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Wu R, Ma F, Tosevska A, Farrell C, Pellegrini M, Deb A. Cardiac fibroblast proliferation rates and collagen expression mature early and are unaltered with advancing age. JCI Insight 2020; 5:140628. [PMID: 33180747 PMCID: PMC7819745 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a pathophysiologic hallmark of the aging heart, but little is known about how fibroblast proliferation and transcriptional programs change throughout the life span of the organism. Using EdU pulse labeling, we demonstrated that more than 50% of cardiac fibroblasts were actively proliferating in the first day of postnatal life. However, by 4 weeks, only 10% of cardiac fibroblasts were proliferating. By early adulthood, the fraction of proliferating cardiac fibroblasts further decreased to approximately 2%, where it remained throughout the rest of the organism's life. We observed that maximal changes in cardiac fibroblast transcriptional programs and, in particular, collagen and ECM gene expression both in the heart and cardiac fibroblast were maximal in the newly born and juvenile animal and decreased with organismal aging. Examination of DNA methylation changes both in the heart and in cardiac fibroblasts did not demonstrate significant changes in differentially methylated regions between young and old mice. Our observations demonstrate that cardiac fibroblasts attain a stable proliferation rate and transcriptional program early in the life span of the organism and suggest that phenotypic changes in the aging heart are not directly attributable to changes in proliferation rate or altered collagen expression in cardiac fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimao Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine
- UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
- Molecular Biology Institute
- California NanoSystems Institute, and
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
- Molecular Biology Institute
| | - Anela Tosevska
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences
- Molecular Biology Institute
| | - Colin Farrell
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
- Molecular Biology Institute
| | - Arjun Deb
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine
- UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
- Molecular Biology Institute
- California NanoSystems Institute, and
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2
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Kitamura T, Kato Y, Brownlie D, Soong DYH, Sugano G, Kippen N, Li J, Doughty-Shenton D, Carragher N, Pollard JW. Mammary Tumor Cells with High Metastatic Potential Are Hypersensitive to Macrophage-Derived HGF. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:2052-2064. [PMID: 31615815 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis-associated macrophages (MAM) promote persistent growth of breast cancer cells at the metastatic site and are, thus, an attractive therapeutic target to treat breast cancer metastasis, a leading cause of cancer-related death in women. However, the precise mechanisms behind MAM-mediated metastatic tumor outgrowth have not been fully elucidated. Using mouse models of metastatic breast cancer, we showed that MAMs uniquely expressed hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in metastatic tumors. We also demonstrated that a selected population of cancer cells with high metastatic potential (cancer cells that can establish metastatic tumors in mice with higher number and incidence than parental cells) had higher expression of HGF receptor, MNNG HOS transforming gene (MET), and were more responsive to HGF released from macrophages compared with the parental cells. Blockade of MET signaling in cancer cells suppressed metastatic tumor expansion, in part, through activation of natural killer cells. Results from this study suggest an approach to prevent life-threatening metastatic tumor formation using blockade of MAM-induced MET signal activation in metastatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kitamura
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. .,MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Kato
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Demi Brownlie
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Y H Soong
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gaël Sugano
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolle Kippen
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jiufeng Li
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Dahlia Doughty-Shenton
- Edinburgh Phenotypic Assay Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Carragher
- Edinburgh Phenotypic Assay Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey W Pollard
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. .,Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Covarrubias R, Ismahil MA, Rokosh G, Hamid T, Accornero F, Singh H, Gumina RJ, Prabhu SD, Bansal SS. Optimized protocols for isolation, fixation, and flow cytometric characterization of leukocytes in ischemic hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H658-H666. [PMID: 31373510 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00137.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Immune activation post-myocardial infarction is an orchestrated sequence of cellular responses to effect tissue repair and healing. However, excessive and dysregulated inflammation can result in left ventricular remodeling and pathological alterations in the structural and mechanical attributes of the heart. Identification of key pathways and critical cellular mediators of inflammation is thus essential to design immunomodulatory therapies for myocardial infarction and ischemic heart failure. Despite this, the experimental approaches to isolate mononuclear cells from the heart are diverse, and detailed protocols to enable maximum yield of live cells in the shortest time possible are not readily available. Here, we describe optimized protocols for the isolation, fixation, and flow cytometric characterization of cardiac CD45+ leukocytes. These protocols circumvent time-consuming coronary perfusion and density-mediated cell-separation steps, resulting in high cellular yields from cardiac digests devoid of contaminating intravascular cells. Moreover, in contrast to methanol and acetone, we show that cell fixation using 1% paraformaldehyde is most optimal as it does not affect antibody binding or cellular morphology, thereby providing a considerable advantage to study activation/infiltration-associated changes in cellular granularity and size. These are highly versatile methods that can easily be streamlined for studies requiring simultaneous isolation of immune cells from different tissues or deployment in studies containing a large cohort of samples with time-sensitive constraints.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this article, we describe optimized protocols for the isolation, fixation, and flow cytometric analysis of immune cells from the ischemic/nonischemic hearts. These protocols are optimized to process several samples/tissues, simultaneously enabling maximal yield of immune cells in the shortest time possible. We show that the low-speed centrifugation can be used as an effective alternative to lengthy coronary perfusion to remove intravascular cells, and sieving through 40-μm filter can replace density-mediated mononuclear cell separation which usually results in 50-70% cell loss in the sedimented pellets. We also show that cell fixation using 1% paraformaldehyde is better than the organic solvents such as methanol and acetone for flow cytometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Covarrubias
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.,The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mohamed Ameen Ismahil
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease and Comprehensive Cardiovascular Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Gregg Rokosh
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease and Comprehensive Cardiovascular Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Tariq Hamid
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease and Comprehensive Cardiovascular Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Federica Accornero
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.,The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.,The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Richard J Gumina
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.,The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sumanth D Prabhu
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease and Comprehensive Cardiovascular Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Medical Service, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shyam S Bansal
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.,The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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Tuero I, Robert-Guroff M. Challenges in mucosal HIV vaccine development: lessons from non-human primate models. Viruses 2014; 6:3129-58. [PMID: 25196380 PMCID: PMC4147690 DOI: 10.3390/v6083129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficacious HIV vaccine is urgently needed to curb the AIDS pandemic. The modest protection elicited in the phase III clinical vaccine trial in Thailand provided hope that this goal might be achieved. However, new approaches are necessary for further advances. As HIV is transmitted primarily across mucosal surfaces, development of immunity at these sites is critical, but few clinical vaccine trials have targeted these sites or assessed vaccine-elicited mucosal immune responses. Pre-clinical studies in non-human primate models have facilitated progress in mucosal vaccine development by evaluating candidate vaccine approaches, developing methodologies for collecting and assessing mucosal samples, and providing clues to immune correlates of protective immunity for further investigation. In this review we have focused on non-human primate studies which have provided important information for future design of vaccine strategies, targeting of mucosal inductive sites, and assessment of mucosal immunity. Knowledge gained in these studies will inform mucosal vaccine design and evaluation in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskra Tuero
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Li H, Gillis J, Johnson RP, Reeves RK. Multi-functional plasmacytoid dendritic cells redistribute to gut tissues during simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Immunology 2013; 140:244-9. [PMID: 23746074 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the systemic effects of chronic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). pDCs play a critical role in antiviral immunity, but current data are conflicting on whether pDCs inhibit HIV/SIV replication, or, alternatively, contribute to chronic immune activation and disease. Furthermore, previous pDC studies have been complicated by incomplete descriptions of generalized depletion during HIV/SIV infection, and the effects of infection on pDCs outside peripheral blood remain unclear. In scheduled-sacrifice studies of naive and chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques we evaluated the distribution and functionality of pDCs in multiple tissues using surface and intracellular polychromatic flow cytometry. As previously observed, pDCs were reduced in peripheral blood and spleens, but were also depleted in non-lymphoid organs such as the liver. Interestingly, pDCs accumulated up to fourfold in jejunum, colon and gut-draining lymph nodes, but not in peripheral lymph nodes. Most unexpectedly, SIV infection induced a multi-functional interferon-α, tumour necrosis factor-α, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β cytokine secretion phenotype, whereas in normal animals these were generally distinct and separate functions. Herein we show a systemic redistribution of pDCs to gut tissues and gut-draining lymph nodes during chronic SIV infection, coupled to a novel multi-functional cytokine-producing phenotype. While pDC accumulation in the mucosa could aid in virus control, over-production of cytokines from these cells could also contribute to the increased immune activation in the gut mucosa commonly associated with progressive lentivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Li
- Division of Immunology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA, USA
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Relationships between IL-17(+) subsets, Tregs and pDCs that distinguish among SIV infected elite controllers, low, medium and high viral load rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61264. [PMID: 23620737 PMCID: PMC3631185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive studies of the frequencies and absolute numbers of the various cell lineages that synthesize IL-17 in the blood and corresponding gastrointestinal (GI) tissues, their correlation with CD4(+) Tregs, CD8(+) Tregs, total and IFN-α synthesizing plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) relative to plasma viral load in SIV infection has been lacking. The unique availability of SIV infected rhesus macaques (RM) classified as Elite Controllers (EC), and those with Low, Intermediate and High Viral Loads (HVL) provided a unique opportunity to address this issue. Results of these studies showed that EC demonstrated a remarkable ability to reverse changes that are induced acutely by SIV in the various cell lineages. Highlights of the differences between EC and HVL RM within Gastro-intestinal tissues (GIT) was the maintenance and/or increases in the levels of IL-17 synthesizing CD4, CD8, and NK cells and pDCs associated with slight decreases in the levels of CD4(+) Tregs and IFN-α synthesizing pDCs in EC as compared with decreases in the levels of IL-17 synthesizing CD4, CD8 and NK cells associated with increases in pDCs and IFN-α synthesizing pDCs in HVL monkeys. A previously underappreciated role for CD8(+) Tregs was also noted with a moderate increase in ECs but further increases of CD8(+) Tregs with increasing VL in viremic monkeys. Positive correlations between plasma VL and decreases in the levels of Th17, Tc17, NK-17, CD4(+) Tregs and increases in the levels of CD8(+) Tregs, total and IFN-α synthesizing pDCs were also noted. This study also identified 2 additional IL-17(+) subsets in GIT as CD3(-/)CD8(+)/NKG2a(-) and CD3(+)/CD8(+)/NKG2a(+) subsets. Studies also suggest a limited role for IFN-α synthesizing pDCs in chronic immune activation despite persistent up-regulation of ISGs. Finally, elevated persistent innate immune responses appear associated with poor prognosis. These findings provide an initial foundation for markers important to follow for vaccine design.
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Reeves RK, Evans TI, Gillis J, Wong FE, Kang G, Li Q, Johnson RP. SIV infection induces accumulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the gut mucosa. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:1462-8. [PMID: 22711907 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies suggest that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are depleted and dysfunctional during human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) infection, but little is known about pDCs in the gut-the primary site of virus replication. Here, we show that during SIV infection, pDCs were reduced 3--fold in the circulation and significantly upregulated the gut-homing marker α4β7, but were increased 4-fold in rectal biopsies of infected compared to naive macaques. These data revise the understanding of pDC immunobiology during SIV infection, indicating that pDCs are not necessarily depleted, but instead may traffic to and accumulate in the gut mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Keith Reeves
- Division of Immunology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA, USA
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