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Kauffman RC, Adekunle O, Yu H, Cho A, Nyhoff LE, Kelly M, Harris JB, Bhuiyan TR, Qadri F, Calderwood SB, Charles RC, Ryan ET, Kong J, Wrammert J. Impact of Immunoglobulin Isotype and Epitope on the Functional Properties of Vibrio cholerae O-Specific Polysaccharide-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. mBio 2021; 12:e03679-20. [PMID: 33879588 PMCID: PMC8092325 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03679-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae causes the severe diarrheal disease cholera. Clinical disease and current oral cholera vaccines generate antibody responses associated with protection. Immunity is thought to be largely mediated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-specific antibodies, primarily targeting the O-antigen. However, the properties and protective mechanism of functionally relevant antibodies have not been well defined. We previously reported on the early B cell response to cholera in a cohort of Bangladeshi patients, from which we characterized a panel of human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) isolated from acutely induced plasmablasts. All antibodies in that previous study were expressed in an IgG1 backbone irrespective of their original isotype. To clearly determine the impact of affinity, immunoglobulin isotype and subclass on the functional properties of these MAbs, we re-engineered a subset of low- and high-affinity antibodies in different isotype and subclass immunoglobulin backbones and characterized the impact of these changes on binding, vibriocidal, agglutination, and motility inhibition activity. While the high-affinity antibodies bound similarly to O-antigen, irrespective of isotype, the low-affinity antibodies displayed significant avidity differences. Interestingly, despite exhibiting lower binding properties, variants derived from the low-affinity MAbs had comparable agglutination and motility inhibition properties to the potently binding antibodies, suggesting that how the MAb binds to the O-antigen may be critical to function. In addition, not only pentameric IgM and dimeric IgA, but also monomeric IgA, was remarkably more potent than their IgG counterparts at inhibiting motility. Finally, analyzing highly purified F(ab) versions of these antibodies, we show that LPS cross-linking is essential for motility inhibition.IMPORTANCE Immunity to the severe diarrheal disease cholera is largely mediated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-specific antibodies. However, the properties and protective mechanisms of functionally relevant antibodies have not been well defined. Here, we have engineered low and high-affinity LPS-specific antibodies in different immunoglobulin backbones in order to assess the impact of affinity, immunoglobulin isotype, and subclass on binding, vibriocidal, agglutination, and motility inhibition functional properties. Importantly, we found that affinity did not directly dictate functional potency since variants derived from the low-affinity MAbs had comparable agglutination and motility inhibition properties to the potently binding antibodies. This suggests that how the antibody binds sterically may be critical to function. In addition, not only pentameric IgM and dimeric IgA, but also monomeric IgA, was remarkably more potent than their IgG counterparts at inhibiting motility. Finally, analyzing highly purified F(ab) versions of these antibodies, we show that LPS cross-linking is essential for motility inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Kauffman
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Oluwaseyi Adekunle
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hanyi Yu
- Department of Computer Science, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alice Cho
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lindsay E Nyhoff
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Meagan Kelly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason B Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen B Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jun Kong
- Department of Computer Science, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Baranova DE, Willsey GG, Levinson KJ, Smith C, Wade J, Mantis NJ. Transcriptional profiling of Vibrio cholerae O1 following exposure to human anti- lipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibodies. Pathog Dis 2020; 78:ftaa029. [PMID: 32589220 PMCID: PMC7371154 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Following an episode of cholera, a rapidly dehydrating, watery diarrhea caused by the Gram-negative bacterium, Vibrio cholerae O1, humans mount a robust anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibody response that is associated with immunity to subsequent re-infection. In neonatal mouse and rabbit models of cholera, passively administered anti-LPS polyclonal and monoclonal (MAb) antibodies reduce V. cholerae colonization of the intestinal epithelia by inhibiting bacterial motility and promoting vibrio agglutination. Here we demonstrate that human anti-LPS IgG MAbs also arrest V. cholerae motility and induce bacterial paralysis. A subset of those MAbs also triggered V. cholerae to secrete an extracellular matrix (ECM). To identify changes in gene expression that accompany antibody exposure and that may account for motility arrest and ECM production, we subjected V. cholerae O1 El Tor to RNA-seq analysis after treatment with ZAC-3 IgG, a high affinity MAb directed against the core/lipid A region of LPS. We identified > 160 genes whose expression was altered following ZAC-3 IgG treatment, although canonical outer membrane stress regulons were not among them. ompS (VCA1028), a porin associated with virulence and indirectly regulated by ToxT, and norR (VCA0182), a σ54-dependent transcription factor involved in late stages of infection, were two upregulated genes worth noting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Baranova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany NY 12222
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany NY 12208
| | - Graham G Willsey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany NY 12208
| | - Kara J Levinson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany NY 12222
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany NY 12208
| | - Carol Smith
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany NY 12208
| | - Joseph Wade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany NY 12222
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany NY 12208
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany NY 12222
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany NY 12208
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Baranova DE, Chen L, Destrempes M, Meade H, Mantis NJ. Passive Immunity to Vibrio cholerae O1 Afforded by a Human Monoclonal IgA1 Antibody Expressed in Milk. Pathog Immun 2020; 5:89-116. [PMID: 34136728 PMCID: PMC8204294 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v5i1.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In cholera epidemics, the spread of disease can easily outpace vaccine
control measures. The advent of technologies enabling the expression of
recombinant proteins, including antibodies, in the milk of transgenic
animals raises the prospect of developing a self-administered and
cost-effective monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based prophylactic to reduce the
incidence of Vibrio cholerae infection. Methods: We generated a transgenic mouse line in which the heavy and light chain
variable regions (Fv) specific for a conserved epitope in the core/lipid A
of V. cholerae O1 lipopolysaccharide were expressed as a
full-length human dimeric IgA1 (ZAC-3) and secreted into the milk of
lactating dams. Milk containing ZAC-3 IgA1 was assessed for the ability to
passively protect against experimental cholera infection in a newborn mouse
model and to impact bacterial swimming behavior. Results: Newborn mice that were passively administered ZAC-3 IgA1 containing milk, or
that suckled on dams expressing ZAC-3 IgA1, were immune to experimental
cholera infection, as measured by a reduction of V.
cholerae O1 colony forming units recovered from intestinal
lysates 12 hours after oral challenge. In vitro analysis
revealed that ZAC-3 hIgA1-containing milk arrested V.
cholerae motility in soft agar and liquid media and was
effective at promoting bacterial agglutination, possibly accounting for the
observed reduction in bacterial colonization in vivo. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that consumption of milk-derived antibodies may
serve as a strategy to passively protect against cholera and possibly other
enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Baranova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University at Albany; Albany, New York.,Division of Infectious Diseases; Wadsworth Center; New York State Department of Health; Albany, New York
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University at Albany; Albany, New York.,Division of Infectious Diseases; Wadsworth Center; New York State Department of Health; Albany, New York
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Inhibition of invasive salmonella by orally administered IgA and IgG monoclonal antibodies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007803. [PMID: 32203503 PMCID: PMC7117778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica strains, including serovar Typhimurium (STm), are an emerging cause of invasive disease among children and the immunocompromised, especially in regions of sub-Saharan Africa. STm invades the intestinal mucosa through Peyer's patch tissues before disseminating systemically. While vaccine development efforts are ongoing, the emergence of multidrug resistant strains of STm affirms the need to seek alternative strategies to protect high-risk individuals from infection. In this report, we investigated the potential of an orally administered O5 serotype-specific IgA monoclonal antibody (mAb), called Sal4, to prevent infection of invasive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) in mice. Sal4 IgA was delivered to mice prior to or concurrently with STm challenge. Infectivity was measured as bacterial burden in Peyer's patch tissues one day after challenge. Using this model, we defined the minimal amount of Sal4 IgA required to significantly reduce STm uptake into Peyer's patches. The relative efficacy of Sal4 in dimeric and secretory IgA (SIgA) forms was compared. To assess the role of isotype in oral passive immunization, we engineered a recombinant IgG1 mAb carrying the Sal4 variable regions and evaluated its ability to block invasion of STm into epithelial cells in vitro and Peyer's patch tissues. Our results demonstrate the potential of orally administered monoclonal IgA and SIgA, but not IgG, to passively immunize against invasive Salmonella. Nonetheless, the prophylactic window of IgA/SIgA in the mouse was on the order of minutes, underscoring the need to develop formulations to protect mAbs in the gastric environment and to permit sustained release in the small intestine.
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Baranova DE, Levinson KJ, Mantis NJ. Vibrio cholerae O1 secretes an extracellular matrix in response to antibody-mediated agglutination. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190026. [PMID: 29293563 PMCID: PMC5749738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 is one of two serogroups responsible for epidemic cholera, a severe watery diarrhea that occurs after the bacterium colonizes the human small intestine and secretes a potent ADP-ribosylating toxin. Immunity to cholera is associated with intestinal anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibodies, which are known to inhibit V. cholerae motility and promote bacterial cell-cell crosslinking and aggregation. Here we report that V. cholerae O1 classical and El Tor biotypes produce an extracellular matrix (ECM) when forcibly immobilized and agglutinated by ZAC-3 IgG, an intestinally-derived monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the core/lipid A region of LPS. ECM secretion, as demonstrated by crystal violet staining and scanning electron microscopy, occurred within 30 minutes of antibody exposure and peaked by 3 hours. Non-motile mutants of V. cholerae did not secrete ECM following ZAC-3 IgG exposure, even though they were susceptible to agglutination. The ECM was enriched in O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) but not Vibrio polysaccharide (VPS). Finally, we demonstrate that ECM production by V. cholerae in response to ZAC-3 IgG was associated with bacterial resistant to a secondary complement-mediated attack. In summary, we propose that V. cholerae O1, upon encountering anti-LPS antibodies in the intestinal lumen, secretes an ECM (or O-antigen capsule) possibly as a strategy to shield itself from additional host immune factors and to exit an otherwise inhospitable host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E. Baranova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | - Kara J. Levinson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Mantis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Multiple Modes of Action of a Monoclonal Antibody against Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Sequence Type 131- H30. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01428-17. [PMID: 28874372 PMCID: PMC5655088 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01428-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The multidrug-resistant H30 subclone of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131-H30) has spread worldwide. This clone expresses a conserved lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O antigen, O25b. Previously, we described monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to the O25b antigen and characterized them as diagnostic and therapeutic tools. In this study, evidence is provided that besides the previously shown complement-mediated bactericidal effect, an O25b-specific humanized MAb, A1124, also enhances opsonophagocytic uptake by the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Both phagocyte-dependent killing and phagocyte-independent killing, triggered by A1124, were confirmed in human whole blood. Furthermore, A1124 was shown to neutralize endotoxin activity of purified LPS of clinical isolates. This activity was demonstrated in vitro using both RAW 264.7 cells and a human Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) reporter cell line, as well as in a murine model of endotoxemia using purified LPS for challenge. Significant protective efficacy of A1124 at low doses (<1 mg/kg of body weight) was shown in murine and rat models of bacteremia. The contribution of the bactericidal and anti-inflammatory effects was dissected in the mouse bacteremia model through depletion of complement with cobra venom factor (CVF). Protective efficacy was lost in complement-depleted mice, suggesting the essential role of complement-mediated activities for protection in this model. These data suggest that A1124 exhibits different mechanisms of action, namely, direct complement-mediated and opsonophagocytic killing as well as endotoxin neutralization in various challenge models. Which of these activities are the most relevant in a clinical setting will need to be addressed by future translational studies.
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Levinson KJ, Baranova DE, Mantis NJ. A monoclonal antibody that targets the conserved core/lipid A region of lipopolysaccharide affects motility and reduces intestinal colonization of both classical and El Tor Vibrio cholerae biotypes. Vaccine 2016; 34:5833-5836. [PMID: 27773473 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, an acute diarrheal disease that remains endemic in many parts of the world. The mechanisms underlying immunity to cholera remain poorly defined, though it is increasingly clear that protection is associated with antibodies against lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here we report that ZAC-3, a monoclonal antibody against the core/lipid A region of V. cholerae LPS is a potent inhibitor of V. cholerae flagellum-based motility in viscous and liquid environments. ZAC-3 arrested motility of the classical Ogawa strain O395, as well as the El Tor Inaba strain C6706. In addition, we demonstrate, in the neonatal mouse model, that ZAC-3 IgG and Fab fragments significantly reduced the ability of both V. cholerae strains O395 and C6706 to colonize the intestinal epithelium, revealing the potential of antibodies against the core/lipid A to contribute to immunity across biotypes, possibly through a mechanism involving motility arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara J Levinson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12208, United States
| | - Danielle E Baranova
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12208, United States
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
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