1
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Targeting the Inside of Cells with Biologicals: Toxin Routes in a Therapeutic Context. BioDrugs 2023; 37:181-203. [PMID: 36729328 PMCID: PMC9893211 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous toxins translocate to the cytosol in order to fulfil their function. This demonstrates the existence of routes for proteins from the extracellular space to the cytosol. Understanding these routes is relevant to multiple aspects related to therapeutic applications. These include the development of anti-toxin treatments, the potential use of toxins as shuttles for delivering macromolecular cargo to the cytosol or the use of drugs based on toxins. Compared with other strategies for delivery, such as chemicals as carriers for macromolecular delivery or physical methods like electroporation, toxin routes present paths into the cell that potentially cause less damage and can be specifically targeted. The efficiency of delivery via toxin routes is limited. However, low-delivery efficiencies can be entirely sufficient, if delivered cargoes possess an amplification effect or if very few molecules are sufficient for inducing the desired effects. This is known for example from RNA-based vaccines that have been developed during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic as well as for other approved RNA-based drugs, which elicited the desired effect despite their typically low delivery efficiencies. The different mechanisms by which toxins enter cells may have implications for their technological utility. We review the mechanistic principles of the translocation pathway of toxins from the extracellular space to the cytosol, the delivery efficiencies, and therapeutic strategies or applications that exploit toxin routes for intracellular delivery.
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2
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Darwish M, Shatz W, Leonard B, Loyet K, Barrett K, Wong JL, Li H, Abraham R, Lin M, Franke Y, Tam C, Mortara K, Zilberleyb I, Blanchette C. Nanolipoprotein Particles as a Delivery Platform for Fab Based Therapeutics. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1995-2007. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Darwish
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Whitney Shatz
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Brandon Leonard
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Kelly Loyet
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Kathy Barrett
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Janice L. Wong
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Hong Li
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Ryan Abraham
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - May Lin
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Yvonne Franke
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Christine Tam
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Kyle Mortara
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Inna Zilberleyb
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
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3
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Xu J, Li X, Jiang B, Feng X, Wu J, Cai Y, Zhang X, Huang X, Sealy JE, Iqbal M, Li Y. Antiviral Immunotoxin Against Bovine herpesvirus-1: Targeted Inhibition of Viral Replication and Apoptosis of Infected Cell. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:653. [PMID: 29670605 PMCID: PMC5893756 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is a highly contagious viral pathogen which causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in cattle worldwide. Currently, there is no antiviral prophylactic treatment available capable of mitigating the disease impact and facilitating recovery from latent infection. In this study, we have engineered a novel recombinant anti-BoHV-1 immunotoxin construct termed "BoScFv-PE38" that consists of a single-chain monoclonal antibody fragment (scFv) fused with an active domain of Pseudomonas exotoxin A as a toxic effector (PE38). The recombinant BoScFv-PE38 immunotoxin expressed in a prokaryotic expression system has specific binding affinity for BoHV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 12.81 nM and for BoHV-1 virus particles with a Kd value of 97.63 nM. We demonstrate that the recombinant BoScFv-PE38 is internalized into MDBK cell compartments that inhibit BoHV-1 replication with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 4.95 ± 0.33 nM and a selective index (SI) of 456 ± 31. Furthermore, the BoScFv-PE38 exerted a cytotoxic effect through the induction of ATP and ammonia, leading to apoptosis of BoHV-1-infected cells and the inhibition of BoHV-1 replication in MDBK cells. Collectively, we show that BoScFv-PE38 can potentially be employed as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of BoHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Beijing, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Beijing, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Beijing, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Feng
- Beijing Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Beijing, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yunhong Cai
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Beijing, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Beijing, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiufen Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Beijing, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Munir Iqbal
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Yongqing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Beijing, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Gilmore SF, Blanchette CD, Scharadin TM, Hura GL, Rasley A, Corzett M, Pan CX, Fischer NO, Henderson PT. Lipid Cross-Linking of Nanolipoprotein Particles Substantially Enhances Serum Stability and Cellular Uptake. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:20549-20557. [PMID: 27411034 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanolipoprotein particles (NLPs) consist of a discoidal phospholipid lipid bilayer confined by an apolipoprotein belt. NLPs are a promising platform for a variety of biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, size, definable composition, and amphipathic characteristics. However, poor serum stability hampers the use of NLPs for in vivo applications such as drug formulation. In this study, NLP stability was enhanced upon the incorporation and subsequent UV-mediated intermolecular cross-linking of photoactive DiynePC phospholipids in the lipid bilayer, forming cross-linked nanoparticles (X-NLPs). Both the concentration of DiynePC in the bilayer and UV exposure time significantly affected the resulting X-NLP stability in 100% serum, as assessed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of fluorescently labeled particles. Cross-linking did not significantly impact the size of X-NLPs as determined by dynamic light scattering and SEC. X-NLPs had essentially no degradation over 48 h in 100% serum, which is a drastic improvement compared to non-cross-linked NLPs (50% degradation by ∼10 min). X-NLPs had greater uptake into the human ATCC 5637 bladder cancer cell line compared to non-cross-linked particles, indicating their potential utility for targeted drug delivery. X-NLPs also exhibited enhanced stability following intravenous administration in mice. These results collectively support the potential utility of X-NLPs for a variety of in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean F Gilmore
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Craig D Blanchette
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Tiffany M Scharadin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California-Davis (UC Davis) and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center , 4501 X Street, Room 3016, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Greg L Hura
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Amy Rasley
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Michele Corzett
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Chong-Xian Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California-Davis (UC Davis) and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center , 4501 X Street, Room 3016, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Nicholas O Fischer
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Paul T Henderson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California-Davis (UC Davis) and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center , 4501 X Street, Room 3016, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
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5
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Spiess K, Jakobsen MH, Kledal TN, Rosenkilde MM. The future of antiviral immunotoxins. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 99:911-25. [PMID: 26729815 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2mr1015-468r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a constant need for new therapeutic interventions in a wide range of infectious diseases. Over the past few years, the immunotoxins have entered the stage as promising antiviral treatments. Immunotoxins have been extensively explored in cancer treatment and have achieved FDA approval in several cases. Indeed, the design of new anticancer immunotoxins is a rapidly developing field. However, at present, several immunotoxins have been developed targeting a variety of different viruses with high specificity and efficacy. Rather than blocking a viral or cellular pathway needed for virus replication and dissemination, immunotoxins exert their effect by killing and eradicating the pool of infected cells. By targeting a virus-encoded target molecule, it is possible to obtain superior selectivity and drastically limit the side effects, which is an immunotoxin-related challenge that has hindered the success of immunotoxins in cancer treatment. Therefore, it seems beneficial to use immunotoxins for the treatment of virus infections. One recent example showed that targeting of virus-encoded 7 transmembrane (7TM) receptors by immunotoxins could be a future strategy for designing ultraspecific antiviral treatment, ensuring efficient internalization and hence efficient eradication of the pool of infected cells, both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms of action of immunotoxins and highlight the advantages of immunotoxins as future anti-viral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Spiess
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Mette Høy Jakobsen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Thomas N Kledal
- Section for Virology, Veterinary Institute, The Danish Technical University, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and
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6
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Rupprecht CE, Kuzmin IV. Why we can prevent, control and possibly treat – but will not eradicate – rabies. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Rabies is an acute, progressive viral encephalitis. Despite historical recognition, millions still remain exposed annually. Most fatalities are of children, although this zoonosis is a vaccine-preventable disease. All developed countries interrupted canine transmission and increasingly, Asian and African communities recognize what Latin Americans demonstrated – dog rabies can be eliminated – by mass application of veterinary vaccines. Realistically, rabies is not a candidate for eradication. Management is lacking for major reservoirs, such as bats. Increasing pre-exposure immunization of individuals at risk, simplification of postexposure schedules, enhancing vaccine delivery by alternative routes, development of less expensive biologics and antiviral drugs, may lessen its impact if applied strategically in a One Health context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan V Kuzmin
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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7
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Geoghegan EM, Zhang H, Desai PJ, Biragyn A, Markham RB. Antiviral activity of a single-domain antibody immunotoxin binding to glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus 2. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:527-35. [PMID: 25385102 PMCID: PMC4291438 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03818-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite years of research dedicated to preventing the sexual transmission of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), there is still no protective vaccine or microbicide against one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the world. Using a phage display library constructed from a llama immunized with recombinant HSV-2 glycoprotein D, we identified a single-domain antibody VHH, R33, which binds to the viral surface glycoprotein D. Although R33 does not demonstrate any HSV-2 neutralization activity in vitro, when expressed with the cytotoxic domain of exotoxin A, the resulting immunotoxin (R33ExoA) specifically and potently kills HSV-2-infected cells, with a 50% neutralizing dilution (IC50) of 6.7 nM. We propose that R33ExoA could be used clinically to prevent transmission of HSV-2 through killing of virus-producing epithelial cells during virus reactivation. R33 could also potentially be used to deliver other cytotoxic effectors to HSV-2-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M Geoghegan
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Prashant J Desai
- Viral Oncology Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard B Markham
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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8
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Liang HR, Hu GQ, Li L, Gao YW, Yang ST, Xia XZ. Aptamers targeting rabies virus-infected cells inhibit street rabies virus in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:432-8. [PMID: 24735817 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a viral infection of the CNS that is almost always fatal once symptoms occur. No effective treatment of the disease is available and novel antiviral strategies are urgently required. Street rabies viruses are field isolates known to be highly neurotropic. Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides that bind their targets with high affinity and specificity and thus have potential for use in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this study, we demonstrate that the aptamers FO24 and FO21, which target RABV-infected cells, can significantly protect mice from a lethal dose of the street rabies virus FJ strain in vivo. Groups receiving preexposure prophylaxis had higher survival rates than the groups receiving postexposure prophylaxis. When mice were inoculated with aptamers (4 nmol) for 24h by intracranial or intramuscular injection prior to intramuscular inoculation with the FJ strain, approximately 60% of the mice survived. These results indicate that the FO21 and FO24 aptamers may be used to develop preventative antiviral therapy against rabies disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ru Liang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Gui-Qiu Hu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yu-Wei Gao
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Song-Tao Yang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xian-Zhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130062, China.
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9
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Fischer NO, Weilhammer DR, Dunkle A, Thomas C, Hwang M, Corzett M, Lychak C, Mayer W, Urbin S, Collette N, Chiun Chang J, Loots GG, Rasley A, Blanchette CD. Evaluation of nanolipoprotein particles (NLPs) as an in vivo delivery platform. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93342. [PMID: 24675794 PMCID: PMC3968139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles hold great promise for the delivery of therapeutics, yet limitations remain with regards to the use of these nanosystems for efficient long-lasting targeted delivery of therapeutics, including imparting functionality to the platform, in vivo stability, drug entrapment efficiency and toxicity. To begin to address these limitations, we evaluated the functionality, stability, cytotoxicity, toxicity, immunogenicity and in vivo biodistribution of nanolipoprotein particles (NLPs), which are mimetics of naturally occurring high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). We found that a wide range of molecules could be reliably conjugated to the NLP, including proteins, single-stranded DNA, and small molecules. The NLP was also found to be relatively stable in complex biological fluids and displayed no cytotoxicity in vitro at doses as high as 320 µg/ml. In addition, we observed that in vivo administration of the NLP daily for 14 consecutive days did not induce significant weight loss or result in lesions on excised organs. Furthermore, the NLPs did not display overt immunogenicity with respect to antibody generation. Finally, the biodistribution of the NLP in vivo was found to be highly dependent on the route of administration, where intranasal administration resulted in prolonged retention in the lung tissue. Although only a select number of NLP compositions were evaluated, the findings of this study suggest that the NLP platform holds promise for use as both a targeted and non-targeted in vivo delivery vehicle for a range of therapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Apolipoprotein E4/chemistry
- Apolipoprotein E4/genetics
- Apolipoprotein E4/metabolism
- Biomimetic Materials/chemical synthesis
- Biomimetic Materials/pharmacokinetics
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- DNA, Single-Stranded/metabolism
- Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/chemistry
- Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/metabolism
- Drug Carriers
- Drug Stability
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Female
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Lipoproteins, HDL/chemical synthesis
- Lipoproteins, HDL/pharmacokinetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Nanoparticles/toxicity
- Particle Size
- Phosphatidylcholines/chemistry
- Phosphatidylcholines/metabolism
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins/chemistry
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins/genetics
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O. Fischer
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Dina R. Weilhammer
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Alexis Dunkle
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Thomas
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Mona Hwang
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Michele Corzett
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Cheri Lychak
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Wasima Mayer
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Salustra Urbin
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole Collette
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Jiun Chiun Chang
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriela G. Loots
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Amy Rasley
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AR); (CB)
| | - Craig D. Blanchette
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AR); (CB)
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10
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Liang HR, Hu GQ, Zhang T, Yang YJ, Zhao LL, Qi YL, Wang HL, Gao YW, Yang ST, Xia XZ. Isolation of ssDNA aptamers that inhibit rabies virus. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:341-7. [PMID: 22771543 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers, functional nucleic acids, capable of binding a variety of molecular targets with high affinity and specificity, have emerged as promising therapeutic agents. In this study, the cell surface-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (Cell-SELEX) strategy was used to generate DNA aptamers which targeted to the intact rabies virus-infected live cells. Through 35 iterative rounds of selection, five high-affinity single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamers were generated by cell-SELEX. Virus titer assay and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) assay revealed that all five aptamers could inhibit replication of rabies virus (RABV) in cultured baby hamster kidney (BHK)-21 cells; and T14 and F34 aptamers were most effective. The qRT-PCR also showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect in BHK-21 cells. Collectively, these data show the feasibility of generating functionally effective aptamers against rabies virus-infected cells by the Cell-SELEX iterative procedure. These aptamers may prove clinically useful as therapeutic molecules with specific antiviral potential against RABV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ru Liang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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11
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Chatterjee D, Chandran B, Berger EA. Selective killing of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytically infected cells with a recombinant immunotoxin targeting the viral gpK8.1A envelope glycoprotein. MAbs 2012; 4:233-42. [PMID: 22377676 PMCID: PMC3361659 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.4.2.19262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, human herpesvirus 8) is etiologically associated with three neoplastic syndromes: Kaposi sarcoma and the uncommon HIV-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman disease. The incidence of the latter B-cell pathology has been increasing in spite of antiretroviral therapy; its association with lytic virus replication has prompted interest in therapeutic strategies aimed at this phase of the virus life cycle. We designed and expressed a recombinant immunotoxin (2014-PE38) targeting the gpK8.1A viral glycoprotein expressed on the surface of the virion and infected cells. We show that this immunotoxin selectively kills KSHV-infected cells in dose-dependent fashion, resulting in major reductions of infectious virus release. The immunotoxin and ganciclovir, an inhibitor of viral DNA replication, showed marked reciprocal potentiation of antiviral activities. These results suggest that the immunotoxin, alone or in combination, may represent a new approach to treat diseases associated with KSHV lytic replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deboeeta Chatterjee
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Bala Chandran
- Departiment of Microbiology and Immunology; Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Edward A Berger
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
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