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Borgia F, Custurone P, Li Pomi F, Vaccaro M, Alessandrello C, Gangemi S. IL-33 and IL-37: A Possible Axis in Skin and Allergic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010372. [PMID: 36613827 PMCID: PMC9820694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-37 and IL-33 are among the latest cytokines identified, playing a role in several inflammatory conditions, spanning from systemic conditions to tumors to localized diseases. As newly discovered interleukins, their role is still scarcely understood, but their potential role as therapeutic targets or disease activity markers suggests the need to reorganize the current data for a better interpretation. The aim of this review is to collect and organize data produced by several studies to create a complete picture. The research was conducted on the PubMed database, and the resulting articles were sorted by title, abstract, English language, and content. Several studies have been assessed, mostly related to atopic dermatitis and immunologic pathways. Collective data demonstrates a pro-inflammatory role of IL-33 and an anti-inflammatory one for IL-37, possibly related to each other in an IL-33/IL-37 axis. Although further studies are needed to assess the safety and plausibility of targeting these two interleukins for patients affected by skin conditions, the early results indicate that both IL-33 and IL-37 represent markers of disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Borgia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Paolo Custurone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Li Pomi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Mario Vaccaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Clara Alessandrello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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2
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Mermoud L, Shutova M, Diaz‐Barreiro A, Talabot‐Ayer D, Drukala J, Wolnicki M, Kaya G, Boehncke W, Palmer G, Borowczyk J. IL-38 orchestrates proliferation and differentiation in human keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1699-1711. [PMID: 35833307 PMCID: PMC9796879 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-38 is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family with reported anti-inflammatory activity. The highest constitutive IL-38 expression is detected in the skin, where it is mainly produced by differentiating keratinocytes. However, little data are available regarding its biological functions. In this study, we investigated the role of IL-38 in skin physiology. We demonstrate here that dermal fibroblasts and epithelial cells of skin appendages, such as eccrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands, also express IL-38. Next, using two- and three-dimensional cell cultures, we show that endogenous expression of IL-38 correlates with keratinocyte differentiation and its ectopic overexpression inhibits keratinocyte proliferation and enhances differentiation. Accordingly, immunohistochemical analysis revealed downregulation of IL-38 in skin pathologies characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation, such as psoriasis and basal or squamous cell carcinoma. Finally, intracellular IL-38 can shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and its overexpression modulates the activity of the transcription regulators YAP and ID1. Our results indicate that IL-38 can act independently from immune system activation and suggest that it may affect the epidermis directly by decreasing proliferation and promoting differentiation of keratinocytes. These data suggest an important role of keratinocyte-derived IL-38 in skin homeostasis and pathologies characterized by epidermal alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Mermoud
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Maria Shutova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Alejandro Diaz‐Barreiro
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Dominique Talabot‐Ayer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Justyna Drukala
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and BiotechnologyJagiellonian UniversityCracowPoland
| | - Michal Wolnicki
- Department of Pediatric UrologyJagiellonian University Medical CollegeCracowPoland
| | - Gürkan Kaya
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland,Division of Clinical PathologyUniversity Hospital of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Wolf‐Henning Boehncke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland,Division of Dermatology and VenereologyUniversity HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Gaby Palmer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Julia Borowczyk
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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3
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Bujotzek A, Tiefenthaler G, Lariviere L, D'Andrea L, Marquez EA, Rudloff I, Cho SX, Deen NS, Richter W, Regenass-Lechner F, Poehler A, Whisstock JC, Sydow-Andersen J, Reiser X, Schuster S, Neubauer J, Hoepfl S, Richter K, Nold MF, Nold-Petry CA, Schumacher F, Ellisdon AM. Protein engineering of a stable and potent anti-inflammatory IL-37-Fc fusion with enhanced therapeutic potential. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 29:586-596.e4. [PMID: 34699747 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing the immunomodulatory activity of cytokines is a focus of therapies targeting inflammatory disease. The interleukin (IL)-1 superfamily contains pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory members that help orchestrate the immune response in adaptive and innate immunity. Of these molecules, IL-37 has robust anti-inflammatory activity across a range of disease models through inhibition of pro-inflammatory signaling cascades downstream of tumor necrosis factor, IL-1, and toll-like receptor pathways. We find that IL-37 is unstable with a poor pharmacokinetic and manufacturing profile. Here, we present the engineering of IL-37 from an unstable cytokine into an anti-inflammatory molecule with an excellent therapeutic likeness. We overcame these shortcomings through site-directed mutagenesis, the addition of a non-native disulfide bond, and the engineering of IL-37 as an Fc-fusion protein. Our results provide a platform for preclinical testing of IL-37 Fc-fusion proteins. The engineering approaches undertaken herein will apply to the conversion of similar potent yet short-acting cytokines into therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bujotzek
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Georg Tiefenthaler
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Laurent Lariviere
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Laura D'Andrea
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Elsa A Marquez
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ina Rudloff
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Steven X Cho
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Nadia S Deen
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Richter
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexander Poehler
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - James C Whisstock
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jasmin Sydow-Andersen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Xaver Reiser
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Schuster
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jeannette Neubauer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hoepfl
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Richter
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel F Nold
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Claudia A Nold-Petry
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Felix Schumacher
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew M Ellisdon
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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4
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Wu P, Zhou J, Wu Y, Zhao L. The emerging role of Interleukin 37 in bone homeostasis and inflammatory bone diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107803. [PMID: 34091255 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 37 (IL-37) is a newly identified cytokine that belongs to the IL-1 family. Unlike other members of the IL-1 family, it has been demonstrated that IL-37 possesses anti-inflammatory characteristics in both innate and acquired immune responses. Recently, significant progress has been made in understanding the role of IL-37 in inflammatory signaling pathways. Meanwhile, IL-37 has also attracted more and more attention in bone homeostasis and inflammatory bone diseases. The latest studies have revealed that IL-37 palys an essential role in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. The levels of IL-37 are abnormal in patients with inflammatory bone diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and periodontitis. In addition, in vivo studies have further confirmed that recombinant IL-37 treatment displayed therapeutic potential in these diseases. The present review article aims to provide an overview describing the biological functions of IL-37 in bone homeostasis and inflammatory bone diseases, thus shedding new light on a novel therapeutic strategy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyao Wu
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jieyu Zhou
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yafei Wu
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Cavalli G, Tengesdal IW, Gresnigt M, Nemkov T, Arts RJW, Domínguez-Andrés J, Molteni R, Stefanoni D, Cantoni E, Cassina L, Giugliano S, Schraa K, Mills TS, Pietras EM, Eisenmensser EZ, Dagna L, Boletta A, D'Alessandro A, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Dinarello CA. The anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-37 is an inhibitor of trained immunity. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108955. [PMID: 33826894 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trained immunity (TI) is a de facto innate immune memory program induced in monocytes/macrophages by exposure to pathogens or vaccines, which evolved as protection against infections. TI is characterized by immunometabolic changes and histone post-translational modifications, which enhance production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. As aberrant activation of TI is implicated in inflammatory diseases, tight regulation is critical; however, the mechanisms responsible for this modulation remain elusive. Interleukin-37 (IL-37) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that curbs inflammation and modulates metabolic pathways. In this study, we show that administration of recombinant IL-37 abrogates the protective effects of TI in vivo, as revealed by reduced host pro-inflammatory responses and survival to disseminated candidiasis. Mechanistically, IL-37 reverses the immunometabolic changes and histone post-translational modifications characteristic of TI in monocytes, thus suppressing cytokine production in response to infection. IL-37 thereby emerges as an inhibitor of TI and as a potential therapeutic target in immune-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Cavalli
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Isak W Tengesdal
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mark Gresnigt
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rob J W Arts
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Raffaella Molteni
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Cassina
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Giugliano
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology and Microbiota, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Kiki Schraa
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Taylor S Mills
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Eric M Pietras
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Elan Z Eisenmensser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lorenzo Dagna
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Boletta
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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6
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Sata E, Takada L, Kaetsu R, Fukasawa M, Ohtsu M, Motoyoshi M, Asano M. A new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system against the N-terminal propiece of interleukin-1α. J Oral Sci 2020; 62:340-343. [PMID: 32493867 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.19-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) is produced inside cells in its precursor form (pIL-1α). Enzymatic cleavage yields mature (mIL-1α) and the propiece of IL-1α (ppIL-1α), which are thought to be localized in the nucleus, because of the presence of nuclear localizing signals. Studies of ppIL-1α function have been hampered by the lack of a ppIL-1α-specific antibody (Ab). In the present study, the authors generated anti-ppIL-1α Ab by using recombinant histidine-tagged ppIL-1α (His-ppIL-1α) as an immunogen. Rabbits were immunized with His-ppIL-1α, and affinity-purified Ab was obtained. Ab reactivity and specificity were examined by Western blotting. The antibody successfully recognized transfectant-derived green fluorescence protein (GFP)-tagged ppIL-1α but not GFP. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system established by biotinylating the anti-ppIL-1α Ab successfully detected GFP-ppIL-1α. The Ab and ELISA system allows functional analysis of ppIL-1α and improves understanding of ppIL-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Sata
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Division of Oral Structural and Functional Biology, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Leo Takada
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Division of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Ryo Kaetsu
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Division of Oral Structural and Functional Biology, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Mai Fukasawa
- Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Mariko Ohtsu
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Mitsuru Motoyoshi
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Division of Clinical Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Masatake Asano
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry
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7
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Pan Y, Wen X, Hao D, Wang Y, Wang L, He G, Jiang X. The role of IL-37 in skin and connective tissue diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 122:109705. [PMID: 31918276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-37 was discovered as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine of the IL-1 family. Significant advancements in the understanding of signaling pathways associated with IL-37 have been made in recent years. IL-37 binds to IL-18R and recruits IL-1R8 to form the IL-37/IL-1R8/IL-18Rα complex. Capase-1 plays a key role in the nuclear transduction of IL-37 signal, processing precursor IL-37 into the mature isoform, and interacting with Smad3. IL-37 exerts its role by activating anti-inflammation pathways including AMPK, PTEN, Mer, STAT3 and p62, and promoting tolerogenic dendritic cells and Tregs. In addition, IL-37 inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, IL-23, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, and suppresses Fyn, MAPK, TAK1, NFκB, and mTOR signaling. The final effects of IL-37 depend on the interaction among IL-18R, IL-1R8, IL-37 and IL-18BP. Previous studies have deciphered the role of IL-37 in the development and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, chronic infections and cancer. In this review, we discuss the role of IL-37 in psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, Behcet's diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus, and other skin and connective tissue diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xiang Wen
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Dan Hao
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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8
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Huang Z, Xie L, Li H, Liu X, Bellanti JA, Zheng SG, Su W. Insight into interleukin-37: The potential therapeutic target in allergic diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 49:32-41. [PMID: 31672283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are ubiquitous diseases with detrimental effects on the quality of life of people worldwide. Common allergic diseases include asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR) and allergic dermatitis (AD). Recently, studies have shown that interleukin (IL)-37, a novel cytokine in the IL-1 family, exhibits broad protective properties in various diseases, such as autoimmune diseases and cancer. IL-37 displays its anti-inflammatory effect on diseases by curbing innate and acquired immunity as well as inflammatory reactions. IL-37 functions by forming a complex with IL-18Rα and IL-1R8 extracellularly and can be translocated to the nucleus upon forming a complex with mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (Smad3) intracellularly, thereby affecting gene transcription and signaling pathway activation. In addition, increasing evidence confirms that IL-37 expression is aberrant in asthma, AR and AD, which indicates that IL-37 may also play essential roles in allergic diseases. Furthermore, accumulating data obtained from recombinant IL-37 (rIL-37)-treated mice and from IL-37 transgenic (IL-37tg) mice suggest a protective role for IL-37. This review will detail the role of IL-37 in the occurrence and development of allergic diseases and discuss the potential of IL-37 as a therapeutic target in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Joseph A Bellanti
- International Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of Immunology (ICISI), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus 43210, OH, United States.
| | - Wenru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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9
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The Essential Role of Ca 2+ Signals in UVB-Induced IL-1β Secretion in Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:1362-1372. [PMID: 30578820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UVB-induced skin damage is attributable to reactive oxygen species, which are triggered by intracellular Ca2+ signals. However, exactly how the reactive oxygen species are triggered by intracellular Ca2+ upon UVB irradiation remains obscure. Here, we show that UVB induces Ca2+ signals via sequential generation of the following Ca2+ messengers: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and cyclic ADP-ribose. UVB induced H2O2 production through NADPH oxidase 4 activation, which is downstream to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate. H2O2 derived from NADPH oxidase 4 activated CD38 to produce cyclic ADP-ribose. UVB first evoked the pannexin channel to release ATP, which acts on P2X7 receptor to generate inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. Inhibitors of these messengers, as well as antioxidants, blocked UVB-induced Ca2+ signals and IL-1β secretion in keratinocytes. Furthermore, ablation of CD38 and NADPH oxidase 4 protected against UVB-induced inflammation and IL-1β secretion in the murine epidermis. These results show that UVB induces IL-1β secretion through cross-talk between Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species, providing insight towards potential targets against UVB-induced inflammation.
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10
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Abstract
IL-37 is a unique member of the IL-1 family of cytokines, which functions as a natural suppressor of inflammatory and immune responses. Immune and non-immune cells produce IL-37 precursor following pro-inflammatory stimuli. Following activating cleavage by caspase-1, mature IL-37 translocates to the nucleus, where it suppresses transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. Both precursor and mature IL-37 are also secreted in the extracellular space, where they bind IL-18Rα and recruit the IL-1R8 (formerly TIR8 or SIGIRR), which transduces anti-inflammatory signals by suppressing NF-kB and MAPK and by activating Mer-PTEN-DOK pathways. During inflammation, IL-37 restores the metabolism of the cell by reducing succinate, inhibiting mTOR, and activating AMPK. Transgenic mice expressing human IL-37 and wild type mice treated with recombinant human IL-37 are protected from several experimental models of inflammation, including endotoxin shock, colitis, lung and spinal cord injury, coronary artery disease, arthritis and inflammation-induced fatigue, while also exhibiting reduced adaptive immune responses. In humans, IL-37 likely functions to limit excessive inflammation: accordingly, IL-37 levels are abnormal in patients with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the discovery and biology of IL-37, and discuss the potential for development of this cytokine as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Cavalli
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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Wang L, Quan Y, Yue Y, Heng X, Che F. Interleukin-37: A crucial cytokine with multiple roles in disease and potentially clinical therapy. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:4711-4719. [PMID: 29552110 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-37, a new IL-1 family member, has received increasing attention in recent years. In the past decade, it has been determined that IL-37 is expressed in various normal cells and tissues and is regulated by inflammatory stimuli and pro-cytokines via different signal transduction pathways. Recently, it has been found that IL-37 is expressed in a variety of cancers, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and exerts anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, a growing body of literature demonstrates that IL-37 plays a vital role in inhibiting both innate and adaptive immune responses as well as inflammatory reactions. In addition, IL-37 may prove to be a new and potentially useful target for effective cytokine therapy. Further evidence is needed to clarify in more detail the effects of IL-37 in experimental and clinical studies. Based on an extensive summary of published data, the aim of this review is to outline the current knowledge of IL-37, including the location, structure, expression, regulation and function, as well as the potential clinical applications of this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- Central Laboratory, Hematology Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China.,Department of Hematology, Hematology Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Yanchun Quan
- Central Laboratory, Hematology Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Yongfang Yue
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xueyuan Heng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Fengyuan Che
- Central Laboratory, Hematology Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
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12
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Abstract
The interleukin-1 (IL-1) family of cytokines and receptors is unique in immunology because the IL-1 family and Toll-like receptor (TLR) families share similar functions. More than any other cytokine family, the IL-1 family is primarily associated with innate immunity. More than 95% of living organisms use innate immune mechanisms for survival whereas less than 5% depend on T- and B-cell functions. Innate immunity is manifested by inflammation, which can function as a mechanism of host defense but when uncontrolled is detrimental to survival. Each member of the IL-1 receptor and TLR family contains the cytoplasmic Toll-IL-1-Receptor (TIR) domain. The 50 amino acid TIR domains are highly homologous with the Toll protein in Drosophila. The TIR domain is nearly the same and present in each TLR and each IL-1 receptor family. Whereas IL-1 family cytokine members trigger innate inflammation via IL-1 family of receptors, TLRs trigger inflammation via bacteria, microbial products, viruses, nucleic acids, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In fact, IL-1 family member IL-1a and IL-33 also function as DAMPs. Although the inflammatory properties of the IL-1 family dominate in innate immunity, IL-1 family member can play a role in acquired immunity. This overview is a condensed update of the IL-1 family of cytokines and receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Kupcova Skalnikova H, Cizkova J, Cervenka J, Vodicka P. Advances in Proteomic Techniques for Cytokine Analysis: Focus on Melanoma Research. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2697. [PMID: 29236046 PMCID: PMC5751298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a skin cancer with permanently increasing incidence and resistance to therapies in advanced stages. Reports of spontaneous regression and tumour infiltration with T-lymphocytes makes melanoma candidate for immunotherapies. Cytokines are key factors regulating immune response and intercellular communication in tumour microenvironment. Cytokines may be used in therapy of melanoma to modulate immune response. Cytokines also possess diagnostic and prognostic potential and cytokine production may reflect effects of immunotherapies. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of recent advances in proteomic techniques for the detection and quantification of cytokines in melanoma research. Approaches covered span from mass spectrometry to immunoassays for single molecule detection (ELISA, western blot), multiplex assays (chemiluminescent, bead-based (Luminex) and planar antibody arrays), ultrasensitive techniques (Singulex, Simoa, immuno-PCR, proximity ligation/extension assay, immunomagnetic reduction assay), to analyses of single cells producing cytokines (ELISpot, flow cytometry, mass cytometry and emerging techniques for single cell secretomics). Although this review is focused mainly on cancer and particularly melanoma, the discussed techniques are in general applicable to broad research field of biology and medicine, including stem cells, development, aging, immunology and intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kupcova Skalnikova
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburska 89, 27721 Libechov, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Cizkova
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburska 89, 27721 Libechov, Czech Republic.
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Cervenka
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburska 89, 27721 Libechov, Czech Republic.
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 12843 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Vodicka
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburska 89, 27721 Libechov, Czech Republic.
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14
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Ichii O, Kimura J, Okamura T, Horino T, Nakamura T, Sasaki H, Elewa YHA, Kon Y. IL-36α Regulates Tubulointerstitial Inflammation in the Mouse Kidney. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1346. [PMID: 29109726 PMCID: PMC5660075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-36α, a member of the IL-1 family, is a crucial mediator of inflammatory responses. We previously found that IL-36α was overexpressed in injured distal tubules (DTs); however, its pathological function remains unclear. Herein, unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO) or folic acid (FA) injection was performed in mouse kidneys to assess the role of IL-36α in kidney injury. IL-36α mRNA and protein expression significantly increased in the kidneys within 24 h after UUO. IL-36α localized to dilated DTs. IL-36α expression significantly correlated with the progression of tubulointerstitial cell infiltration and tubular epithelium cell death in UUO kidneys and with renal dysfunction in FA-induced acute kidney injury mice. At 24 h after UUO, IL-36α+ DT epithelial cells showed loose intercellular digitations. IL-1RL2, an IL-36α receptor protein, localized to podocytes, proximal tubules, and DTs in the healthy kidney. IL-1RL2 was expressed in interstitial cells and platelets or extended primary cilia of DT epithelial cells in UUO kidneys. IL-36α stimulation promoted the production of IL-6 and Prss35, an inflammatory cytokine and collagen remodeling-associated enzyme, respectively, in cultured NIH3T3 fibroblasts. UUO-treated IL-36α-knockout (KO) mice showed milder kidney injury features than wild-type (WT) mice did. In UUO kidneys from IL-36α-KO mice, the expression of genes associated with inflammatory response and sensory perception was significantly different from that in WT mice. Altogether, our data indicate an association between intrarenal IL-36α overexpression and the progression of tubulointerstitial inflammations and morpho-functional alterations of DT epithelial cells. IL-36α may be a novel kidney injury marker useful for evaluating DT damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junpei Kimura
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Infectious Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Horino
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Teppei Nakamura
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Section of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Chitose, Japan
| | - Hayato Sasaki
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Histology and Cytology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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15
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Zhang Y, Yu X, Lin D, Lei L, Hu B, Cao F, Mei Y, Wu D, Liu H. Propiece IL-1α facilitates the growth of acute T-lymphocytic leukemia cells through the activation of NF-κB and SP1. Oncotarget 2017; 8:15677-15688. [PMID: 28152513 PMCID: PMC5362515 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 1α (IL-1α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that possesses multiple immune-regulatory functions. It is mainly expressed as the cell-associated form and not actively secreted in healthy tissues. The intracellular IL-1α has been shown to be a chromatin-associated cytokine and can affect transcription. There are spontaneous expressions of IL-1α in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) blasts. However, the role of nuclear-localized IL-1α in ALL is not clear. Here we showed that overexpression of the nuclear form of IL-1α (propiece IL-1α) could promote proliferation and reduce apoptosis of T-ALL cells. It also increased the ALL cells’ resistance to low serum concentration and cisplatin treatment. In vivo growth of the T-ALL cells overexpressing the propiece IL-1α were also enhanced compared to the control cells. Microarray analysis revealed many changes in gene expressions related to cell growth and stress, including a group of metallothionein genes. Moreover, the expressions of transcription factors, NFκB and specific protein 1 (SP1), were up-regulated by propiece IL-1α. Propiece IL-1α could bind to the promoter of SP1 and a binding sequence logo was identified. Therefore, nuclear expression of propiece IL-1α can facilitate the growth of T-ALL cells possibly through the activation of NFκB and SP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinsheng Zhang
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Lin
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Lei Lei
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Bo Hu
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Fengzhang Cao
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yu Mei
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Depei Wu
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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16
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Dinarello CA, Nold-Petry C, Nold M, Fujita M, Li S, Kim S, Bufler P. Suppression of innate inflammation and immunity by interleukin-37. Eur J Immunol 2017; 46:1067-81. [PMID: 27060871 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IL-37 is unique in the IL-1 family in that unlike other members of the family, IL-37 broadly suppresses innate immunity. IL-37 can be elevated in humans with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases where it likely functions to limit inflammation. Transgenic mice expressing human IL-37 (IL37-tg) exhibit less severe inflammation in models of endotoxin shock, colitis, myocardial infarction, lung, and spinal cord injury. IL37-tg mice have reduced antigen-specific responses and dendritic cells (DCs) from these mice exhibit characteristics of tolerogenic DCs. Compared to aging wild-type (WT) mice, aging IL37-tg mice are protected against B-cell leukemogenesis and heart failure. Treatment of WT mice with recombinant human IL-37 has been shown to be protective in several models of inflammation and injury. IL-37 binds to the IL-18 receptor but then recruits the orphan IL-1R8 (formerly TIR8 or SIGIRR) in order to function as an inhibitor. Here, we review the discovery of IL-37, its production, release, and mechanisms by which IL-37 reduces inflammation and suppresses immune responses. The data reviewed here suggest a therapeutic potential for IL-37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Dinarello
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Suzhao Li
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Soohyun Kim
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Palomo J, Dietrich D, Martin P, Palmer G, Gabay C. The interleukin (IL)-1 cytokine family--Balance between agonists and antagonists in inflammatory diseases. Cytokine 2015; 76:25-37. [PMID: 26185894 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-1 family of cytokines comprises 11 members, including 7 pro-inflammatory agonists (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ) and 4 defined or putative antagonists (IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra), IL-36Ra, IL-37, and IL-38) exerting anti-inflammatory activities. Except for IL-1Ra, IL-1 cytokines do not possess a leader sequence and are secreted via an unconventional pathway. In addition, IL-1β and IL-18 are produced as biologically inert pro-peptides that require cleavage by caspase-1 in their N-terminal region to generate active proteins. N-terminal processing is also required for full activity of IL-36 cytokines. The IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) family comprises 10 members and includes cytokine-specific receptors, co-receptors and inhibitory receptors. The signaling IL-1Rs share a common structure with three extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) domains and an intracellular Toll-like/IL-1R (TIR) domain. IL-1 cytokines bind to their specific receptor, which leads to the recruitment of a co-receptor and intracellular signaling. IL-1 cytokines induce potent inflammatory responses and their activity is tightly controlled at the level of production, protein processing and maturation, receptor binding and post-receptor signaling by naturally occurring inhibitors. Some of these inhibitors are IL-1 family antagonists, while others are IL-1R family members acting as membrane-bound or soluble decoy receptors. An imbalance between agonist and antagonist levels can lead to exaggerated inflammatory responses. Several genetic modifications or mutations associated with dysregulated IL-1 activity and autoinflammatory disorders were identified in mouse models and in patients. These findings paved the road to the successful use of IL-1 inhibitors in diseases that were previously considered as untreatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Palomo
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Internal Medicine Specialties and of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland
| | - Damien Dietrich
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Internal Medicine Specialties and of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland
| | - Praxedis Martin
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Internal Medicine Specialties and of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland
| | - Gaby Palmer
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Internal Medicine Specialties and of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland
| | - Cem Gabay
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Internal Medicine Specialties and of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland.
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18
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Stimulation of cardiomyogenesis from mouse embryonic stem cells by nuclear translocation of cardiotrophin-1. Int J Cardiol 2015; 193:23-33. [PMID: 26005169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) controls cardiomyogenesis of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. OBJECTIVES To investigate the signaling pathway underlying the action of CT-1 on cardiac cell differentiation. METHODS Protein expression was analyzed by western blot technique and cardiac areas by immunohistochemistry. Calcium, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) were assessed by microfluorometry using fluo-4, H2DCF, and DAF-2DA, respectively. Gene inactivation of CT-1 was achieved by siRNA technology. RESULTS CT-1 as well as its receptor gp 130 were transiently upregulated during differentiation of ES cells. Exogenous CT-1 enhanced cardiomyogenesis, increased the cardiac transcription factors MEF2c, Nkx-2.5, TEAD3 and GATA4, the cardiac proteins α-actinin, MLC2a, MYH7, MLC1a, MLC2v and HCN4 as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). CT-1 downregulation by small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited cardiomyogenesis and decreased VEGF, PDGF-BB, FGF-2 and ANP expression. CT-1 raised intracellular calcium which was abolished by the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA, AM and thapsigargin. Moreover, CT-1 treatment increased ROS, followed by NO generation and NOS3 activation. During ES cell differentiation CT-1 was translocated to the cell nucleus. Exogenous CT-1 induced nuclear translocation of endogenous CT-1, which was inhibited by BAPTA, the NOS inhibitor L-N(G)-Nitroarginine methyl ester (l-NAME), the radical scavenger N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)-glycine (NMPG) as well as the janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitor AG490 and the PI3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002. CONCLUSIONS Nuclear translocation of CT-1 regulates cardiomyogenesis of ES cells and involves calcium, NO, ROS as well as CT-1 regulated signaling pathways.
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19
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Carlsen TG, Kjærsgaard P, Jørgensen TL, Foldbjerg R, Nielsen ML, Poulsen TBG, Zabieglo K, Christiansen G, Birkelund S. Interleukin-1α activation and localization in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytes and macrophages. J Immunol Methods 2015; 422:59-71. [PMID: 25870118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) is a proinflammatory cytokine belonging to the IL-1 family. It is synthesized as a 33kDa precursor peptide that is cleaved by a calpain-like protease to a 16 kDa propiece and a 17 kDa mature IL-1α peptide. In contrast to its close relative, IL-1β, the role of IL-1α in inflammation is only partly understood. RESULTS Human monocyte derived macrophages, stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were analysed for production and localization of IL-1α by use of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) generated against recombinant precursor IL-1α. We found that the MAb detected IL-1α within the nuclei of the cells 2h (hours) after LPS stimulation and production continued for up to 20 h. At no time could we demonstrate cleavage of the IL-1α precursor. The MAb was conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) for use in flow cytometry. Based on the flow cytometric analysis CD68 positive cells were positive for IL-1α in agreement with CD68 being a marker for monocytes. CONCLUSIONS Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, a method to visualize and measure the production of IL-1α in both human monocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gelsing Carlsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | - Pernille Kjærsgaard
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | - Trine Lykke Jørgensen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | - Rasmus Foldbjerg
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | - Mads Lausen Nielsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | - Svend Birkelund
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark; Loke Diagnostics, Sindalsvej 17, 8240 Risskov, Denmark.
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