1
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Rowe BA, Medina-Carle K, Chen K, Reese KJ, M McCarthy K, A Concannon A, Gunn GR, P Gehman A, Jiang Y, Meyer E. Unique challenges required reassessment and alterations to critical reagents to rescue a neutralizing antibody assay. Bioanalysis 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38884331 DOI: 10.1080/17576180.2024.2360363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: To redevelop a neutralizing antibody (NAb) assay to be much more drug tolerant, have a large dynamic range and have high inhibition when using high levels of positive control (PC). Materials & methods: Early assay data suggested that typical biotin labeling of the capture reagent (Drug 1, produced in a human cell line) was blocking it from binding with the PC or the detection target, and that the detection target was out competing the PC. Methodical biotin labeling experiments were performed at several challenge ratios and an Fc linker was added to the detection target. Results & conclusion: A larger dynamic range, high inhibition and higher drug tolerance were achieved by adding an acid dissociation step to the assay, performing atypical biotin labeling of Drug 1 and switching to a detection target that contained an Fc linker to increase steric hinderance and decrease its binding affinity to Drug 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A Rowe
- GSK Precision Medicine, Biomarker & Bioanalytical Platforms, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Katie Medina-Carle
- GSK Precision Medicine, Biomarker & Bioanalytical Platforms, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Keguan Chen
- GSK Precision Medicine, Biomarker & Bioanalytical Platforms, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Kimberly J Reese
- GSK Precision Medicine, Biomarker & Bioanalytical Platforms, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Kenneth M McCarthy
- GSK Precision Medicine, Biomarker & Bioanalytical Platforms, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Amy A Concannon
- GSK Precision Medicine, Biomarker & Bioanalytical Platforms, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - George R Gunn
- GSK Precision Medicine, Biomarker & Bioanalytical Platforms, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Andrew P Gehman
- GSK Research Statistics, Biostatistics, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Yong Jiang
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Rd, Lower Gwynedd Township, PA 19002,USA
| | - Erik Meyer
- GSK Precision Medicine, Biomarker & Bioanalytical Platforms, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
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2
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Xu W, Bano N, Guzman-Valdes O, Amberman J, Bandlamudi E, Khanna P, Carmean R, Helmy R. Development and Validation of a Cell-Based Binding Neutralizing Antibody Assay for an Antibody-Drug Conjugate. AAPS J 2024; 26:37. [PMID: 38548953 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The utilization of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) has gained considerable attention in the field of targeted cancer therapy due to their ability to synergistically combine the specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and the potency of small molecular drugs. However, the immunogenic nature of the antibody component within ADCs warrants the need for robust immunogenicity testing, including a neutralizing antibody (NAb) assay. Since the mechanism of action (MOA) of the ADC is to first bind to the target cells and then release the payload intracellularly to kill the cells, the most relevant NAb assay format would be a cell-based killing assay. However, in this paper, we present a case where a cell-based killing assay could not be developed after multiple cell lines and NAb-positive controls (PC) had been tested. Surprisingly, contrary to our expectations, all NAb PCs tested exhibited an increased killing effect on the target cells, instead of the expected protective response. This unexpected phenomenon most likely is due to the non-specific internalization of drug/NAb complexes via FcγRs, as an excessive amount of human IgG1 and mouse IgG2a, but not mouse IgG1, greatly inhibited drug or drug/NAb complexes induced cell death. To overcome this obstacle, we implemented a novel cell-based binding assay utilizing the Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) platform. We also propose that an in vitro cell killing NAb assay is limited to at best monitoring the target binding and internalization induced cell death, but not by-stander killing induced by prematurely released or dead-cell released payload, hence cannot really mimic the in vivo MOA of ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Xu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA.
| | - Nazneen Bano
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Olguitza Guzman-Valdes
- PPD Clinical Research Business, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Richmond, Virginia, 23832, USA
| | - Jessica Amberman
- PPD Clinical Research Business, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Richmond, Virginia, 23832, USA
| | | | - Pooja Khanna
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Rebecca Carmean
- PPD Clinical Research Business, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Richmond, Virginia, 23832, USA
| | - Roy Helmy
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
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3
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Sun R, Qian MG, Zhang X. T and B cell epitope analysis for the immunogenicity evaluation and mitigation of antibody-based therapeutics. MAbs 2024; 16:2324836. [PMID: 38512798 PMCID: PMC10962608 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2324836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The surge in the clinical use of therapeutic antibodies has reshaped the landscape of pharmaceutical therapy for many diseases, including rare and challenging conditions. However, the administration of exogenous biologics could potentially trigger unwanted immune responses such as generation of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs). Real-world experiences have illuminated the clear correlation between the ADA occurrence and unsatisfactory therapeutic outcomes as well as immune-related adverse events. By retrospectively examining research involving immunogenicity analysis, we noticed the growing emphasis on elucidating the immunogenic epitope profiles of antibody-based therapeutics aiming for mechanistic understanding the immunogenicity generation and, ideally, mitigating the risks. As such, we have comprehensively summarized here the progress in both experimental and computational methodologies for the characterization of T and B cell epitopes of therapeutics. Furthermore, the successful practice of epitope-driven deimmunization of biotherapeutics is exceptionally highlighted in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxuan Sun
- Global Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics & Modeling, Preclinical & Translational Sciences, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark G. Qian
- Global Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics & Modeling, Preclinical & Translational Sciences, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- Global Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics & Modeling, Preclinical & Translational Sciences, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), Cambridge, MA, USA
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4
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Jankowski W, Kidchob C, Bunce C, Cloake E, Resende R, Sauna ZE. The MHC Associated Peptide Proteomics assay is a useful tool for the non-clinical assessment of immunogenicity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1271120. [PMID: 37915568 PMCID: PMC10616951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1271120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The propensity of therapeutic proteins to elicit an immune response, poses a significant challenge in clinical development and safety of the patients. Assessment of immunogenicity is crucial to predict potential adverse events and design safer biologics. In this study, we employed MHC Associated Peptide Proteomics (MAPPS) to comprehensively evaluate the immunogenic potential of re-engineered variants of immunogenic FVIIa analog (Vatreptacog Alfa). Our finding revealed the correlation between the protein sequence affinity for MHCII and the number of peptides identified in a MAPPS assay and this further correlates with the reduced T-cell responses. Moreover, MAPPS enable the identification of "relevant" T cell epitopes and may contribute to the development of biologics with lower immunogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Jankowski
- Hemostasis Branch 1, Division of Hemostasis, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Christopher Kidchob
- Hemostasis Branch 1, Division of Hemostasis, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | | | | | - Zuben E. Sauna
- Hemostasis Branch 1, Division of Hemostasis, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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5
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Luong M, Wang Y, Donnelly BB, Lepsy C. Addressing Domain Specificity in the Development of a Cell-Based Binding Assay for the Detection of Neutralizing Antibodies Against a CD47xPD-L1 Bispecific Antibody. AAPS J 2023; 25:91. [PMID: 37740131 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00856-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PF-07257876 is a bispecific antibody being developed for the treatment of certain advanced or metastatic solid tumors. To support clinical development of PF-07257876, neutralizing antibody (NAb) assays were developed as part of a tiered immunogenicity testing approach. Because PF-07257876 targets both CD47 and PD-L1, determination of domain specificity of a NAb response may provide additional insight relating to PK, efficacy, and safety. Due to limitations of functional cell systems, two cell-based binding assays were developed using electrochemiluminescence to detect domain-specific NAb. While both NAb assays utilized a cell-based binding approach and shared certain requirements, such as sensitivity and tolerance to potentially interfering substances, the development of each assay faced unique challenges. Among the hurdles encountered, achieving drug tolerance while preserving domain specificity for CD47 proved particularly challenging. Consequently, a sample pretreatment procedure to isolate NAb from potentially interfering substances was necessary. The sample pretreatment procedure developed was based on a bead-extraction and acid dissociation (BEAD) approach. However, the use of the standard BEAD approach with whole drug to capture NAb resulted in loss of NAb detection under certain circumstances. Specifically, mock samples containing a mixture of NAb positive controls against both binding domains of the bispecific antibody produced false-negative results in the cell-based binding assay. An adaptation made to the standard BEAD approach restored domain-specific NAb detection, while also contributing to an assay sensitivity of 1 µg/mL in the presence of a clinically relevant drug tolerance level of up to 400 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Luong
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., 1 Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA.
| | - Ying Wang
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., 1 Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA
| | - Brianna B Donnelly
- Janssen R&D, Lower Gwynedd Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher Lepsy
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., 1 Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA
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6
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Rathi A, Rinker S, Niu H, Carter C, Kumar S, Cowan K. Assay development considerations to improve drug tolerance in direct competitive ligand binding neutralizing antibody assays, pretreatment strategies. J Immunol Methods 2023; 517:113484. [PMID: 37116778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Neutralizing anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) may affect safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic profile of a biotherapeutic drug and thus their assessment is of particular importance during immunogenicity testing. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) assays typically rely on NAbs ability to block the drug-target interaction. Higher NAb concentration and/or higher binding affinity of NAb to the drug, lowers the drug-target binding interaction. However, in the presence of high concentrations of residual circulating drug, as often seen for drugs with longer half-lives or in repeat-dose studies, NAbs may exist as drug bound complexes. In direct NAb assay formats, the NAb-drug complexes present in the sample could result in the NAb being unable to block the drug-target interaction eventually leading to a false negative response. The residual free circulating drug present in the sample may bind to the target in the NAb assay thereby competing with the drug used in the assay and inhibiting the assay signal, leading to a false positive response. For traditional ADA assays, multiple approaches involving acid treatment have been described to mitigate circulating drug interference issue. Here, we report two acid-treatment approaches that utilize the Dynabeads extraction with acid dissociation and Affinity Capture Elution (ACE) principle to improve drug tolerance in NAb assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Rathi
- Clinical Bioanalytical Sciences, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, United States of America
| | - Sherri Rinker
- B2S Life Sciences, 97 East Monroe Street, Franklin, Indiana 46131, USA
| | - Hongmei Niu
- Clinical Bioanalytical Sciences, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, United States of America
| | - Carina Carter
- Clinical Bioanalytical Sciences, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, United States of America
| | - Seema Kumar
- Clinical Bioanalytical Sciences, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, United States of America
| | - Kyra Cowan
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Postcode D50/225, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany.
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7
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Mora JR, Richards SM. The AAPS Journal Theme Issue: Compendium of Immunogenicity Risk Assessments: an Industry Guidance Built on Experience and Published Work. AAPS J 2023; 25:43. [PMID: 37081214 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00796-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna R Mora
- Non Clinical Disposition and Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Susan M Richards
- Sanofi, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Dere RC, Beardsley RL, Lu D, Lu T, Ku GHW, Man G, Nguyen V, Kaur S. Integrated summary of immunogenicity of polatuzumab vedotin in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1119510. [PMID: 37063860 PMCID: PMC10090561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1119510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Polatuzumab vedotin, marketed under the trade name POLIVY®, is a CD79b-targeted antibody-drug conjugate that preferentially delivers a potent anti-mitotic agent (monomethyl auristatin E) to B cells, resulting in anti-cancer activity against B-cell malignancies. In 2019, polatuzumab vedotin in combination with rituximab and bendamustine was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of adult patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who have received at least two prior therapies. Recent Health Authority guidance recommendations for submitting an Integrated Summary of Immunogenicity were followed including a comprehensive immunogenicity risk assessment, bioanalytical strategy, and immunogenicity data to support the registration of polatuzumab vedotin. Key components of the polatuzumab vedotin Integrated Summary of Immunogenicity and data are presented. Validated semi-homogeneous bridging enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect anti-drug antibodies (ADA) to polatuzumab vedotin and characterize the immune response in patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The overall incidence of ADA observed for polatuzumab vedotin was low across seven clinical trials. The low incidence of ADA is likely due to the mechanism of action of polatuzumab vedotin that involves targeting and killing of B cells, thereby limiting the development to plasma cells and ADA secretion. Furthermore, patients are co-medicated with rituximab, which also targets B cells and results in B-cell depletion. Therefore, the immunogenicity risk is considered low and not expected to impact the polatuzumab vedotin benefit/risk profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall C. Dere
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Randall C. Dere,
| | - Richard L. Beardsley
- Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dan Lu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Tong Lu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Grace H-W. Ku
- Department of Product Development Hematology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Gabriel Man
- Department of Product Development Safety, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Van Nguyen
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Surinder Kaur
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South, San Francisco, CA, United States
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9
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Bano N, Ehlinger C, Yang TY, Swanson M, Allen S. Considerations in the Immunogenicity Assessment Strategy for Oligonucleotide Therapeutics (ONTs). AAPS J 2022; 24:93. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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10
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Lotz GP, Benstein K, Bloem K, Buddiger H, Calonder C, Elm S, Fernandez E, Goodman J, Gorovits B, Grudzinska-Goebel J, Janssen M, Jawa V, Kramer D, Luo L, Malisauskas M, Michaut L, Schäfer M, Spindeldreher S, Ullmann M, Nana Weldingh K, Kromminga A, Snoeck V. When to Extend Monitoring of Anti-drug Antibodies for High-risk Biotherapeutics in Clinical Trials: an Opinion from the European Immunogenicity Platform. AAPS J 2022; 24:68. [PMID: 35554731 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of a tailored anti-drug antibody (ADA) testing strategy is based on the immunogenicity risk assessment to allow a correlation of ADAs with changes to pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety. The clinical impact of ADA formation refines the immunogenicity risk assessment and defines appropriate risk mitigation strategies. Health agencies request for high-risk biotherapeutics to extend ADA monitoring for patients that developed an ADA response to the drug until ADAs return to baseline levels. However, there is no common understanding in which cases an extension of ADA follow-up sampling beyond the end of study (EOS) defined in the clinical study protocol is required. Here, the Immunogenicity Strategy Working Group of the European Immunogenicity Platform (EIP) provides recommendations on requirements for an extension of ADA follow-up sampling in clinical studies where there is a high risk of serious consequences from ADAs. The importance of ADA evaluation during a treatment-free period is recognized but the decision whether to extend ADA monitoring at a predefined EOS should be based on evaluation of ADA data in the context of corresponding clinical signals. If the clinical data set shows that safety consequences are minor, mitigated, or resolved, further ADA monitoring may not be required despite potentially detectable ADAs above baseline. Extended ADA monitoring should be centered on individual patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor P Lotz
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany.
| | - Karin Benstein
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karien Bloem
- Biologics Lab, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harm Buddiger
- Genmab B.V., Uppsalalaan 15, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Elena Fernandez
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joanne Goodman
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Vibha Jawa
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Biotherapeutics and Bioanalysis Non-Clinical Development, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel Kramer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Linlin Luo
- Regulated BA, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Martin Schäfer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Arno Kromminga
- Kromminga Consulting, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute for Immunology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Veerle Snoeck
- UCB Biopharma SRL, Translational Biomarkers and Bioanalysis, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
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11
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Zhou Y, Penny HL, Kroenke MA, Bautista B, Hainline K, Chea LS, Parnes J, Mytych DT. Immunogenicity assessment of bispecific antibody-based immunotherapy in oncology. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004225. [PMID: 35444060 PMCID: PMC9024276 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing numbers of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) and multispecific products entering the clinic, recent data highlight immunogenicity as an emerging challenge in the development of such novel biologics. This review focuses on the immunogenicity risk assessment (IgRA) of BsAb-based immunotherapies for cancer, highlighting several risk factors that need to be considered. These include the novel scaffolds consisting of bioengineered sequences, the potentially synergistic immunomodulating mechanisms of action (MOAs) from different domains of the BsAb, as well as several other product-related and patient-related factors. In addition, the clinical relevance of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) against selected BsAbs developed as anticancer agents is reviewed and the advances in our knowledge of tools and strategies for immunogenicity prediction, monitoring, and mitigation are discussed. It is critical to implement a drug-specific IgRA during the early development stage to guide ADA monitoring and risk management strategies. This IgRA may include a combination of several assessment tools to identify drug-specific risks as well as a proactive risk mitigation approach for candidate or format selection during the preclinical stage. The IgRA is an on-going process throughout clinical development. IgRA during the clinical stage may bridge the gap between preclinical immunogenicity prediction and clinical immunogenicity, and retrospectively guide optimization efforts for next-generation BsAbs. This iterative process throughout development may improve the reliability of the IgRA and enable the implementation of effective risk mitigation strategies, laying the foundation for improved clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchen Zhou
- Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Mark A Kroenke
- Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Bianca Bautista
- Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Kelly Hainline
- Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Lynette S Chea
- Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jane Parnes
- Early Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Daniel T Mytych
- Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
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12
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Myler H, Pedras-Vasconcelos J, Phillips K, Hottenstein CS, Chamberlain P, Devanaryan V, Gleason C, Goodman J, Manning MS, Purushothama S, Richards S, Shen H, Zoghbi J, Amaravadi L, Barger T, Bowen S, Bowsher RR, Clements-Egan A, Geng D, Goletz TJ, Gunn GR, Hallett W, Hodsdon ME, Janelsins BM, Jawa V, Kamondi S, Kirshner S, Kramer D, Liang M, Lindley K, Liu S, Liu Z, McNally J, Mikulskis A, Nelson R, Ahbari MR, Qu Q, Ruppel J, Snoeck V, Song A, Yan H, Ware M. Anti-drug Antibody Validation Testing and Reporting Harmonization. AAPS J 2021; 24:4. [PMID: 34853961 PMCID: PMC8816448 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolving immunogenicity assay performance expectations and a lack of harmonized anti-drug antibody validation testing and reporting tools have resulted in significant time spent by health authorities and sponsors on resolving filing queries. Following debate at the American Association of Pharmaceutical Sciences National Biotechnology Conference, a group was formed to address these gaps. Over the last 3 years, 44 members from 29 organizations (including 5 members from Europe and 10 members from FDA) discussed gaps in understanding immunogenicity assay requirements and have developed harmonization tools for use by industry scientists to facilitate filings to health authorities. Herein, this team provides testing and reporting strategies and tools for the following assessments: (1) pre-study validation cut point; (2) in-study cut points, including procedures for applying cut points to mixed populations; (3) system suitability control criteria for in-study plate acceptance; (4) assay sensitivity, including the selection of an appropriate low positive control; (5) specificity, including drug and target tolerance; (6) sample stability that reflects sample storage and handling conditions; (7) assay selectivity to matrix components, including hemolytic, lipemic, and disease state matrices; (8) domain specificity for multi-domain therapeutics; (9) and minimum required dilution and extraction-based sample processing for titer reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Myler
- Immunochemistry Department, PPD Laboratories, 2244 Dabney Road, Richmond, Virginia, 23230-3323, USA.
| | - João Pedras-Vasconcelos
- Product Quality and Immunogenicity, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20903, USA
| | - Kelli Phillips
- Immunochemistry Department, PPD Laboratories, 2244 Dabney Road, Richmond, Virginia, 23230-3323, USA
| | - Charles Scott Hottenstein
- Immunogenicity, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, 19426, USA
| | - Paul Chamberlain
- NDA Advisory Services, Ltd., Grove House, Guildford Road, Leatherhead, KT22 9DF, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Carol Gleason
- Global Biometric and Data Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540, USA
| | - Joanne Goodman
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Shobha Purushothama
- Diagnostics Accelerator, Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation, 57W 57th Street, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan Richards
- Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi, Framingham, Massachusetts, 01701, USA
| | - Honglue Shen
- Specialty Bioanalytics, Teva Pharmaceuticals, West Chester, Pennsylvania, 19380, USA
| | - Jad Zoghbi
- Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi, Framingham, Massachusetts, 01701, USA
| | | | - Troy Barger
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA
| | - Steven Bowen
- Product Quality and Immunogenicity, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20903, USA
| | - Ronald R Bowsher
- B2S Life Sciences, 97 East Monroe Street, Franklin, Indiana, 46131, USA
| | | | - Dong Geng
- Legend Biotech, 10 Knightsbridge Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08554, USA
| | - Theresa J Goletz
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts, 01821, USA
| | - George R Gunn
- Immunogenicity, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, 19426, USA
| | - William Hallett
- Product Quality and Immunogenicity, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20903, USA
| | - Michael E Hodsdon
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Brian M Janelsins
- Product Quality and Immunogenicity, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20903, USA
| | - Vibha Jawa
- Predictive and Clinical Immunogenicity Pharmacometrics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck and Co., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033, USA
| | - Szilard Kamondi
- Kamondi Bioanalytical Consultancy, Rheinfelden, Switzerland / Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioanalytical R&D, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susan Kirshner
- Product Quality and Immunogenicity, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20903, USA
| | - Daniel Kramer
- Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Meina Liang
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Susana Liu
- Pfizer Inc., 17300 Trans Canada Hwy, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | - ZhenZhen Liu
- Product Quality and Immunogenicity, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20903, USA
| | - Jim McNally
- BioAgilytix Labs, Durham, North Carolina, 27713, USA
| | - Alvydas Mikulskis
- Clinical Biomarkers, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, 02210, USA
| | - Robert Nelson
- Immunochemistry Department, Covance Laboratories Ltd., Harrogate, HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Mohsen Rajabi Ahbari
- Office of Study Integrity and Surveillance, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Qiang Qu
- Global Product Development, Pfizer Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA
| | - Jane Ruppel
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Veerle Snoeck
- Translational Biomarkers and Bioanalysis, UCB Biopharma SRL, B-1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - An Song
- Development Sciences, Immune-Onc Therapeutics, Palo Alto, California, 94303, USA
| | - Haoheng Yan
- Product Quality and Immunogenicity, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20903, USA
| | - Mark Ware
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477, USA
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Lagassé HAD, McCormick Q, Sauna ZE. Secondary failure: immune responses to approved protein therapeutics. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:1074-1083. [PMID: 34493437 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant therapeutic proteins are a broad class of biological products used to replace dysfunctional human proteins in individuals with genetic defects (e.g., factor VIII for hemophilia) or, in the case of monoclonal antibodies, bind to disease targets involved in cancers, autoimmune disorders, or other conditions. Unfortunately, immunogenicity (immune response to the drug) remains a key impediment, potentially affecting the safety and efficacy of these therapeutics. Immunogenicity risk is routinely evaluated during the licensure of therapeutic proteins. However, despite eliciting anti-drug immune responses in at least some patients, most protein drugs are nevertheless licensed as they address unmet medical needs. The pre-licensure immunogenicity assessments of therapeutic proteins are the subject of numerous reviews and white papers. However, observation and clinical management of the immunogenicity of approved therapeutic proteins face additional challenges. We survey the immunogenicity of approved therapeutic proteins, discuss the clinical management of immunogenicity, and identify the challenges to establishing clinically relevant immunogenicity assays for use in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Daniel Lagassé
- Hemostasis Branch, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Quinn McCormick
- Hemostasis Branch, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Zuben E Sauna
- Hemostasis Branch, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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2020 White Paper on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis: Vaccine Assay Validation, qPCR Assay Validation, QC for CAR-T Flow Cytometry, NAb Assay Harmonization and ELISpot Validation ( Part 3 - Recommendations on Immunogenicity Assay Strategies, NAb Assays, Biosimilars and FDA/EMA Immunogenicity Guidance/Guideline, Gene & Cell Therapy and Vaccine Assays). Bioanalysis 2021; 13:415-463. [PMID: 33533276 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 14th edition of the Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (14th WRIB) was held virtually on June 15-29, 2020 with an attendance of over 1000 representatives from pharmaceutical/biopharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, contract research organizations, and regulatory agencies worldwide. The 14th WRIB included three Main Workshops, seven Specialized Workshops that together spanned 11 days in order to allow exhaustive and thorough coverage of all major issues in bioanalysis, biomarkers, immunogenicity, gene therapy and vaccine. Moreover, a comprehensive vaccine assays track; an enhanced cytometry track and updated Industry/Regulators consensus on BMV of biotherapeutics by LCMS were special features in 2020. As in previous years, this year's WRIB continued to gather a wide diversity of international industry opinion leaders and regulatory authority experts working on both small and large molecules to facilitate sharing and discussions focused on improving quality, increasing regulatory compliance and achieving scientific excellence on bioanalytical issues. This 2020 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop and is aimed to provide the Global Bioanalytical Community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2020 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 3) covers the recommendations on Vaccine, Gene/Cell Therapy, NAb Harmonization and Immunogenicity). Part 1 (Innovation in Small Molecules, Hybrid LBA/LCMS & Regulated Bioanalysis), Part 2A (BAV, PK LBA, Flow Cytometry Validation and Cytometry Innovation) and Part 2B (Regulatory Input) are published in volume 13 of Bioanalysis, issues 4 and 5 (2020), respectively.
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Yang K, Zhang Y, Chou R, Yeung L, Letarte S, Yang RS, Li X, Beaumont M, Gunawan R, Richardson D, Dellatore S, Woolf E, Xu Y. A Tiered Approach for Characterization to Ensure Quality, Reproducibility, and Long-Term Stability of Critical Reagents in Regulated Bioanalysis to Support PK/ADA/NAb Assays for Biologics and Vaccines Programs. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:1310-1317. [PMID: 33344904 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The robustness of good laboratory practice and clinical data is reliant upon a clear understanding of the bioanalytical assays. One of the most important components of ligand-binding based assays is critical reagents used to directly or indirectly measure biologic markers or signals. High quality, reproducible, sustainable critical reagents through the development lifecycle could avoid unnecessary rework, multiple validations, cross-validations, and ensure consistency of the data. Numerous analytical methods (UPLC-size exclusion chromatography, cation exchange chromatography, biacore/octet, and high-resolution mass spectrometry) have been evaluated by using current critical reagents. A comprehensive analytical toolbox of biochemical and biophysical methods has been employed to evaluate the quality of critical reagents and explore potential issues if there are any. Moving forward, this "tiered approach" of critical reagents characterization will be used not only to establish critical quality attributes for new reagents but also to evaluate stability in support of reagents recertification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Regulated Bioanalysis, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ying Zhang
- Biologics Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert Chou
- Biologics Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lai Yeung
- Regulated Bioanalysis, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Simon Letarte
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Rong-Sheng Yang
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xuanwen Li
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Maribel Beaumont
- Discovery Bioanalysis, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 213 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rico Gunawan
- Biologics Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Douglas Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shara Dellatore
- Regulated Bioanalysis, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Eric Woolf
- Regulated Bioanalysis, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP75B-300, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Yang Xu
- Regulated Bioanalysis, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP75B-300, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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Moore KN, Birrer MJ, Marsters J, Wang Y, Choi Y, Royer-Joo S, Lemahieu V, Armstrong K, Cordova J, Samineni D, Schuth E, Vaze A, Maslyar D, Humke EW, Hamilton EP, Liu JF. Phase 1b study of anti-NaPi2b antibody-drug conjugate lifastuzumab vedotin (DNIB0600A) in patients with platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2020; 158:631-639. [PMID: 32534811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the safety and tolerability of lifastuzumab vedotin (DNIB0600A) (LIFA), an antibody-drug conjugate, in patients with recurrent platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer (PSOC). METHODS In this open-label, multicenter phase 1b study, LIFA was administered intravenously once every 3 weeks (Q3W) with starting dose 1.2 mg/kg in a 3 + 3 dose-escalation scheme. All patients received carboplatin at dose AUC 6 mg/mL·min (AUC6) Q3W for up to 6 cycles. Dose expansion cohorts were enrolled ± bevacizumab 15 mg/kg Q3W. RESULTS Patients received LIFA at 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 mg (n = 4, 5, and 20, respectively) with carboplatin. The maximum tolerated dose was not reached. The recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) was LIFA 2.4 mg/kg + carboplatin AUC6 (cycles 1-6), with or without bevacizumab 15 mg/kg. Twelve patients received RP2D with bevacizumab. All patients experienced ≥1 adverse event (AE). The most common treatment-related AEs were neutropenia, peripheral neuropathy, thrombocytopenia, nausea, fatigue, anemia, diarrhea, vomiting, hypomagnesaemia, aspartate aminotransferase increased, alanine aminotransferase increased, and alopecia. Thirty-four (83%) patients experienced grade ≥ 3 AEs, the most frequent of which were neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Nine (22%) patients experienced serious AEs. Pulmonary toxicities (34%), considered a potential risk of LIFA, included one patient who discontinued study treatment due to grade 2 pneumonitis. The median duration of progression-free survival was 10.71 months (95% CI: 8.54, 13.86) with confirmed complete/partial responses in 24 (59%) patients. Pharmacokinetics of mono-therapy LIFA was similar in combination therapy. CONCLUSION LIFA in combination with carboplatin ± bevacizumab demonstrated acceptable safety and encouraging activity in PSOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen N Moore
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America; Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN, United States of America.
| | | | - Jim Marsters
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Yulei Wang
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - YounJeong Choi
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Vanessa Lemahieu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Katy Armstrong
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Julie Cordova
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Divya Samineni
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Eva Schuth
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Anjali Vaze
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniel Maslyar
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Eric W Humke
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Erika P Hamilton
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Joyce F Liu
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Matucci A, Nencini F, Vivarelli E, Bormioli S, Maggi E, Vultaggio A. Immunogenicity-unwanted immune responses to biological drugs - can we predict them? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 14:47-53. [PMID: 32432941 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1772053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biological agents (BAs) target molecules involved in disease mechanisms and have modified the natural history of several immune-mediated disorders. All BAs are immunogenic, resulting in the formation of antidrug antibodies (ADAs), which can neutralize drug activity leading to loss of response and potential relapse, or serious adverse events such as infusion hypersensitivity reactions. The production of ADAs is the result of a specific adaptive immune response in which T and B cells are involved. AREAS COVERED Factors conditioning the immunogenicity of BAs, including drug-, treatment- and patient-related factors are currently the subject of many studies. Among them, a lot of attention is dedicated to define the impact of BAs structure, the effect of targeting (soluble or membrane) molecules, the impact of interruption of therapy as well as the role of genetic (HLA and non-HLA) predisposing factors and disease activity. EXPERT OPINION Knowledge of factors capable of influencing the immunogenicity of BAs may help to understand, in a predictive manner and at the single patient level, the presence of risk factors influencing the production of ADAs and their impact on clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Matucci
- Immunoallergology Unit, University Hospital Careggi , Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Nencini
- Immunoallergology Unit, University Hospital Careggi , Florence, Italy
| | | | - Susanna Bormioli
- Immunoallergology Unit, University Hospital Careggi , Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Maggi
- Translational Unit, Immunology Area, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS , Rome, Italy
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Novel bioanalytical method for the characterization of the immune response directed against a bispecific F(ab) fragment. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:509-517. [PMID: 32351119 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The work was aimed at developing a bioanalytical approach to identify immunogenic parts of a bispecific F(ab) fragment and to characterize the immune response seen in a preclinical study. Experimental: The bioanalytical method consists of a set of domain detection assays that use germlined variants of the drug. Results: The method demonstrated that anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) were predominantly directed against both antigen-binding sites of the drug. Conclusion: The method was capable to discriminate between ADAs directed against one of the antigen-binding sites, both sites or the constant domain, allowing for an estimation of the relative binding prevalence for these subunits. The developed approach provides a practical and robust solution for exploratory characterization of ADAs against multidomain biotherapeutics.
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19
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Analysis of regulatory guidance on antidrug antibody testing for therapeutic protein products. Bioanalysis 2020; 11:2283-2296. [PMID: 31845602 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins have the potential to induce unwanted immune responses. The potential impact of immunogenicity on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and efficacy are well established. Here, we analyze key aspects of current US FDA and EMA guidelines on the development and validation of antidrug antibody assays. Although FDA and EMA guidance documents are in harmony on most points, EMA allows greater leeway for scientific judgement, while FDA recommends specific approaches that may not be appropriate in some situations. Many white papers suggest approaches different from the guidance documents, however, these can conflict with each other and are themselves only scientifically valid in certain situations. Here, we indicate when alternatives to guidance may be needed and what those approaches might be.
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20
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Harmonization and standardization of immunogenicity assessment of biotherapeutic products. Bioanalysis 2020; 11:1593-1604. [PMID: 31697206 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the determinants of immunogenicity, the testing paradigm, the impact of antibody attributes on clinical outcomes and regulatory guidance is leading to harmonized practices for immunogenicity assessment of biotherapeutics. However, generation of robust immunogenicity data for inclusion in product labels to support clinical practice continues to be a challenge. Assays, protocols and antibody positive controls/standards need to be developed in sufficient time to allow assessment of clinical immunogenicity using validated methods and optimized protocols. Standardization and harmonization play a significant role in achieving acceptable results. Harmonization in the postapproval setting is crucial for a valid interpretation of the product's immunogenicity and its clinical effects. Efforts are ongoing to standardize assays where possible for antibody measurement and for measuring product/drug levels by producing reference standards. Provision of such standards will help toward personalized treatment strategies with better patient outcomes.
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Vainshtein I, Sun B, Roskos LK, Liang M. A novel approach to assess domain specificity of anti-drug antibodies to moxetumomab pasudotox, an immunotoxin with two functional domains. J Immunol Methods 2020; 477:112688. [PMID: 31676342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.112688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biologics are potentially immunogenic and can elicit immune response. Complex biologics, such as bispecific antibodies or multi-domain molecules can induce anti-drug antibodies (ADA) with specificity to different domains. Domain specific ADAs may differently affect drug efficacy and safety, and thus, characterization of ADA domain specificity has become a regulatory expectation for multi-domain biologics. Unlike well-established methods for screening, confirmation, titer and neutralizing ADA detection, characterization of ADA domain specificity is an emerging field. The conventional approach for determination of ADA domain specificity is a competitive inhibition with domain-containing molecules. When developing a conventional domain specificity assay for moxetumomab pasudotox, a recombinant anti-CD22 immunotoxin, comprised of two functional domains (CD22-binding fragment and truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE38), we encountered a bioanalytical challenge. The method was able to detect immunodominant anti-PE38 (ADA-PE) but generated false negative results for low abundant CD22-binding domain ADA (ADA-BD) in a polyclonal sample. Troubleshooting experiments using control samples with varying levels of each ADA subtype demonstrated that a major factor for successful ADA identification was the ratio of the ADA signals contributed by each ADA subtype. To overcome this unique bioanalytical challenge, we developed a novel approach, which ensures detection of a domain-specific ADA subtype regardless of its relative level in a polyclonal ADA sample by evaluating signal inhibition by a respective domain-containing molecule at the condition when signals from all other ADAs are fully blocked. The method has been used for characterization of ADA domain specificity in moxetumomab pasudotox clinical trials, including study 1053, the pivotal Phase III study in hairy cell leukemia patients. It allowed for successful detection of ADA-BD in the presence of immunodominant ADA-PE, enabling accurate determination of domain specificity for moxetumomab pasudotox. The results demonstrated that the method was superior than the conventional approach. The method could be applied broadly to other biologics with two or more domains when there is a need to detect a minor ADA subtype in polyclonal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Vainshtein
- BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Bo Sun
- BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lorin K Roskos
- BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Meina Liang
- BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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2019 White Paper on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis: FDA Immunogenicity Guidance, Gene Therapy, Critical Reagents, Biomarkers and Flow Cytometry Validation (Part 3 - Recommendations on 2019 FDA Immunogenicity Guidance, Gene Therapy Bioanalytical Challenges, Strategies for Critical Reagent Management, Biomarker Assay Validation, Flow Cytometry Validation & CLSI H62). Bioanalysis 2019; 11:2207-2244. [PMID: 31820675 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019 13th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (WRIB) took place in New Orleans, LA, USA on April 1-5, 2019 with an attendance of over 1000 representatives from pharmaceutical/biopharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, contract research organizations and regulatory agencies worldwide. WRIB was once again a 5-day, week-long event - a full immersion week of bioanalysis, biomarkers, immunogenicity and gene therapy. As usual, it was specifically designed to facilitate sharing, reviewing, discussing and agreeing on approaches to address the most current issues of interest including both small- and large-molecule bioanalysis involving LCMS, hybrid LBA/LCMS, LBA cell-based/flow cytometry assays and qPCR approaches. This 2019 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2019 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 3) covers New Insights in Biomarker Assay Validation, Current & Effective Strategies for Critical Reagent Management, Flow Cytometry Validation in Drug Discovery & Development & CLSI H62, Interpretation of the 2019 FDA Immunogenicity Guidance and Gene Therapy Bioanalytical Challenges. Part 1 (Innovation in Small Molecules and Oligonucleotides & Mass Spectrometry Method Development Strategies for Large Molecule Bioanalysis) and Part 2 (Recommendations on the 2018 FDA BMV Guidance, 2019 ICH M10 BMV Draft Guideline and regulatory agencies' input on bioanalysis, biomarkers, immunogenicity and gene therapy) are published in volume 11 of Bioanalysis, issues 22 and 23 (2019), respectively.
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Gorovits B, Peng K, Kromminga A. Current Considerations on Characterization of Immune Response to Multi-Domain Biotherapeutics. BioDrugs 2019; 34:39-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s40259-019-00389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gerber DE, Infante JR, Gordon MS, Goldberg SB, Martín M, Felip E, Martinez Garcia M, Schiller JH, Spigel DR, Cordova J, Westcott V, Wang Y, Shames DS, Choi Y, Kahn R, Dere RC, Samineni D, Xu J, Lin K, Wood K, Royer-Joo S, Lemahieu V, Schuth E, Vaze A, Maslyar D, Humke EW, Burris HA. Phase Ia Study of Anti-NaPi2b Antibody–Drug Conjugate Lifastuzumab Vedotin DNIB0600A in Patients with Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer and Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:364-372. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Immunogenicity of antibody-drug conjugates: observations across 8 molecules in 11 clinical trials. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:1555-1568. [PMID: 31208199 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the clinical immunogenicity of eight antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), multi-domain biotherapeutics that could theoretically pose a greater immunogenicity risk than monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) because they contain non-natural structural motifs. Methodology & results: Immunogenicity strategies and assays for these ADCs included those commonly used for conventional biotherapeutics with additional characterization. A tiered approach was adopted for testing Phase I and II clinical study samples with screening, confirmatory assays and additional domain characterization. Antidrug antibody incidences with these ADCs were within those reported for mAb biotherapeutics with no apparent impact on clinical outcomes. Conclusion: These data suggest that the ADC hapten-like structure across these eight ADCs does not appear to increase patient immune responses beyond those generally observed for mAb biotherapeutics.
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26
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Goulet DR, Atkins WM. Considerations for the Design of Antibody-Based Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:74-103. [PMID: 31173761 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based proteins have become an important class of biologic therapeutics, due in large part to the stability, specificity, and adaptability of the antibody framework. Indeed, antibodies not only have the inherent ability to bind both antigens and endogenous immune receptors but also have proven extremely amenable to protein engineering. Thus, several derivatives of the monoclonal antibody format, including bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and antibody fragments, have demonstrated efficacy for treating human disease, particularly in the fields of immunology and oncology. Reviewed here are considerations for the design of antibody-based therapeutics, including immunological context, therapeutic mechanisms, and engineering strategies. First, characteristics of antibodies are introduced, with emphasis on structural domains, functionally important receptors, isotypic and allotypic differences, and modifications such as glycosylation. Then, aspects of therapeutic antibody design are discussed, including identification of antigen-specific variable regions, choice of expression system, use of multispecific formats, and design of antibody derivatives based on fragmentation, oligomerization, or conjugation to other functional moieties. Finally, strategies to enhance antibody function through protein engineering are reviewed while highlighting the impact of fundamental biophysical properties on protein developability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195.
| | - William M Atkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Bivi N, Moore T, Rodgers G, Denning H, Shockley T, Swearingen CA, Gelfanova V, Calderon B, Peterson DA, Hodsdon ME, Siegel RW, Higgs RE, Konrad RJ. Investigation of pre-existing reactivity to biotherapeutics can uncover potential immunogenic epitopes and predict immunogenicity risk. MAbs 2019; 11:861-869. [PMID: 31099718 PMCID: PMC6601536 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1612699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the development of tools to predict immunogenicity risk of biotherapeutic molecules, the ability of a protein to elicit the formation of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) remains one of the most common causes for termination of clinical development programs. In this study, we use ADA assays to detect and measure pre-existing reactivity or the ability of a molecule to produce an ADA-like response in serum from treatment-naïve, healthy donors. We report herein that the magnitude of pre-existing reactivity evaluated pre-clinically and expressed as the 90th percentile of Tier 2 inhibition correlates with the subsequent rate of ADA emergence in the clinic. Furthermore, a multi-domain biotherapeutic (IgG-scFv bispecific antibody) showed the highest pre-existing reactivity and incidence of treatment-emergent ADA (TE-ADA) (57% and 93%, respectively). Using the components of the multidomain molecule in the Tier 2 step of the ADA assay, we were able to identify the scFv as the target of the serum pre-existing reactivity. Most importantly, the domain specificity of pre-existing ADA was the same as that of the TE-ADA from patients treated with the molecule. Based on these data, we propose the evaluation of the magnitude and of the domain specificity of pre-existing reactivity as a powerful tool to understand the immunogenic potential of novel biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Bivi
- a The Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Terry Moore
- a The Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - George Rodgers
- a The Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Heather Denning
- a The Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Travis Shockley
- a The Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Craig A Swearingen
- a The Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Valentina Gelfanova
- a The Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Boris Calderon
- a The Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Daniel A Peterson
- a The Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Michael E Hodsdon
- a The Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Robert W Siegel
- a The Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Richard E Higgs
- a The Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Robert J Konrad
- a The Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
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Multiplexed immunoassay approach to characterize antidrug antibody like specific reactivity. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:703-712. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Characterization of antidrug antibody (ADA)-like reactivity has emerged as critical element of bioanalytical design and assessment of compound immunogenicity risk. Materials & methods: Multiplex immunoassay was applied to detect and characterize ADA like reactivity using Photonic Ring Immunoassay platform (Genalyte). Specific binding to human IgE or human recombinant IL21-receptor-Fc fusion using exogenous reagents as surrogates for drug-specific reactivity was investigated. Results: Multiplexed assay format allowed identification of spiked antihuman IgE reactivity as murine IgG1 and endogenous antihuman recombinant IL21-receptor-Fc reactivity in rheumatoid arthritis sera as antihuman Fc-specific binding. Conclusion: The ability of a multiplex immunoassay platform to identify isotype and domain specificity of antidrug immunoglobulins was shown to be effective and should be considered when screening and characterizing pre- and post-dose ADA reactivity.
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2018 White Paper on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis: focus on flow cytometry, gene therapy, cut points and key clarifications on BAV (Part 3 - LBA/cell-based assays: immunogenicity, biomarkers and PK assays). Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1973-2001. [PMID: 30488726 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2018 12th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis took place in Philadelphia, PA, USA on April 9-13, 2018 with an attendance of over 900 representatives from pharmaceutical/biopharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, contract research organizations and regulatory agencies worldwide. WRIB was once again a 5-day full immersion in bioanalysis, biomarkers and immunogenicity. As usual, it was specifically designed to facilitate sharing, reviewing, discussing and agreeing on approaches to address the most current issues of interest including both small- and large-molecule bioanalysis involving LCMS, hybrid LBA/LCMS and LBA/cell-based assays approaches. This 2018 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2018 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 3) covers the recommendations for large molecule bioanalysis, biomarkers and immunogenicity using LBA and cell-based assays. Part 1 (LCMS for small molecules, peptides, oligonucleotides and small molecule biomarkers) and Part 2 (hybrid LBA/LCMS for biotherapeutics and regulatory agencies' inputs) are published in volume 10 of Bioanalysis, issues 22 and 23 (2018), respectively.
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Sauna ZE, Lagassé D, Pedras-Vasconcelos J, Golding B, Rosenberg AS. Evaluating and Mitigating the Immunogenicity of Therapeutic Proteins. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:1068-1084. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Chilewski SD, Shields J, Mora JR, Myler H. Generic Anti-PEG Antibody Assay on ProterixBio’s (Formerly BioScale) ViBE Platform Shows Poor Reproducibility. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:65. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jani D, Nowak J, Chen Y, Boni J, Gorovits B. Assessment of clinical immunogenicity of inotuzumab ozogamicin in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. AAPS OPEN 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s41120-018-0021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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33
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Immunogenicity considerations for antibody–drug conjugates: a focus on neutralizing antibody assays. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:65-70. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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2017 White Paper on recent issues in bioanalysis: a global perspective on immunogenicity guidelines & biomarker assay performance (Part 3 – LBA: immunogenicity, biomarkers and PK assays). Bioanalysis 2017; 9:1967-1996. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-4974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2017 11th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis took place in Los Angeles/Universal City, California, on 3–7 April 2017 with participation of close to 750 professionals from pharmaceutical/biopharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, contract research organizations and regulatory agencies worldwide. WRIB was once again a 5-day, week-long event – a full immersion week of bioanalysis, biomarkers and immunogenicity. As usual, it was specifically designed to facilitate sharing, reviewing, discussing and agreeing on approaches to address the most current issues of interest including both small- and large-molecule analysis involving LC–MS, hybrid ligand-binding assay (LBA)/LC–MS and LBA approaches. This 2017 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop, and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2017 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 3) covers the recommendations for large-molecule bioanalysis, biomarkers and immunogenicity using LBA. Part 1 (LC–MS for small molecules, peptides and small molecule biomarkers) and Part 2 (hybrid LBA/LC–MS for biotherapeutics and regulatory agencies’ inputs) are published in volume 9 of Bioanalysis, issues 22 and 23 (2017), respectively.
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Loebrich S, Shen M, Cohen E, Payne G, Chen Y, Bogalhas M, Zhao Y. Development and Characterization of a Neutralizing Anti-idiotype Antibody Against Mirvetuximab for Analysis of Clinical Samples. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1223-1234. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Baumann A, Fischmann S, Blaich G, Friedrich M. Leverage nonclinical development of bispecifics by translational science. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2016; 21-22:95-102. [PMID: 27978993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibody constructs (Bispecifics, bsAbs) may have greater functionality compared to established monoclonal antibodies because they bind to 2 different targets or, potentially, to 2 epitopes on the same target (dual targeting). This may result in enhanced binding avidity with preferential binding to cells that express both targets or binding to targets on different cells. However, development of these next-generation biologics, including new formats, creates unique challenges due to their increased complexity. Here we review aspects of bsAbs preclinical development programs that may increase the success rates of bsAbs in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guenter Blaich
- AbbVie Germany GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Mahlangu J, Paz P, Hardtke M, Aswad F, Schroeder J. TRUST
trial:
BAY
86‐6150 use in haemophilia with inhibitors and assessment for immunogenicity. Haemophilia 2016; 22:873-879. [DOI: 10.1111/hae.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Mahlangu
- Haemophilia Comprehensive Care Centre Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service Johannesburg South Africa
| | - P. Paz
- Global Biologics Research Lead Discovery Bayer San Francisco CA USA
| | - M. Hardtke
- Global Clinical Development Bayer Pharma AG Berlin Germany
| | - F. Aswad
- Global Biologics Research Lead Discovery Bayer San Francisco CA USA
| | - J. Schroeder
- Global Clinical Development Bayer Pharma AG Berlin Germany
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Wu B, Chung S, Jiang XR, McNally J, Pedras-Vasconcelos J, Pillutla R, White JT, Xu Y, Gupta S. Strategies to Determine Assay Format for the Assessment of Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Biotherapeutics. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:1335-1350. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Development and characterization of antibody reagents to assess anti-PEG IgG antibodies in clinical samples. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:1869-83. [PMID: 26295988 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a polymer that can be conjugated with therapeutic proteins. Monitoring anti-PEG antibodies in human subjects may be required as part of immunogenicity assessment. The lack of well-characterized anti-PEG reagents have limited our understanding of anti-PEG humoral response. RESULTS Antibodies reactive to PEG were engineered with a human IgG1 Fc. Surface plasmon resonance and plate-based methods demonstrated that their binding was dependent on molecular weight (MW) of PEG. Specificity experiments using chemical analogs identified their specificity. CONCLUSION Affinity, specificity and MW of PEG are critical characteristics that impact interactions of anti-PEG antibodies with PEG. These attributes especially MW of PEG and the assay formats may impact the ability to detect anti-PEG antibodies.
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Application of a Plug-and-Play Immunogenicity Assay in Cynomolgus Monkey Serum for ADCs at Early Stages of Drug Development. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2618575. [PMID: 27092313 PMCID: PMC4820625 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2618575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenicity assessment during early stages of nonclinical biotherapeutic development is not always warranted. It is rarely predictive for clinical studies and evidence for the presence of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) may be inferred from the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile. However, collecting and banking samples during the course of the study are prudent for confirmation and a deeper understanding of the impact on PK and safety. Biotherapeutic-specific ADA assays commonly developed can require considerable time and resources. In addition, the ADA assay may not be ready when needed if the study of PK and safety data triggers assay development. During early stages of drug development for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), there is the added complication of the potential inclusion of several molecular variants in a study, differing in the linker and/or drug components. To simplify analysis of ADAs at this stage, we developed plug-and-play generic approaches for both the assay format and the data analysis steps. Firstly, the assay format uses generic reagents to detect ADAs. Secondly, we propose a cut point methodology based on animal specific baseline variability instead of a population data approach. This assay showed good sensitivity, drug tolerance, and reproducibility across a variety of antibody-derived biotherapeutics without the need for optimization across molecules.
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Abstract
Boston Society's 11th Annual Applied Pharmaceutical Analysis conference, Hyatt Regency Hotel, Cambridge, MA, USA, 14-16 September 2015 The Boston Society's 11th Annual Applied Pharmaceutical Analysis (APA) conference took place at the Hyatt Regency hotel in Cambridge, MA, on 14-16 September 2015. The 3-day conference affords pharmaceutical professionals, academic researchers and industry regulators the opportunity to collectively participate in meaningful and relevant discussions impacting the areas of pharmaceutical drug development. The APA conference was organized in three workshops encompassing the disciplines of regulated bioanalysis, discovery bioanalysis (encompassing new and emerging technologies) and biotransformation. The conference included a short course titled 'Bioanalytical considerations for the clinical development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)', an engaging poster session, several panel and round table discussions and over 50 diverse talks from leading industry and academic scientists.
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2015 White Paper on recent issues in bioanalysis: focus on new technologies and biomarkers (Part 3 – LBA, biomarkers and immunogenicity). Bioanalysis 2015; 7:3107-24. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2015 9th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (9th WRIB) took place in Miami, Florida with participation of 600 professionals from pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, contract research organizations and regulatory agencies worldwide. WRIB was once again a 5 day, week-long event – A Full Immersion Bioanalytical Week – specifically designed to facilitate sharing, reviewing, discussing and agreeing on approaches to address the most current issues of interest in bioanalysis. The topics covered included both small and large molecules, and involved LCMS, hybrid LBA/LCMS and LBA approaches, including the focus on biomarkers and immunogenicity. This 2015 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop, and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2015 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts. Part 3 discusses the recommendations for large molecule bioanalysis using LBA, biomarkers and immunogenicity. Part 1 (small molecule bioanalysis using LCMS) and Part 2 (hybrid LBA/LCMS and regulatory inputs from major global health authorities) have been published in volume 7, issues 22 and 23 of Bioanalysis, respectively.
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Stubenrauch K, Künzel C, Vogel R, Tuerck D, Schick E, Heinrich J. Epitope characterization of the ADA response directed against a targeted immunocytokine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 114:296-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wadhwa M, Knezevic I, Kang HN, Thorpe R. Immunogenicity assessment of biotherapeutic products: An overview of assays and their utility. Biologicals 2015; 43:298-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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45
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Dong H, Mora JR, Brockus C, Chilewski SD, Dodge R, Merrifield C, Dickerson WM, DeSilva B. Development of a Generic Anti-PEG Antibody Assay Using BioScale's Acoustic Membrane MicroParticle Technology. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:1511-6. [PMID: 26139446 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenicity testing for PEGylated biotherapeutics should include methods to detect both anti-protein and anti-PEG antibodies (anti-PEG). Although some methods have been published for the detection of anti-PEG antibodies, the information is incomplete and, in some cases, reagents used (such as Tween-20) are known to interfere with detection. This rapid communication describes the use of BioScale's Acoustic Membrane MicroParticle (AMMP®) technology using the ViBE® Workstation to measure anti-PEG antibodies in human serum samples. Briefly, a sample spiked with monoclonal human IgG anti-PEG antibody is diluted in buffer and incubated with paramagnetic beads coated with linear chain mPEG to capture anti-PEG antibodies. The complex is then captured on an acoustic membrane coated with Protein A. The change in mass on the membrane caused by the binding of the complex to the membrane results in a signal proportional to the mass of anti-PEG antibodies. The data indicate that an assay with a sensitivity of less than 1000 ng/mL for IgG is achievable. This level of sensitivity is better than current published reports on IgG anti-PEG antibody detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijin Dong
- Bioanalytical Sciences Biologics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA.
| | - Johanna R Mora
- Bioanalytical Sciences Biologics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
| | - Catherine Brockus
- Bioanalytical Sciences Biologics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
| | - Shannon D Chilewski
- Bioanalytical Sciences Biologics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
| | - Robert Dodge
- Bioanalytical Sciences Biologics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
| | | | | | - Binodh DeSilva
- Bioanalytical Sciences Biologics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
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46
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47
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An integrated multiplatform bioanalytical strategy for antibody–drug conjugates: a novel case study. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:1569-82. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The bioanalytical strategy for antibody–drug conjugates (ADC) includes numerous measurements integrally designed to provide comprehensive characterization of PK, PD and immunogenicity. This manuscript describes the utilization of reagents specifically tailored to an ADC with a microtubule polymerization inhibitor payload and cathepsin B cleavable linker. Methods: The PK strategy includes the evaluation of physiological levels of total antibody, active ADC, total ADC, antibody-conjugated payload and unconjugated payload. These data are evaluated in the context of target and antidrug antibody levels to elucidate bioactive ADC. Results & conclusion: Herein, we discuss how this strategy has been applied and present our preliminary observations. Continuously evolving to meet pipeline demands, the integrated bioanalytical data will provide critical insights into the exposure–response relationship.
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2014 White Paper on recent issues in bioanalysis: a full immersion in bioanalysis (Part 3 – LBA and immunogenicity). Bioanalysis 2014; 6:3355-68. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2014 8th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (8th WRIB), a 5-day full immersion in the evolving field of bioanalysis, took place in Universal City, California, USA. Close to 500 professionals from pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies, contract research organizations and regulatory agencies worldwide convened to share, review, discuss and agree on approaches to address current issues of interest in bioanalysis. The topics covered included both small and large molecules, and involved LCMS, hybrid LBA/LCMS, LBA approaches and immunogenicity. From the prolific discussions held during the workshop, specific recommendations are presented in this 2014 White Paper. As with the previous years’ editions, this paper acts as a practical tool to help the bioanalytical community continue advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2014 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 3) covers the recommendations for Large molecules bioanalysis using LBA and Immunogenicity. Part 1 (Small molecules bioanalysis using LCMS) and Part 2 (Hybrid LBA/LCMS, Electronic Laboratory Notebook and Regulatory Agencies' Input) were published in the Bioanalysis issues 6(22) and 6(23), respectively.
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49
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Hock MB, Thudium KE, Carrasco-Triguero M, Schwabe NF. Immunogenicity of antibody drug conjugates: bioanalytical methods and monitoring strategy for a novel therapeutic modality. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 17:35-43. [PMID: 25380723 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenicity (the development of an adaptive immune response reactive with a therapeutic) is a well-described but unwanted facet of biotherapeutic development. There are commonly applied procedures for immunogenicity risk assessment, testing strategies, and bioanalysis. With some modifications, these can be applied to new biotherapeutic modalities. For novel therapies such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), the unique structural components may contribute additional complexities to both immunologic responses and bioanalytical methods. US product inserts (USPIs) for two commercially available ADCs detail the incidence of immunogenicity; however, the body of literature on immunogenicity of ADCs is limited. We recently participated in a conference session on this topic (Annual meeting of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, held November 2013 in San Antonio, TX, USA. The meeting featured the Symposium: Immunogenicity Assessment for Novel Antibody Drug Conjugates, Nonclinical to Clinical) which prompted an effort to share our perspectives on how immunogenicity risk assessment, testing strategies, and bioanalytical methods can be adapted to reflect the complexity of ADC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Benjamin Hock
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Dr., 30E-3-B, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA,
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