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Novel mumps virus epitopes reveal robust cytotoxic T cell responses after natural infection but not after vaccination. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13664. [PMID: 34211021 PMCID: PMC8249633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mumps is nowadays re-emerging despite vaccination. The contribution of T cell immunity to protection against mumps has not been clearly defined. Previously, we described a set of 41 peptides that were eluted from human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules of mumps virus (MuV)-infected cells. Here, we confirmed immunogenicity of five novel HLA-B*07:02- and HLA-A*01:01-restricted MuV T cell epitopes from this set of peptides. High frequencies of T cells against these five MuV epitopes could be detected ex vivo in all tested mumps patients. Moreover, these epitope-specific T cells derived from mumps patients displayed strong cytotoxic activity. In contrast, only marginal T cell responses against these novel MuV epitopes could be detected in recently vaccinated persons, corroborating earlier findings. Identifying which MuV epitopes are dominantly targeted in the mumps-specific CD8+ T- response is an important step towards better understanding in the discrepancies between natural infection or vaccination-induced cell-mediated immune protection.
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Genetic Analysis Reveals Differences in CD8 + T Cell Epitope Regions That May Impact Cross-Reactivity of Vaccine-Induced T Cells against Wild-Type Mumps Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070699. [PMID: 34202193 PMCID: PMC8310158 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, mumps is re-emerging in highly vaccinated populations. Waning of vaccine-induced immunity plays a role, but antigenic differences between vaccine and mumps outbreak strains could also contribute to reduced vaccine effectiveness. CD8+ T cells play a critical role in immunity to viruses. However, limited data are available about sequence variability in CD8+ T cell epitope regions of mumps virus (MuV) proteins. Recently, the first set of naturally presented human leukocyte antigen Class I (HLA-I) epitopes of MuV was identified by us. In the present study, sequences of 40 CD8+ T cell epitope candidates, including previously and newly identified, obtained from Jeryl–Lynn mumps vaccine strains were compared with genomes from 462 circulating MuV strains. In 31 epitope candidates (78%) amino acid differences were detected, and in 17 (43%) of the epitope candidates the corresponding sequences in wild-type strains had reduced predicted HLA-I-binding compared to the vaccine strains. These findings suggest that vaccinated persons may have reduced T cell immunity to circulating mumps viruses due to antigenic differences.
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Kaaijk P, Wijmenga-Monsuur AJ, van Houten MA, Veldhuijzen IK, Ten Hulscher HI, Kerkhof J, van der Klis FR, van Binnendijk RS. A Third Dose of Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine to Improve Immunity Against Mumps in Young Adults. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:902-909. [PMID: 31112277 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waning of vaccine-induced immunity is considered to play a central role in the reemergence of mumps among vaccinated young adults. The aim of the present study was to investigate antibody responses and safety of a third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR-3) in 150 young adults. Antibody levels were related to a surrogate of protection based on preoutbreak serum antibody levels in 31 persons with and 715 without serological evidence of mumps. METHODS Mumps virus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses and mumps virus-neutralizing antibody responses (based on the focus-reduction neutralizing test) against both the Jeryl Lynn mumps virus vaccine strain (hereafter, the "vaccine strain") and the MuVi/Utrecht.NLD/40.10 outbreak strain (hereafter, the "outbreak strain") were determined, and vaccine safety was evaluated. RESULTS Four weeks following MMR-3 receipt, levels of IgG, anti-vaccine strain, and anti-outbreak strain antibodies increased by a factor of 1.65, 1.34, and 1.35, respectively. Although antibody levels decreased 1 year later, they were still above the baseline level by a factor of 1.37, 1.15, and 1.27, respectively. Based on the surrogate protective antibody cutoff, significantly more participants were protected against mumps virus infection up to 1 year after vaccination (ie, they had antibody levels above the presumed threshold for herd immunity). CONCLUSIONS MMR-3 receipt increased antibody levels that may protect against mumps virus infection for longer than previously assumed and is expected to be a good and safe intervention for controlling a mumps outbreak. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION 2016-001104-36; NTR5911.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Kaaijk
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven
| | - Alienke J Wijmenga-Monsuur
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven
| | | | - Irene K Veldhuijzen
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven
| | - Hinke I Ten Hulscher
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven
| | - Jeroen Kerkhof
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven
| | - Fiona R van der Klis
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven
| | - Rob S van Binnendijk
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven
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de Wit J, Emmelot ME, Meiring H, van Gaans-van den Brink JAM, van Els CACM, Kaaijk P. Identification of Naturally Processed Mumps Virus Epitopes by Mass Spectrometry: Confirmation of Multiple CD8+ T-Cell Responses in Mumps Patients. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:474-482. [PMID: 31560392 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The re-emergence of mumps among vaccinated young adults has become a global issue. Besides waning of antibody responses, suboptimal induction of T-cell responses may reduce protection. In a recent study, we observed a dominant polyfunctional CD8+ T-cell response after natural mumps virus (MuV) infection that was not present after vaccination. Unraveling the MuV epitope repertoire can provide insight in the specificity, functionality, and breadth of the T-cell response against MuV. METHODS Peptides were eluted from human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules of MuV-infected cells and characterized by advanced mass spectrometry. Selected identified MuV peptides were tested for in vitro and ex vivo immunogenicity. RESULTS In this study, we identified a broad landscape of 83 CD8+ T-cell epitopes of MuV, 41 of which were confirmed based on synthetic peptide standards. For 6 epitopes, we showed induction of an HLA-A*02-restriced CD8+ T-cell response. Moreover, robust T-cell responses against 5 selected MuV epitopes could be detected in all tested mumps patients using peptide/HLA-A*02:01 dextramers. CONCLUSIONS The identified CD8+ T-cell epitopes will help to further characterize MuV-specific T-cell immunity after natural MuV infection or vaccination. These MuV epitopes may provide clues for a better understanding of, and possibly for preventing, mumps vaccine failure.We identified for the first time 41 mumps virus (MuV)-specific HLA-A*02 epitopes. For 6 epitopes, CD8+ T-cell responses were confirmed in T cells derived from several mumps cases, and MuV-specific CD8+ T cells could be identified by peptide/dextramer staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle de Wit
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten E Emmelot
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Meiring
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cécile A C M van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Kaaijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Hao J, Yang Z, Huang S, Yang W, Zhu Z, Tian L, Lu Y, Xiang H, Liu S. The association between short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and the incidence of mumps in Wuhan, China: A time-series study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108660. [PMID: 31445438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have estimated the association between meteorological factors and mumps outbreaks without assessing the influence of air pollution. In this research, we explored the effects of short-term exposure to air pollution on the incidence of mumps. METHODS Our time-series analysis was conducted using data collected in Wuhan, China from 2015 to 2017. Daily number of mumps cases was obtained from Disease Reporting System in Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Data on air pollution was obtained from 10 national air quality monitoring stations, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ground-level ozone (O3), particulate matter less than or equal to 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), and particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5). Daily meteorological data including temperature and relative humidity were obtained from Hubei Meteorological Bureau. We performed a Poisson regression in generalized additive models (GAM) to explore the association between the incidence of mumps and exposure to air pollution. RESULTS We observed that the effects of air pollutants were statistically significant mainly in two periods, lag 0 to lag 5 and lag 20 to lag 25, with the strongest effects appearing at lag 2 and lag 23. The cumulative effects were stronger than single-day lag effects. The stratified analysis showed the effect of pollutants during the hot season was stronger than that during the cold season, especially for NO2 and SO2. CONCLUSIONS We found that exposure to NO2 and SO2 was significantly associated with higher risk of developing mumps. Our findings could help deepen the understanding of how air pollution exposure affects the incidence of mumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Hao
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Zhiyi Yang
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Shuqiong Huang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Zhongmin Zhu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Wuchang Shouyi University, Wuhan, 430064, China; State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Liqiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Yuanan Lu
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1960 East-West Rd, Biomed Bldg, D105, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Hao Xiang
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Suyang Liu
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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The Human CD4 + T Cell Response against Mumps Virus Targets a Broadly Recognized Nucleoprotein Epitope. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01883-18. [PMID: 30626672 PMCID: PMC6401470 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01883-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of mumps among vaccinated young adults have been reported worldwide. Humoral responses against mumps virus (MuV) are well characterized, although no correlate of protection has been elucidated, stressing the need to better understand cellular MuV-specific immunity. In this study, we identified the first MuV T cell epitope, which is derived from the viral nucleoprotein (MuV-N) and was recognized by a cytotoxic/Th1 CD4+ T cell clone that was isolated from a mumps case. Moreover, the epitope was predicted to bind a broad variety of common HLA-DRB1 alleles, which was confirmed by the epitope-specific cytotoxic/Th1 CD4+ T cell responses observed in multiple mumps cases with various HLA-DRB1 genotypes. The identified epitope is completely conserved among various mumps strains. These findings qualify this promiscuous MuV T cell epitope as a useful tool for further in-depth exploration of MuV-specific T cell immunity after natural mumps virus infection or induced by vaccination. Mumps outbreaks among vaccinated young adults stress the need for a better understanding of mumps virus (MuV)-induced immunity. Antibody responses to MuV are well characterized, but studies on T cell responses are limited. We recently isolated a MuV-specific CD4+ T cell clone by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a mumps case with the viral nucleoprotein (MuV-N). In this study, we further explored the identity and relevance of the epitope recognized by the CD4+ T cell clone and ex vivo by T cells in a cohort of mumps cases. Using a two-dimensional matrix peptide pool of 15-mer peptides covering the complete MuV-N, we identified the epitope recognized by the T cell clone as MuV-N110–124 GTYRLIPNARANLTA, present in a well-conserved region of the viral protein. Upon peptide-specific stimulation, the T cell clone expressed the activation marker CD137 and produced gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-10 in a HLA-DR4-restricted manner. Moreover, the CD4+ T cells exerted a cytotoxic phenotype and specifically killed cells presenting MuV-N110–124. Furthermore, the identified peptide is widely applicable to the general population since it is predicted to bind various common HLA-DR molecules, and epitope-specific CD4+ T cells displaying cytotoxic/Th1-type properties were found in all tested mumps cases expressing different HLA-DR alleles. This first broadly recognized human MuV-specific CD4+ T cell epitope could provide a useful tool to detect and evaluate virus-specific T cell responses upon MuV infection or following vaccination. IMPORTANCE Recent outbreaks of mumps among vaccinated young adults have been reported worldwide. Humoral responses against mumps virus (MuV) are well characterized, although no correlate of protection has been elucidated, stressing the need to better understand cellular MuV-specific immunity. In this study, we identified the first MuV T cell epitope, which is derived from the viral nucleoprotein (MuV-N) and was recognized by a cytotoxic/Th1 CD4+ T cell clone that was isolated from a mumps case. Moreover, the epitope was predicted to bind a broad variety of common HLA-DRB1 alleles, which was confirmed by the epitope-specific cytotoxic/Th1 CD4+ T cell responses observed in multiple mumps cases with various HLA-DRB1 genotypes. The identified epitope is completely conserved among various mumps strains. These findings qualify this promiscuous MuV T cell epitope as a useful tool for further in-depth exploration of MuV-specific T cell immunity after natural mumps virus infection or induced by vaccination.
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STRANAVOVA L, HRUBA P, GIRMANOVA E, TYCOVA I, SLAVCEV A, FRONEK J, SLATINSKA J, REINKE P, VOLK HD, VIKLICKY O. The Effect of Induction Therapy on Established CMV Specific T Cell Immunity in Living Donor Kidney Transplantation. Physiol Res 2018; 67:251-260. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection influences both short and long term outcomes in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different induction immunosuppression regimens on CMV specific T cell response in patients with already established CMV immunity. In 24 seropositive living donor kidney recipients, the frequency of CMV specific T cells was determined by ELISPOT (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot) assay prior and 6 months after transplantation. Recipients’ peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with immediate-early (IE1) and phosphoprotein 65 (pp65) CMV-derived peptide pools and the number of cells producing interferon gamma (IFN-γ) was assessed. Patients received quadruple immunosuppression based either on depletive rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) or non-depletive basiliximab induction and tacrolimus/mycophenolate mofetil/steroids. Patients with rATG induction received valgancyclovir prophylaxis. No effects of different induction agents on CMV specific T cell immunity were found at sixth month after kidney transplantation. There were no associations among dialysis vintage, pretransplant CMV specific T cell immunity, and later CMV DNAemia. Similarly, no effect of CMV prophylaxis on CMV specific T cell immunity was revealed. This study shows no effect of posttransplant immunosuppression on CMV specific T cell immunity in living donor kidney transplant recipients with CMV immunity already established, regardless of lymphocyte depletion and CMV prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - O. VIKLICKY
- Department of Nephrology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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de Wit J, Emmelot ME, Poelen MCM, van Binnendijk RS, van der Lee S, van Baarle D, Han WGH, van Els CACM, Kaaijk P. Mumps infection but not childhood vaccination induces persistent polyfunctional CD8 + T-cell memory. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:1908-1911.e12. [PMID: 29339261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelle de Wit
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten E Emmelot
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martien C M Poelen
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob S van Binnendijk
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia van der Lee
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wanda G H Han
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cécile A C M van Els
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Kaaijk
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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