the environmental goals of modern food production systems.

Occurrence, toxicity, impact and removal of selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): A review

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most frequently used pharmaceuticals for human therapy, pet therapeutics, and veterinary feeds, enabling them to enter into water sources such as wastewater, soil and sediment, and seawater. The control of NSAIDs has led to the advent of the novel materials for treatment techniques. Herein, we review the occurrence, impact and toxicity of NSAIDs against aquatic microorganisms, plants and humans. Typical NSAIDs, e.g., ibuprofen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, naproxen and aspirin were detected at high concentrations in wastewater up to 2,747,000 ng L-1. NSAIDs in water could cause genotoxicity, endocrine disruption, locomotive disorders, body deformations, organs damage, and photosynthetic corruption. Considering treatment methods, among adsorbents for removal of NSAIDs from water, metal-organic frameworks (10.7-638 mg g-1) and advanced porous carbons (7.4-400 mg g-1) were the most robust. Therefore, these carbon-based adsorbents showed promise in efficiency for the treatment of NSAIDs.

Unveiling the Latest Developments in Molecularly Imprinted Photocatalysts: A State-of-the-Art Review

Responding to the growing concerns about environmental pollutants, scientists are increasingly turning to innovative solutions rooted in the field of environmental science. One such promising avenue combines the robustness of traditional photocatalysis with the precision of molecular imprinting, leading to the proposition of molecularly imprinted photocatalysts (MIPCs). These MIPCs hold the potential to specifically target and eliminate environmental pollutants, marking them as a promising tool in modern environmental remediation. As researchers delve deeper into this field, the design and optimization of MIPCs have become hotbeds for scientific inquiry. This comprehensive overview delves into the multifaceted approaches to MIPC design, elucidating on aspects like the selection of appropriate photocatalytic bases, the pivotal role of templates, the choice of monomeric building blocks, and the integration of effective cross-linking agents. However, as with all burgeoning technologies, the development of MIPCs is not without its challenges. These potential impediments to the successful innovation and implementation of MIPCs are also explored.

Recent advances in Metal Organic Framework (MOF)-based hierarchical composites for water treatment by adsorptional photocatalysis: A review

Architecting a desirable and highly efficient nanocomposite for applications like adsorption, catalysis, etc. has always been a challenge. Metal Organic Framework (MOF)-based hierarchical composite has perceived popularity as an advanced adsorbent and catalyst. Hierarchically structured MOF material can be modulated to allow the surface interaction (external or internal) of MOF with the molecules of interest. They are well endowed with tunable functionality, high porosity, and increased surface area epitomizing mass transfer and mechanical stability of the fabricated nanostructure. Additionally, the anticipated optimization of nanocomposite can only be acquired by a thorough understanding of the synthesis techniques. This review starts with a brief introduction to MOF and the requirement for advanced nanocomposites after the setback faced by conventional MOF structures. Further, we discussed the background of MOF-based hierarchical composites followed by synthetic techniques including chemical and thermal treatment. It is important to rationally validate the successful nanocomposite fabrication by characterization techniques, an overview of challenges, and future perspectives associated with MOF-based hierarchically structured nanocomposite.

Construction of magnetically recoverable MnZnFe2O4@Ag3PO4 Z-scheme photocatalyst for rapid visible-light-driven phenol degradation

Visible-light-driven magnetic heterojunction as a promising photocatalysts has received much attention in environmental remediation. In this work, novel Z-scheme heterojunction MnZnFe₂O₄@Ag₃PO₄ (MZFO@APO) magnetic photocatalysts with excellent visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity are successfully constructed and characterized. The photocatalytic activity for phenol degradation is measured, and photodegradation mechanism is investigated with EPR, radical trapping experiments, and LC-MS. It turns out that the heterojunction introduced MZFO exhibits good adsorption effect on visible light and the direct Z-scheme bandgap alignment of MZFO and APO significantly improves charge separation and electron transfer, outperforming that of pure APO. MZFO@APO-40% with 40% APO content shows the rapid photodegradation performance, obtaining a 100% removal efficiency of phenol (25 mg L^-1) after 12-min visible light irradiation, and its kinetic constants are approximately 25.3 and 4.9 times higher than that of P25 TiO₂ and pure APO, respectively. Especially, MZFO@APO-40% also possesses a high magnetic separation property and can be efficiently reused for 5 cycles. Additionally, EPR and radical trapping experiments confirm that h⁺, O₂^-, and ¹O₂ are the main active species in the photocatalytic process. Hydroquinone and small molecular organic acids such as maleic acid and oxalic acid are detected by LC-MS, which further indicates that the pathway of phenol degradation involves hydroxylation, open-ring reactions, and mineralization reactions. The novel addition of MZFO in photocatalyst construction has the potential to promote its application in environmental remediation.

Fabrication of superparamagnetic bovine haemoglobin surface-imprinted core-shell nanocomposite adsorbent via emulsion-free sol-gel polymerization

A new strategy has been developed to fabricate a bovine haemoglobin surface-imprinted core-shell nanocomposite adsorbent, demonstrating superparamagnetism via emulsion-free and sol-gel techniques. The obtained magnetic surface-imprinted polymers (MSIPs) possess a porous core-shell nanocomposite structure with a remarkable imprinted recognition ability for template protein in aqueous medium. The MSIPs display higher affinity, adsorption efficiency and selectivity, for template protein compared to the non-target protein. The morphology, adsorption, and recognition properties of the MSIPs have been evaluated by using several characterisation techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The results show the average diameter of MSIPs ranging between 400 and 600 nm with a saturation magnetization value of 52.6 emu/g and adsorption capacity of 43.75 mg/g_. And because the obtained MSIPs possessed easily accessible recognition sites and performed fast kinetics for template immobilization, it could achieve equilibrium within 60 min. All this revealed the potential application of this approach as an alternative methodology for the generation of protein imprinted biomaterials.

Polymeric membranes functionalized with nanomaterials (MP@NMs): A review of advances in pesticide removal

The excessive contamination of drinking water sources by pesticides has a pernicious impact on human health and the environment since only 0.1% of pesticides is utilized effectively to control the and the rest is deposited in the environment. Filtration by polymeric membranes has become a promising technique to deal with this problem; however, the scientific community, in the need to find better pesticide retention results, has begun to meddle in the functionalization of polymeric membranes. Given the great variety of membrane, polymer, and nanomaterial synthesis methods present in the market, the possibilities of obtaining membranes that adjust to different variables and characteristics related to a certain pesticide are relatively extensive, so it is expected that this technology will represent one of the main pesticide removal strategies in the future. In this direction, this review focused on, - the main characteristics of the nanomaterials and their impact on pristine polymeric membranes; - the removal performance of functionalized membranes; and - the main mechanisms by which membranes can retain pesticides. Based on these insights, the functionalized polymeric membranes can be considered as a promising technology in the removal of pesticides since the removal performance of this technology against pesticide showed a significant increase. Obtaining membranes that adjust to different variables and characteristics related to a certain pesticide are relatively extensive, so it is expected that functionalized membrane technology will represent one of the main pesticide removal strategies in the future.

A Fusion of Molecular Imprinting Technology and Siloxane Chemistry: A Way to Advanced Hybrid Nanomaterials

Molecular imprinting technology is a well-known strategy to synthesize materials with a predetermined specificity. For fifty years, the "classical" approach assumed the creation of "memory sites" in the organic polymer matrix by a template molecule that interacts with the functional monomer prior to the polymerization and template removal. However, the phenomenon of a material's "memory" provided by the "footprint" of the chemical entity was first observed on silica-based materials nearly a century ago. Through the years, molecular imprinting technology has attracted the attention of many scientists. Different forms of molecularly imprinted materials, even on the nanoscale, were elaborated, predominantly using organic polymers to induce the "memory". This field has expanded quickly in recent years, providing versatile tools for the separation or detection of numerous chemical compounds or even macromolecules. In this review, we would like to emphasize the role of the molecular imprinting process in the formation of highly specific siloxane-based nanomaterials. The distinct chemistry of siloxanes provides an opportunity for the facile functionalization of the surfaces of nanomaterials, enabling us to introduce additional properties and providing a way for vast applications such as detectors or separators. It also allows for catalyzing chemical reactions providing microreactors to facilitate organic synthesis. Finally, it determines the properties of siloxanes such as biocompatibility, which opens the way to applications in drug delivery and nanomedicine. Thus, a brief outlook on the chemistry of siloxanes prior to the discussion of the current state of the art of siloxane-based imprinted nanomaterials will be provided. Those aspects will be presented in the context of practical applications in various areas of chemistry and medicine. Finally, a brief outlook of future perspectives for the field will be pointed out.

Factors Affecting the Analytical Performance of Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

During the last few years, separation techniques using molecular imprinting polymers (MIPs) have been developed, making certain improvements using magnetic properties. Compared to MIP, Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) have high selectivity in sample pre-treatment and allow for fast and easy isolation of the target analyte. Its magnetic properties and good extraction performance depend on the MMIP synthesis step, which consists of 4 steps, namely magnetite manufacture, magnetic coating using modified components, polymerization and template desorption. This review discusses the factors that will affect the performance of MMIP as a selective sorbent at each stage. MMIP, using Fe₃O₄ as a magnetite core, showed strong superparamagnetism; it was prepared using the co-precipitation method using FeCl₃·6H₂O and FeCl₂·H₂O to obtain high magnetic properties, using NH₄OH solution added for higher crystallinity. In magnetite synthesis, the use of a higher temperature and reaction time will result in a larger nanoparticle size and high magnetization saturation, while a higher pH value will result in a smaller particle size. In the modification step, the use of high amounts of oleic acid results in smaller nanoparticles; furthermore, determining the correct molar ratio between FeCl₃ and the shielding agent will also result in smaller particles. The next factor is that the proper ratio of functional monomer, cross-linker and solvent will improve printing efficiency. Thus, it will produce MMIP with high selectivity in sample pre-treatment.