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Igere BE, Okoh AI, Nwodo UU. Atypical and dual biotypes variant of virulent SA-NAG-Vibrio cholerae: an evidence of emerging/evolving patho-significant strain in municipal domestic water sources. ANN MICROBIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-021-01661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction and purpose
The recent cholera spread, new cases, and fatality continue to arouse concern in public health systems; however, interventions on control is at its peak yet statistics show continuous report. This study characterized atypical and patho-significant environmental Vibrio cholerae retrieved from ground/surface/domestic water in rural-urban-sub-urban locations of Amathole District municipality and Chris Hani District municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
Methods
Domestic/surface water was sampled and 759 presumptive V. cholerae isolates were retrieved using standard microbiological methods. Virulence phenotypic test: toxin co-regulated pili (tcp), choleragen red, protease production, lecithinase production, and lipase test were conducted. Serotyping using polyvalent antisera (Bengal and Ogawa/Inaba/Hikojima) and molecular typing: 16SrRNA, OmpW, serogroup (Vc-O1/O139), biotype (tcpAClas/El Tor, HlyAClas/El Tor, rstRClas/El Tor, RS1, rtxA, rtxC), and virulence (ctxA, ctxB, zot, ace, cep, prt, toxR, hlyA) genes were targeted.
Result
Result of 16SrRNA typing confirmed 508 (66.9%) while OmpW detected/confirmed 61 (12.01%) V. cholerae strains. Phenotypic-biotyping scheme showed positive test to polymyxin B (68.9%), Voges proskauer (6.6%), and Bengal serology (11.5%). Whereas Vc-O1/O139 was negative, yet two of the isolates harbored the cholera toxin with a gene-type ctxB and hlyAClas: 2/61, revealing atypical/unusual/dual biotype phenotypic/genotypic features. Other potential atypical genotypes detected include rstR: 7/61, Cep: 15/61, ace: 20/61, hlyAElTor: 53/61, rtxA: 30/61, rtxC: 11/61, and prtV: 15/61 respectively.
Conclusion
Although additional patho-significant/virulent genotypes associated with epidemic/sporadic cholera cases were detected, an advanced, bioinformatics, and post-molecular evaluation is necessary. Such stride possesses potential to adequately minimize future cholera cases associated with dynamic/atypical environmental V. cholerae strains.
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Abstract
Cholera is one of the major public health problems in the state of Odisha, India since centuries. The current paper is a comprehensive report on epidemiology of cholera in Odisha, which was documented from 1993. PubMed and Web of Knowledge were searched for publications reporting cholera in Odisha during the period 1993–2015. The search was performed using the keywords ‘Odisha’ and/or ‘Orissa’ and ‘Cholera’. In addition, manual search was undertaken to find out relevant papers. During the study period, a total of 37 cholera outbreaks were reported with an average of >1.5 cholera outbreaks per year and case fatality ratio was 0.3%. Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa serotype was the major causative agent in most of the cholera cases. The recent studies demonstrated the prevalence of V. cholerae O1, El Tor variants carrying ctxB1, ctxB7 and Haitian variant tcpA allele associated with polymyxin B sensitivity and these variants are replacing the proto type El Tor. The first report of variant ctxB7 in Odisha during super-cyclone 1999 predicted its emergence and subsequent spread causing cholera outbreaks. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant V. cholerae at different time periods created alarming situation. The efficacy trial of oral cholera vaccine (OCV, Shanchol) in a public health set-up in Odisha has shown encouraging results which should be deployed for community level vaccination among the vulnerable population. This paper has taken an effort to disseminate the valuable information of epidemiology of cholera that will influence the policy-makers and epidemiologists for constant surveillance in other parts of Odisha, India and around the globe.
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Kanampalliwar A, Singh DV. Virulence Pattern and Genomic Diversity of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 Strains Isolated From Clinical and Environmental Sources in India. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1838. [PMID: 32982995 PMCID: PMC7479179 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is an autochthonous inhabitant of the aquatic environment. Several molecular methods have been used for typing V. cholerae strains, but there is no proper database for such scheme, including multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for V. cholerae O1 and O139 strains. We used 54 V. cholerae O1 and three O139 strains isolated from clinical and environmental sources and regions of India during the time period of 1975-2015 to determine the presence of virulence genes and production of biofilm. We devised a MLST scheme and developed a database for typing V. cholerae strains. Also, we performed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to see the genomic diversity among them and compared it with MLST. We used the MEGA 7.0 software for the alignment and comparison of different nucleotide sequences. The advanced cluster analysis was performed to define complexes. All strains of V. cholerae, except five strains, showed variation in phenotypic characteristics but carried virulence-associated genes indicating they belonged to the El Tor/hybrid/O139 variants. MLST analysis showed 455 sequences types among V. cholerae strains, irrespective of sources and places of isolation. With these findings, we set up an MLST database on PubMLST.org using the BIGSdb software for V. cholerae O1 and O139 strains, which is available at https://pubmlst.org/vcholerae/ under the O1/O139 scheme. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) fingerprint showed six fingerprint patterns namely E, F, G, H, I, and J clusters among 33 strains including strain N16961 carrying El Tor ctxB of which cluster J representing O139 strain was entirely different from other El Tor strains. Twenty strains carrying Haitian ctxB showed a fingerprint pattern classified as cluster A. Of the five strains, four carrying classical ctxB comprising two each of El Tor and O139 strains and one El Tor strain carrying Haitian ctxB clustered together under cluster B along with V. cholerae 569B showing pattern D. This study thus indicates that V. cholerae strains are undergoing continuous genetic changes leading to the emergence of new strains. The MLST scheme was found more appropriate compared to PFGE that can be used to determine the genomic diversity and population structure of V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Kanampalliwar
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Durg Vijai Singh
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, India
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Naha A, Mandal RS, Samanta P, Saha RN, Shaw S, Ghosh A, Chatterjee NS, Dutta P, Okamoto K, Dutta S, Mukhopadhyay AK. Deciphering the possible role of ctxB7 allele on higher production of cholera toxin by Haitian variant Vibrio cholerae O1. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008128. [PMID: 32236098 PMCID: PMC7112172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera continues to be an important public health concern in developing countries where proper hygiene and sanitation are compromised. This severe diarrheal disease is caused by the Gram-negative pathogen Vibrio cholerae belonging to serogroups O1 and O139. Cholera toxin (CT) is the prime virulence factor and is directly responsible for the disease manifestation. The ctxB gene encodes cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) whereas the A subunit (CTA) is the product of ctxA gene. Enzymatic action of CT depends on binding of B pentamers to the lipid-based receptor ganglioside GM1. In recent years, emergence of V. cholerae Haitian variant strains with ctxB7 allele and their rapid spread throughout the globe has been linked to various cholera outbreaks in Africa and Asia. These strains produce classical type (WT) CTB except for an additional mutation in the signal sequence region where an asparagine (N) residue replaces a histidine (H) at the 20th amino acid position (H20N) of CTB precursor (pre-CTB). Here we report that Haitian variant V. cholerae O1 strains isolated in Kolkata produced higher amount of CT compared to contemporary O1 El Tor variant strains under in vitro virulence inducing conditions. We observed that the ctxB7 allele, itself plays a pivotal role in higher CT production. Based on our in silico analysis, we hypothesized that higher accumulation of toxin subunits from ctxB7 allele might be attributed to the structural alteration at the CTB signal peptide region of pre-H20N CTB. Overall, this study provides plausible explanation regarding the hypertoxigenic phenotype of the Haitian variant strains which have spread globally, possibly through positive selection for increased pathogenic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Naha
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Rahul Shubhra Mandal
- Biomedical Informatics Center, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Prosenjit Samanta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Rudra Narayan Saha
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Sreeja Shaw
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Pujarini Dutta
- Division of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Keinosuke Okamoto
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at NICED, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail:
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Emergence of Haitian variant genotype and altered drug susceptibility in Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor-associated cholera outbreaks in Solapur, India. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 55:105853. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kerketta AS, Kar SK, Khuntia HK. Detection of Haitian ctxB7 & tcpA alleles in Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor biotype in Puri, Odisha, India. Indian J Med Res 2020; 149:558-560. [PMID: 31411182 PMCID: PMC6676824 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1130_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Salomi Kerketta
- Division of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar 751 023, Odisha, India
| | - Shantanu Kumar Kar
- Division of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar 751 023, Odisha, India
| | - Hemant Kumar Khuntia
- Division of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar 751 023, Odisha, India
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Sinha-Ray S, Alam MT, Bag S, Morris JG, Ali A. Conversion of a recA-Mediated Non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 Strain to a Toxigenic Strain Using Chitin-Induced Transformation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2562. [PMID: 31787954 PMCID: PMC6854035 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae strains, including strains in serogroups O1 and O139 associated with the clinical disease cholera, are ubiquitous in aquatic reservoirs, including fresh, estuarine, and marine environments. Humans acquire cholera by consuming water and/or food contaminated with the microorganism. The genome of toxigenic V. cholerae harbors a cholera-toxin producing prophage (CT-prophage) encoding genes that promote expression of cholera toxin. The CT-prophage in V. cholerae is flanked by two satellite prophages, RS1 and TLC. Using cell surface appendages (TCP and/or MSHA pili), V. cholerae can sequentially acquire TLC, RS1, and CTX phages by transduction; the genome of each of these phages ultimately integrates into V. cholerae's genome in a site-specific manner. Here, we showed that a non-toxigenic V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor strain, lacking the entire RS1-CTX-TLC prophage complex (designated as RCT: R for RS1, C for CTX and T for TLC prophage, respectively), was able to acquire RCT from donor genomic DNA (gDNA) of a wild-type V. cholerae strain (E7946) via chitin-induced transformation. Moreover, we demonstrated that a chitin-induced transformant (designated as AAS111) harboring RCT was capable of producing cholera toxin. We also showed that recA, rather than xerC and xerD recombinases, promoted the acquisition of RCT from donor gDNA by the recipient non-toxigenic V. cholerae strain. Our data document the existence of an alternative pathway by which a non-toxigenic V. cholerae O1 strain can transform to a toxigenic strain by using chitin induction. As chitin is an abundant natural carbon source in aquatic reservoirs where V. cholerae is present, chitin-induced transformation may be an important driver in the emergence of new toxigenic V. cholerae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrestha Sinha-Ray
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Meer T Alam
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Satyabrata Bag
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - J Glenn Morris
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Afsar Ali
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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9
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Zaw MT, Emran NA, Ibrahim MY, Suleiman M, Awang Mohd TA, Yusuff AS, Naing KS, Myint T, Jikal M, Salleh MA, Lin Z. Genetic diversity of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 from Sabah, Malaysia 2015. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2018; 52:563-570. [PMID: 29428381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholera is an important health problem in Sabah, a Malaysian state in northern Borneo; however, Vibrio cholerae in Sabah have never been characterized. Since 2002, serogroup O1 strains having the traits of both classical and El Tor biotype, designated as atypical El Tor biotype, have been increasingly reported as the cause of cholera worldwide. These variants are believed to produce clinically more severe disease like classical strains. PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to investigate the genetic diversity of V.cholerae in Sabah and whether V.cholerae in Sabah belong to atypical El Tor biotype. METHODS ERIC-PCR, a DNA fingerprinting method for bacterial pathogens based on the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence, was used to study the genetic diversity of 65 clinical V.cholerae O1 isolates from 3 districts (Kudat, Beluran, Sandakan) in Sabah and one environmental isolate from coastal sea water in Kudat district. In addition, we studied the biotype-specific genetic traits in these isolates to establish their biotype. RESULTS Different fingerprint patterns were seen in isolates from these three districts but one of the patterns was seen in more than one district. Clinical isolates and environmental isolate have different patterns. In addition, Sabah isolates harbor genetic traits specific to both classical biotype (ctxB-1, rstRCla) and El Tor biotype (rstRET, rstC, tcpAET, rtxC, VC2346). CONCLUSION This study revealed that V.cholerae in Sabah were genetically diverse and were atypical El Tor strains. Fingerprint patterns of these isolates will be useful in tracing the origin of this pathogen in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myo Thura Zaw
- Pathobiological and Medical Diagnostics Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Nor Amalina Emran
- Pathobiological and Medical Diagnostics Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusof Ibrahim
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Maria Suleiman
- Sabah State Health Department, Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandaran, 88000 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Tajul Ariffin Awang Mohd
- Kota Kinabalu Public Health Laboratory, Bukit Padang, Jalan Kolam, 88850 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Aza Sherin Yusuff
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Khin Saw Naing
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Than Myint
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Azmi Salleh
- Pathology Department, Hospital Duchess of Kent, KM3.2 Jalan Utara, 9000 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Zaw Lin
- Pathobiological and Medical Diagnostics Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
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Sambe-Ba B, Diallo MH, Seck A, Wane AA, Constantin de Magny G, Boye CSB, Sow AI, Gassama-Sow A. Identification of Atypical El TorV. cholerae O1 Ogawa Hosting SXT Element in Senegal, Africa. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:748. [PMID: 28555129 PMCID: PMC5430043 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 is the causative agent of cholera with classical and El Tor, two well-established biotypes. In last 20 years, hybrid strains of classical and El Tor and variant El Tor which carry classical ctxB have emerged worldwide. In 2004-2005, Senegal experienced major cholera epidemic with a number of cases totalling more than 31719 with approximately 458 fatal outcomes (CFR, 1.44%). In this retrospective study, fifty isolates out of a total of 403 V. cholerae biotype El Tor serovar Ogawa isolates from all areas in Senegal during the 2004-2005 cholera outbreak were randomly selected. Isolates were characterized using phenotypic and genotypic methods. The analysis of antibiotic resistance patterns revealed the predominance of the S-Su-TCY-Tsu phenotype (90% of isolates). The molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance revealed the presence of the SXT element, a self-transmissible chromosomally integrating element in all isolates. Most of V. cholerae isolates had an intact virulence cassette (86%) (ctx, zot, ace genes). All isolates tested gave amplification with primers for classical CT, and 10/50 (20%) of isolates carried classical and El Tor ctxB. The study reveals the presence of atypical V. cholerae O1 El Tor during cholera outbreak in Senegal in 2004-2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bissoume Sambe-Ba
- Unité de Bactériologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur DakarDakar, Sénégal
| | - Mamadou H Diallo
- Unité de Bactériologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur DakarDakar, Sénégal
| | - Abdoulaye Seck
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta DiopDakar, Sénégal.,Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de DakarDakar, Sénégal
| | - Abdoul A Wane
- Unité de Bactériologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur DakarDakar, Sénégal
| | - Guillaume Constantin de Magny
- Unité de Bactériologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur DakarDakar, Sénégal.,UMR IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - Université de Montpellier - MIGEVEC, Centre IRD de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Cheikh S-B Boye
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta DiopDakar, Sénégal
| | - Ahmad I Sow
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire National de FannDakar, Sénégal
| | - Amy Gassama-Sow
- Unité de Bactériologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur DakarDakar, Sénégal.,Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta DiopDakar, Sénégal.,Département de Génie Chimique et Biologie Appliquée, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta DiopDakar, Sénégal
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11
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Bhotra T, Das MM, Pal BB, Singh DV. Genomic profile of antibiotic resistant, classical ctxB positive Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor isolated in 2003 and 2005 from Puri, India: A retrospective study. Indian J Med Microbiol 2017; 34:462-470. [PMID: 27934824 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.195356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine eight strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated in 2003 and 2005 from Puri, India, for antibiotic susceptibility, presence of virulence and regulatory genes, cholera toxin (CT) production, CTX arrangement and genomic profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacterial strains were tested for antibiotic susceptibility using disc diffusion assay. Polymerase chain reaction determined the presence of antibiotic resistance, virulence and regulatory genes. To determine the type of cholera toxin subunit B (ctxB), nucleotide sequencing was performed. Southern hybridisation determined the number and arrangement of CTXΦ. Ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were used to determine the genomic profile of isolates. RESULTS All the eight strains, except one strain, showed resistant to nalidixic acid, sulphamethoxazole, streptomycin and trimethoprim and possessed the sullI, strB, dfrA1 and int SXT genes. All the strains carried the toxin-co-regulated pilus pathogenicity island, the CTX genetic element, the repeat in toxin and produced CT. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis showed that V. cholerae O1 possess a single copy of the CTX element flanked by tandemly arranged RS element. Nucleotide sequencing of the ctxB gene showed the presence of classical ctxB. RFLP analysis of conserved rRNA gene showed two ribotype patterns. PFGE analysis also showed at least three PFGE patterns, irrespective of year of isolations, indicating the genomic relatedness among them. CONCLUSION Overall, these data suggest that classical ctxB-positive V. cholerae O1 El Tor strains that appeared in 2003 continue to cause infection in 2005 in Puri, India, and belong to identical ribotype(s) and/or pulsotype(s). There is need to continuous monitor the emergence of variant of El Tor because it will improve our understanding of the evolution of new clones of variant of V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bhotra
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - M M Das
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - B B Pal
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - D V Singh
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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13
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Adewale AK, Pazhani GP, Abiodun IB, Afolabi O, Kolawole OD, Mukhopadhyay AK, Ramamurthy T. Unique Clones of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor with Haitian Type ctxB Allele Implicated in the Recent Cholera Epidemics from Nigeria, Africa. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159794. [PMID: 27479360 PMCID: PMC4968787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and genetic characteristics of Vibrio cholerae O1, which is responsible for several cholera epidemics in Nigeria, are not reported in detail since 2007. In this study, we screened V. cholerae O1 El Tor biotype isolates from cholera cases and water samples from different states to investigate their phenotypic and genetic attributes with special reference to their clonality. Results All the V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor isolates isolated during 2007–2013 were susceptible to fluoroquinolones and tetracycline, the drugs currently used in the treatment of cholera cases in Nigeria. Emergence of CT genotype 7 (Haitian type of ctxB allele) was predominantly seen among Ogawa serotype and the CT genotype 1 (classical ctxB allele) was mostly found in Inaba serotype. Overall, V. cholerae O1 from clinical and water samples were found to be closely related as determined by the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. V. cholerae isolates from Abia, Kano and Bauchi were found to be genetically distinct from the other states of Nigeria. Conclusion Fecal contamination of the water sources may be the possible source of the cholera infection. Combined prevalence of Haitian and classical ctxB alleles were detected in Ogawa and Inaba serotypes, respectively. This study further demonstrated that V. cholerae O1 with the ctxB has been emerged similar to the isolates reported in Haiti. Our findings suggest that the use of fluoroquinolones or tetracycline/doxycycline may help in the effective management of acute cholera in the affected Nigerian states. In addition, strengthening the existing surveillance in the hospitals of all the states and supply of clean drinking water may control cholera outbreaks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gururaja Perumal Pazhani
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | | | - Asish K. Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Thanadarayan Ramamurthy
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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14
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Comparative genomic analysis of two isolates of Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa El Tor isolated during outbreak in Mariupol in 2011. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:471-478. [PMID: 27480918 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cholera is a water-borne, severe enteric infection essentially caused by toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholera O1 and O139 serogroups. An outbreak of cholera was registered during May-July 2011 in Mariupol, Ukraine, with 33 cholera cases and 25 carriers of cholera. Following this outbreak, the toxigenic strain of V. cholerae 2011EL-301 was isolated from seawater in the recreation area of Taganrog city on the territory of Russia. The aim of our study was to understand genomic features of Mariupol isolates as well as to evaluate hypothesis about possible interconnection between the outbreak of cholera in Mariupol and the single case of isolation of V. cholerae from the Sea of Azov in Russia. Mariupol isolates were phenotypically characterized and subsequently subjected to whole genome sequencing procedure. Phylogenetic analysis based on high-quality SNPs of V. cholera O1 El Tor isolates of the 7th pandemic clade from different regions showed that clinical and environmental isolates from Mariupol outbreak were attributable to a unique phylogenetic clade within wave 3 of V. cholera O1 El Tor isolates and characterized by six clade-specific SNPs. Whereas Taganrog isolate belonged to distantly related clade which allows us to reject the hypothesis of transmission the outbreak strain of V. cholerae O1 from Ukraine to Russia in 2011. Mariupol isolates shared a common ancestor with Haiti\Nepal-4\India clade indicating that outbreak progenitor strain most likely originated in the South Asia region and later was introduced to Ukraine. Moreover, genomic data both based on hqSNPs and similarity of virulence-associated mobile genomic elements of Mariupol isolates suggests that environmental and clinical isolates are a part of joint outbreak which confirms the role of contaminated domestic sewage, as an element of the complex chain of infection spread during cholera outbreak. In general, the genome-wide comparative analysis of both genes and genomic regions of epidemiological importance indicates accessory of this isolates to 'new' clone of toxigenic multiple drug resistance atypical variant of V. cholerae O1 El Tor.
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Bhuyan SK, Vairale MG, Arya N, Yadav P, Veer V, Singh L, Yadava PK, Kumar P. Molecular epidemiology of Vibrio cholerae associated with flood in Brahamputra River valley, Assam, India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 40:352-356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Das MM, Bhotra T, Zala D, Singh DV. Phenotypic and genetic characteristics of Vibrio cholerae O1 carrying Haitian ctxB and attributes of classical and El Tor biotypes isolated from Silvassa, India. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:720-728. [PMID: 27255911 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor, the causative agent of the seventh pandemic, has recently been replaced by strains carrying classical and Haitian ctxB in India, Haiti and other parts of the world. We conducted phenotypic and genetic tests to characterize V. cholerae O1 isolated between 2012 and 2014 from Silvassa, India, to examine the presence of virulence and regulatory genes, seventh pandemic marker, ctxB type and biofilm formation and to study genomic diversity. Of the 59 V. cholerae O1, eight isolates belong to El Tor prototype, one to classical prototype and the remaining isolates have attributes of both classical and El Tor biotypes. PCR and ctxB gene sequencing revealed the presence of classical ctxB in four strains and Haitian ctxB in 55 isolates; indicating that isolates were either an El Tor or hybrid variant. All isolates carried virulence, regulatory, adherence, Vibrio seventh pandemic pathogenicity island I and seventh pandemic group-specific marker VC2346, in addition to tcpAET and rstRET, the features of seventh pandemic strains, and produced cholera toxin and biofilm. PFGE analysis showed that the majority of isolates are clonal and belong to fingerprint pattern A; however, pattern B is unrelated and patterns C and D are distinct, suggesting considerable diversity in the genomic content among them. These data thus show that isolates from Silvassa are genetically diverse and that Haitian ctxB and hybrid phenotypes are undergoing global dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Moon Das
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar 751023, India
| | - Tilothama Bhotra
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar 751023, India
| | - Dolatsinh Zala
- Department of Microbiology, Shri Vinoba Bhave Civil Hospital, Silvassa 396230, India
| | - Durg Vijai Singh
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar 751023, India
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Jain M, Kumar P, Goel AK. Emergence of Tetracycline Resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 Biotype El Tor Serotype Ogawa with Classical ctxB Gene from a Cholera Outbreak in Odisha, Eastern India. J Pathog 2016; 2016:1695410. [PMID: 26881083 PMCID: PMC4735907 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1695410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In September 2010, a cholera outbreak was reported from Odisha, Eastern India. V. cholerae isolated from the clinical samples were biochemically and serologically confirmed as serogroup O1, biotype El Tor, and serotype Ogawa. Multiplex PCR screening revealed the presence of various genes, namely, ompW, ctxB, zot, rfbO1, tcp, ace, hlyA, ompU, rtx, and toxR, in all of the isolates. The isolates were resistant to co-trimoxazole, nalidixic acid, polymyxin B, spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, trimethoprim, and vibriostatic agent 2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylpteridine (O/129). Minimum inhibitory concentration of tetracycline decreased in the presence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), suggesting the involvement of efflux pumps. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of class I integrons as well as SXT elements harbouring antibiotic resistance genes in all isolates. Sequencing revealed the presence of ctxB gene of classical biotype in all the isolates. The isolates harboured an RS1-CTX prophage array with El Tor type rstR and classical ctxB on the large chromosome. The study indicated that the V. cholerae El Tor variants are evolving in the area with better antibiotic resistance and virulence potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Jain
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - P. Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - A. K. Goel
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
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Kim EJ, Lee CH, Nair GB, Kim DW. Whole-genome sequence comparisons reveal the evolution of Vibrio cholerae O1. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:479-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Genetic traits of Vibrio cholerae O1 Haitian isolates that are absent in contemporary strains from Kolkata, India. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112973. [PMID: 25415339 PMCID: PMC4240540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The world's worst cholera epidemic in Haiti (2010) coerced to trace the origin and dissemination of the causative agent Vibrio cholerae O1 for proper management of cholera. Sequence analysis of the Haitian strain showed several variations in the genes encoding cholera toxin B subunit (ctxB); toxin-co-regulated pilus (tcpA), repeat in toxins (rtxA), quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrase A (gyrA), rstB of RS element along with the change in the number of repeat sequences at the promoter region of ctxAB. Our earlier studies showed that variant tcpA (tcpA CIRS) and ctxB (ctxB7) first appeared in Kolkata during 2003 and 2006, respectively. The present study revealed that a variant rtxA was first isolated in Kolkata during 2004 and probably formed the genetic background for the emergence of the ctxB7 allele as we were unable to detect a single strain with the combination of El Tor rtxA and ctxB7. The variant gyrA was first time detected in Kolkata during 1994. The Kolkata strains contained four heptad repeats (TTTTGAT) in their CT promoter regions whereas Haitian strains carried 5 heptad repeats. Haitian strains had 3 nucleotide deletions at the rstB gene, which is a unique feature of the classical biotype strains. But the Kolkata strains did not have such deletion mutations in the rstB. Our study demonstrated the existence of some Haitian genetic traits in Kolkata isolates along with the dissimilarities in genomic content with respect to rstB and ctxAB promoter region. Finally, we conclude that Haitian variant strain may be evolved due to sequential event in the Indian subcontinent strain with some cryptic modification in the genome.
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Mercy N, Mohamed AA, Zipporah N, Chowdhury G, Pazhani GP, Ramamurthy T, Boga HI, Kariuki SM, Joseph O. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated from various regions of Kenya between 2007 and 2010. Pan Afr Med J 2014; 19:8. [PMID: 25584121 PMCID: PMC4286715 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2014.19.8.2496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cholera, a disease caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 remains an important public health problem globally. In the last decade, Kenya has experienced a steady increase of cholera cases. In 2009 alone, 11,769 cases were reported to the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation. This study sought to describe the phenotypic characteristics of the isolated V. cholerae isolates. METHODS This was a laboratory based cross-sectional study that involved isolates from different cholera outbreaks. Seventy six Vibrio cholerae O1 strains from different geographical areas were used to represent 2007 to 2010 cholera epidemics in Kenya, and were characterized by serotyping, biotyping, polymerase chain r(PCR), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and ribotyping along with antimicrobial susceptibility testing. RESULTS Seventy six Vibrio cholerae O1 strains from different geographical areas were used to represent 2007 to 2010 cholera epidemics in Kenya. Serotype Inaba was dominant (88.2%) compared to Ogawa. The isolates showed varying levels of antibiotic resistance ranging from 100% susceptible to tetracycline, doxycycline, ofloxacin, azithromycin, norfloxacin and ceftriaxone to 100% resistant to furazolidone, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, polymyxin-B and streptomycin. The isolates were positive for ctxA, tcpA (El Tor), rtxC genes and were biotype El Tor variant harboring classical ctxB gene. All the isolates were classified as cholera toxin (CT) genotype 1 as they had mutation in the ctxB at positions 39 and 68. All the isolates had genetically similar NotI PFGE and BglI ribotype patterns. The absence of any observed variation is consistent with a clonal origin for all of the isolates. CONCLUSION Kenya experienced cholera numerous outbreak from 2007-2010. The clinical Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates from the recent cholera epidemic were serotypes Inaba and Ogawa, Inaba being the predominant serotype. The Vibrio cholerae O1 strains were biotype El Tor variants that produce cholera toxin B (ctx B) of the classical type and were positive for ctxA, tcpA El Tor and rtxC genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njeru Mercy
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Kenya Ministry of Public Health and sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Ng'ang'a Zipporah
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- National Institute for Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Hamadi I Boga
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Oundo Joseph
- Centre for Disease Control (CDC), Nairobi, Kenya
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Distribution of virulence-associated genes and genetic relationships in non-O1/O139 Vibrio cholerae aquatic isolates from China. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:4987-92. [PMID: 24907334 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01021-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-O1/O139 Vibrio cholerae is naturally present in aquatic ecosystems and has been linked with cholera-like diarrhea and local outbreaks. The distribution of virulence-associated genes and genetic relationships among aquatic isolates from China are largely unknown. In this study, 295 aquatic isolates of V. cholerae non-O1/O139 serogroups from different regions in China were investigated. Only one isolate was positive for ctxB and harbored a rare genotype; 10 (3.4%) isolates carried several types of rstR sequences, eight of which carried rare types of toxin-coregulated pili (tcpA). Furthermore, 16 (5.4%) isolates carried incomplete (with partial open reading frames [ORFs]) vibrio seventh pandemic island I (VSP-I) or VSP-II clusters, which were further classified as 11 novel types. PCR-based analyses revealed remarkable variations in the distribution of putative virulence genes, including mshA (95.6%), hlyA (95.3%), rtxC (89.8%), rtxA (82.7%), IS1004 (52.9%), chxA (30.2%), SXT (15.3%), type III secretion system (18.0%), and NAG-ST (3.7%) genes. There was no correlation between the prevalence of putative virulence genes and that of CTX prophage or TCP genes, whereas there were correlations among the putative virulence genes. Further multilocus sequence typing (MLST) placed selected isolates (n = 70) into 69 unique sequence types (STs), which were different from those of the toxigenic O1 and O139 counterparts, and each isolate occupied a different position in the MLST tree. The V. cholerae non-O1/O139 aquatic isolates predominant in China have high genotypic diversity; these strains constitute a reservoir of potential virulence genes, which may contribute to evolution of pathogenic isolates.
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Novel multiple mutations in the topoisomerase gene of Haitian variant Vibrio cholerae O1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:4982-3. [PMID: 24867982 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03189-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kumar P, Mishra D, Deshmukh D, Jain M, Zade A, Ingole K, Yadava P. Haitian variant ctxB producing Vibrio cholerae OI with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin is persistent in Yavatmal, Maharashtra, India, after causing a cholera outbreak. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O292-3. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Prior to the epidemic that emerged in Haiti in October of 2010, cholera had not been documented in this country. After its introduction, a strain of Vibrio cholerae O1 spread rapidly throughout Haiti, where it caused over 600,000 cases of disease and >7,500 deaths in the first two years of the epidemic. We applied whole-genome sequencing to a temporal series of V. cholerae isolates from Haiti to gain insight into the mode and tempo of evolution in this isolated population of V. cholerae O1. Phylogenetic and Bayesian analyses supported the hypothesis that all isolates in the sample set diverged from a common ancestor within a time frame that is consistent with epidemiological observations. A pangenome analysis showed nearly homogeneous genomic content, with no evidence of gene acquisition among Haiti isolates. Nine nearly closed genomes assembled from continuous-long-read data showed evidence of genome rearrangements and supported the observation of no gene acquisition among isolates. Thus, intrinsic mutational processes can account for virtually all of the observed genetic polymorphism, with no demonstrable contribution from horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Consistent with this, the 12 Haiti isolates tested by laboratory HGT assays were severely impaired for transformation, although unlike previously characterized noncompetent V. cholerae isolates, each expressed hapR and possessed a functional quorum-sensing system. Continued monitoring of V. cholerae in Haiti will illuminate the processes influencing the origin and fate of genome variants, which will facilitate interpretation of genetic variation in future epidemics. Vibrio cholerae is the cause of substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, with over three million cases of disease each year. An understanding of the mode and rate of evolutionary change is critical for proper interpretation of genome sequence data and attribution of outbreak sources. The Haiti epidemic provides an unprecedented opportunity to study an isolated, single-source outbreak of Vibrio cholerae O1 over an established time frame. By using multiple approaches to assay genetic variation, we found no evidence that the Haiti strain has acquired any genes by horizontal gene transfer, an observation that led us to discover that it is also poorly transformable. We have found no evidence that environmental strains have played a role in the evolution of the outbreak strain.
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Jain M, Kushwah KS, Kumar P, Goel AK. Molecular Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 Reveals Continuous Evolution of Its New Variants in India. Indian J Microbiol 2013; 53:137-41. [PMID: 24426099 PMCID: PMC3626962 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-013-0372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, the causing agent of cholera is still a major health challenge in most of the developing countries. In this study, V. cholerae strains collected from different cholera outbreaks in India over a period of past 7 years were found to have various toxigenic, pathogenic and regulatory genes viz. ctxAB, zot, tcp, hlyA, ace, ompU, ompW, rfbO1, toxT and toxR. The biotype specific genes rstR and rtxC revealed the El Tor biotype in majority of the isolates. However, variants among the isolates were found having genotype of both the biotypes. Sequencing of ctxB gene revealed the presence of altered ctxB of classical biotype with additional variations in isolates of 2007. Mismatch amplification mutation assay PCR also confirmed the isolates belonging to classical biotype. Antibiogram of the isolates revealed resistance for nalidixic acid, co-trimoxazole, streptomycin, and polymyxin B and susceptibility for tetracycline among most of the isolates from India. However, V. cholerae isolates from a recent outbreak in Eastern India were resistant to tetracycline. The study corroborated the continuous emergence and wide-spread of multidrug resistant El Tor variant strains in the Indian subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Jain
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474 002 India
| | - K. S. Kushwah
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474 002 India
| | - P. Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474 002 India
| | - A. K. Goel
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474 002 India
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Naha A, Chowdhury G, Ghosh-Banerjee J, Senoh M, Takahashi T, Ley B, Thriemer K, Deen J, Seidlein LV, Ali SM, Khatib A, Ramamurthy T, Nandy RK, Nair GB, Takeda Y, Mukhopadhyay AK. Molecular characterization of high-level-cholera-toxin-producing El Tor variant Vibrio cholerae strains in the Zanzibar Archipelago of Tanzania. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:1040-5. [PMID: 23325815 PMCID: PMC3592071 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03162-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of 1,180 diarrheal stool samples in Zanzibar detected 247 Vibrio cholerae O1, Ogawa strains in 2009. Phenotypic traits and PCR-based detection of rstR, rtxC, and tcpA alleles showed that they belonged to the El Tor biotype. Genetic analysis of ctxB of these strains revealed that they were classical type, and production of classical cholera toxin B (CTB) was confirmed by Western blotting. These strains produced more CT than the prototype El Tor and formed a separate cluster by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Naha
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - G. Chowdhury
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | - M. Senoh
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at NICED, Kolkata, India
| | - T. Takahashi
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at NICED, Kolkata, India
| | - B. Ley
- The International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K. Thriemer
- The International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J. Deen
- The International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - L. V. Seidlein
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - S. M. Ali
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Zanzibar, Tanzania
- Public Health Laboratory, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - A. Khatib
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - T. Ramamurthy
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - R. K. Nandy
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - G. B. Nair
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Y. Takeda
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at NICED, Kolkata, India
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Mendes-Marques CL, Silveira Filho VDM, da Costa APR, Nunes MDL, da Silva Filho SV, Figueirôa ÂCTDA, Hofer E, de Almeida AMP, Leal NC. The aquatic environment as a reservoir of Vibrio cholerae O1 in hydrographic basins of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:746254. [PMID: 23533357 PMCID: PMC3600343 DOI: 10.1155/2013/746254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
After the worldwide cholera epidemic in 1993, permanent environmental monitoring of hydrographic basins was established in Pernambuco, Brazil, where cholera is endemic. After a quiescent period, 4 rfbN (serogroup O1) positive water samples that were culture negative were detected by multiplex single-tube nested PCR (MSTNPCR); 2 of these were also ctxA (cholera toxin) positive. From May to June 2012, 30 V. cholerae O1 isolates were obtained by culturing samples. These isolates were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes by PCR, intergenic spacer region 16S-23S PCR (ISR-PCR), and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The isolates were positive for the rfbN gene and negative for the assessed pathogenic genes and were classified into 2 groups by ISR and the same profile by PFGE. Close genetic similarity was observed between them (2012) and environmental strains from 2004 to 2005, indicating the permanence of endemic V. cholerae O1 in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, FIOCRUZ-PE, Avendia Professor Moraes Rego, s/n. Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil.
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Abstract
Infectious diseases continue to plague the modern world. In the evolutionary arms race of pathogen emergence, the rules of engagement appear to have suddenly changed. Human activities have collided with nature to hasten the emergence of more potent pathogens from natural microbial populations. This is evident in recent infectious disease outbreaks, the events that led to their origin, and lessons learned: influenza (2009), meningitis (Africa, 2009), cholera (Haiti, 2010), E. coli (Germany, 2011) and Salmonella (USA, 2012). Developing a comprehensive control plan requires an understanding of the genetics, epidemiology and evolution of emergent pathogens for which humans have little or no pre-existing immunity. As we plot our next move, nature's genetic lottery continues, providing the fuel to transform the most unlikely infectious disease scenarios into reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mahan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
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Naha A, Pazhani GP, Ganguly M, Ghosh S, Ramamurthy T, Nandy RK, Nair GB, Takeda Y, Mukhopadhyay AK. Development and evaluation of a PCR assay for tracking the emergence and dissemination of Haitian variant ctxB in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated from Kolkata, India. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:1733-6. [PMID: 22357499 PMCID: PMC3347119 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00387-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A PCR-based assay was developed to discriminate the classical, El Tor, and Haitian types of ctxB alleles. Our retrospective study using this newly developed PCR showed that Haitian ctxB first appeared in Kolkata during April 2006, and 93.3% of strains isolated during 2011 carried the new allele. Dendrogram analysis showed a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern of the new variant strains isolated recently that was distinct from the PFGE pattern of the strains carrying classical ctxB that closely matched the 2006 to 2007 variant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Naha
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - G. P. Pazhani
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Mou Ganguly
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Santanu Ghosh
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - T. Ramamurthy
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Ranjan K. Nandy
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Yoshifumi Takeda
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at NICED, Kolkata, India
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Talkington D, Bopp C, Tarr C, Parsons MB, Dahourou G, Freeman M, Joyce K, Turnsek M, Garrett N, Humphrys M, Gomez G, Stroika S, Boncy J, Ochieng B, Oundo J, Klena J, Smith A, Keddy K, Gerner-Smidt P. Characterization of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae from Haiti, 2010-2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 17:2122-9. [PMID: 22099116 PMCID: PMC3310580 DOI: 10.3201/eid1711.110805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In October 2010, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention received reports of cases of severe watery diarrhea in Haiti. The cause was confirmed to be toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa, biotype El Tor. We characterized 122 isolates from Haiti and compared them with isolates from other countries. Antimicrobial drug susceptibility was tested by disk diffusion and broth microdilution. Analyses included identification of rstR and VC2346 genes, sequencing of ctxAB and tcpA genes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with SfiI and NotI enzymes. All isolates were susceptible to doxycycline and azithromycin. One pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern predominated, and ctxB sequence of all isolates matched the B-7 allele. We identified the tcpETCIRS allele, which is also present in Bangladesh strain CIRS 101. These data show that the isolates from Haiti are clonally and genetically similar to isolates originating in Africa and southern Asia and that ctxB-7 and tcpET(CIRS) alleles are undergoing global dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Talkington
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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32
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Reimer AR, Van Domselaar G, Stroika S, Walker M, Kent H, Tarr C, Talkington D, Rowe L, Olsen-Rasmussen M, Frace M, Sammons S, Dahourou GA, Boncy J, Smith AM, Mabon P, Petkau A, Graham M, Gilmour MW, Gerner-Smidt P. Comparative genomics of Vibrio cholerae from Haiti, Asia, and Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 17:2113-21. [PMID: 22099115 PMCID: PMC3310578 DOI: 10.3201/eid1711.110794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A strain from Haiti shares genetic ancestry with those from Asia and Africa. Cholera was absent from the island of Hispaniola at least a century before an outbreak that began in Haiti in the fall of 2010. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of clinical isolates from the Haiti outbreak and recent global travelers returning to the United States showed indistinguishable PFGE fingerprints. To better explore the genetic ancestry of the Haiti outbreak strain, we acquired 23 whole-genome Vibriocholerae sequences: 9 isolates obtained in Haiti or the Dominican Republic, 12 PFGE pattern-matched isolates linked to Asia or Africa, and 2 nonmatched outliers from the Western Hemisphere. Phylogenies for whole-genome sequences and core genome single-nucleotide polymorphisms showed that the Haiti outbreak strain is genetically related to strains originating in India and Cameroon. However, because no identical genetic match was found among sequenced contemporary isolates, a definitive genetic origin for the outbreak in Haiti remains speculative.
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Kumar P, Jain M, Goel AK, Kamboj DV, Kumar O. Tetracycline resistant V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor serotype Ogawa with classical ctxB from a recent cholera outbreak in Orissa, Eastern India. J Infect Public Health 2012; 5:217-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Piarroux R, Faucher B. Cholera epidemics in 2010: respective roles of environment, strain changes, and human-driven dissemination. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:231-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Cholera: a great global concern. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012; 4:573-80. [PMID: 21803312 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera, caused by the infection of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) to humans, is a life threatening diarrheal disease with epidemic and pandemic potential. The V. cholerae, both O1 and O139 serogroups, produce a potent enterotoxin (cholera toxin) responsible for the lethal symptoms of the disease. The O1 serogroup has two biotypes (phenotypes), classical and El Tor; each of which has two major serotypes (based on antigenic responses), Ogawa and Inaba and the extremely rare Hikojima. V. cholerae O1 strains interconvert and switch between the Ogawa and Inaba serotypes. Fluid and electrolyte replacement is the mainstay of treatment of cholera patients; the severe cases require antibiotic treatment to reduce the duration of illness and replacement of fluid intake. The antibiotic therapy currently has faced difficulties due to the rapid emergence and spread of multidrug resistant V. cholerae causing several outbreaks in the globe. Currently, cholera has been becoming endemic in an increasing number of geographical areas, reflecting a failure in implementation of control measures. However, the current safe oral vaccines lower the number of resistant infections and could thus represent an effective intervention measure to control antibiotic resistance in cholera. Overall, the priorities for cholera control remain public health interventions through improved drinking water, sanitation, surveillance and access to health care facilities, and further development of safe, effective and appropriate vaccines. Thus, this review describes the facts and phenomena related to the disease cholera, which is still a great threat mainly to the developing countries, and hence a grave global concern too.
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36
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Goel AK, Jiang SC. Association of Heavy Rainfall on Genotypic Diversity in V. cholerae Isolates from an Outbreak in India. Int J Microbiol 2011; 2011:230597. [PMID: 22194751 PMCID: PMC3238380 DOI: 10.1155/2011/230597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of waterborne disease cholera has been associated with rainfall and flooding events by contamination of potable water with environmental Vibrio cholerae. The continuation of the epidemic in a region, however, is often due to secondary transmission of the initial outbreak strain through human waste. This paper reports, on the contrary, a rapid shift of genotype from one V. cholerae strain to another one in an epidemic region. V. cholerae isolated from patients during 2005 cholera epidemic in Chennai, India were characterized using PCR identification of toxin genes, antibiogram, and genomic fingerprinting analysis. The results showed that in spite of the similarity of toxin genes and antibiogram, the Vibrio isolates grouped into two different clusters based on the ERIC-PCR fingerprinting. Each cluster corresponded to a distinct peak of cholera outbreak, which occurred after separate heavy rainfall. The results suggest that the rainfall event can bring various genotypes of V. cholerae strains causing multiple outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Goel
- Biotechnology Division, Defense Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior 474 002, India
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - S. C. Jiang
- Biotechnology Division, Defense Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior 474 002, India
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Mohapatra SS, Mantri CK, Turabe Fazil MHU, Singh DV. Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor strains isolated in 1992 from Varanasi, India harboured El Tor CTXΦ and classical ctxB on the chromosome-I and classical CTXΦ and classical ctxB on the chromosome-II. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2011; 3:783-790. [PMID: 23761370 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2011.00287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the presence of the El Tor CTXΦ and classical CTXΦ in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated from Varanasi, India. Polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism revealed that, although ctx-positive strains isolated after 1990 contain CTXΦ harbouring El Tor type of rstR and classical ctxB, strains isolated before 1990 contain El Tor type of rstR and El Tor ctxB. Two V. cholerae O1 strains (VC104 and VC106) represent an altered/hybrid strain containing the RS1 element followed by CTXΦ prophage harbouring El Tor type rstR and classical ctxB on the chromosome-I and RS2 element followed by second copy of CTXΦ prophage harbouring classical type rstR and classical ctxB on the chromosome-II. This is the first report of occurrence of El Tor CTXΦ harbouring classical ctxB and classical CTXΦ harbouring classical ctxB in chromosome-I and -II, respectively in diarrhoeal isolates of V. cholerae O1 El Tor strains from Varanasi, India, and that had been isolated in 1992.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswat S Mohapatra
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
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38
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Variants of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor from Zambia showed new genotypes of ctxB. Epidemiol Infect 2011; 140:1386-7; author reply 1387-8. [PMID: 21939579 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268811001944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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39
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Mandal S. Cholera epidemic in and around kolkata, India: endemicity and management. Oman Med J 2011; 26:288-9. [PMID: 22043439 PMCID: PMC3191718 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2011.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shyamapada Mandal
- Department of Zoology, Gurudas College, Narkeldanga,Kolkata-700 054, India
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40
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Ceccarelli D, Spagnoletti M, Cappuccinelli P, Burrus V, Colombo MM. Origin of Vibrio cholerae in Haiti. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2011; 11:262. [PMID: 21453867 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Goel AK, Jain M, Kumar P, Sarguna P, Bai M, Ghosh N, Gopalan N. Molecular characterization reveals involvement of altered El Tor biotype Vibrio cholerae O1 strains in cholera outbreak at Hyderabad, India. J Microbiol 2011; 49:280-4. [PMID: 21538250 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-011-0317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-four Vibrio cholerae isolates collected from a cholera outbreak in Hyderabad, South India were found to belong to serogroup Ol biotype El Tor serotype Ogawa. The genotype of all the isolates was confirmed by PCR assays. All the isolates were found PCR positive for ctxAB, ompW, rflOl, rtxC, and tcpA genes. All the isolates but one harboured rstR ( El Tor ) allele. However, one isolate carried both rstR ( EL Tor ) as well as rstR ( Classical ) alleles. Cholera toxin (ctxB) genotyping of the isolates confirmed the presence of altered cholera toxin B of classical biotype in all the isolates. All the isolates except VCH35 harboured an RS1-CTX prophage array on the large chromosome. The isolate VCH35 contained a tandem repeat of classical CTX prophage on the small chromosome. The clonal relationship among the V. cholerae isolates as carried out by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences PCR, BOX PCR and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, uniformly showed a genetic relationship among the outbreak isolates. The results of this study suggest that altered El Tor biotype V. cholerae with the classical cholera toxin gene are involved in cholera outbreaks in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Goel
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.
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42
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Jain M, Goel A, Bhattacharya P, Ghatole M, Kamboj D. Multidrug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor carrying classical ctxB allele involved in a cholera outbreak in South Western India. Acta Trop 2011; 117:152-6. [PMID: 21147057 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cholera is a fatal diarrheal disease characterized with enormous fluid loss through stools. A total of 41 Vibrio cholerae isolates collected from a recent cholera outbreak in Solapur, South Western India were found to belong to serogroup O1, biotype El Tor and serotype Ogawa. Molecular analysis revealed the prevalence of different toxigenic and pathogenic genes in the isolates. All the isolates harboured rstR(El)(Tor) allele indicating the presence of CTXΦ(El)(Tor). However, cholera toxin (ctxB) gene sequencing and a ctxB allele specific PCR of the isolates confirmed the presence of ctxB of classical biotype. The antibiogram profile revealed the resistance for several antibiotics including nalidixic acid, polymyxin B, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, rifampicin and vibriostatic agent 2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylpteridine (O/129). All the isolates were PCR positive for class 1 integron and SXT elements also. Fingerprinting analysis revealed the clonal relationship among the outbreak isolates. The results suggested the involvement of multidrug resistant V. cholerae El Tor biotype isolates having ctxB gene of classical biotype in the cholera outbreak.
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43
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Chin CS, Sorenson J, Harris JB, Robins WP, Charles RC, Jean-Charles RR, Bullard J, Webster DR, Kasarskis A, Peluso P, Paxinos EE, Yamaichi Y, Calderwood SB, Mekalanos JJ, Schadt EE, Waldor MK. The origin of the Haitian cholera outbreak strain. N Engl J Med 2011; 364:33-42. [PMID: 21142692 PMCID: PMC3030187 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1012928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cholera has been present in Latin America since 1991, it had not been epidemic in Haiti for at least 100 years. Recently, however, there has been a severe outbreak of cholera in Haiti. METHODS We used third-generation single-molecule real-time DNA sequencing to determine the genome sequences of 2 clinical Vibrio cholerae isolates from the current outbreak in Haiti, 1 strain that caused cholera in Latin America in 1991, and 2 strains isolated in South Asia in 2002 and 2008. Using primary sequence data, we compared the genomes of these 5 strains and a set of previously obtained partial genomic sequences of 23 diverse strains of V. cholerae to assess the likely origin of the cholera outbreak in Haiti. RESULTS Both single-nucleotide variations and the presence and structure of hypervariable chromosomal elements indicate that there is a close relationship between the Haitian isolates and variant V. cholerae El Tor O1 strains isolated in Bangladesh in 2002 and 2008. In contrast, analysis of genomic variation of the Haitian isolates reveals a more distant relationship with circulating South American isolates. CONCLUSIONS The Haitian epidemic is probably the result of the introduction, through human activity, of a V. cholerae strain from a distant geographic source. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.).
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44
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Genetic determinants of virulence, antibiogram and altered biotype among the Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates from different cholera outbreaks in India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 10:815-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Chowdhury N, Asakura M, Neogi S, Hinenoya A, Haldar S, Ramamurthy T, Sarkar B, Faruque S, Yamasaki S. Development of simple and rapid PCR‐fingerprinting methods for
Vibrio cholerae
on the basis of genetic diversity of the superintegron. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:304-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Chowdhury
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - M. Asakura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
- Research and Development Centre, Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - S.B. Neogi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - A. Hinenoya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - S. Haldar
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - T. Ramamurthy
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - B.L. Sarkar
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - S.M. Faruque
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S. Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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46
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Choi SY, Lee JH, Jeon YS, Lee HR, Kim EJ, Ansaruzzaman M, Bhuiyan NA, Endtz HP, Niyogi SK, Sarkar BL, Nair GB, Nguyen BM, Hien NT, Czerkinsky C, Clemens JD, Chun J, Kim DW. Multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains harbouring classical toxin B. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59:763-769. [PMID: 20299504 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.017939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical Vibrio cholerae O1 strains - hybrid strains (strains that cannot be classified either as El Tor or classical biotype) and altered strains (El Tor biotype strains that produce classical cholera toxin) - are currently prevalent in Asia and Africa. A total of 74 hybrid and altered strains that harboured classical cholera toxin were investigated by multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). The results showed that the hybrid/altered strains could be categorized into three groups and that they were distant from the El Tor strain responsible for the seventh cholera pandemic. Hybrid/altered strains with a tandem repeat of the classical CTX prophage on the small chromosome were divided into two MLVA groups (group I: Mozambique/Bangladesh group; group III: Vietnam group), and altered strains with the RS1-CTX prophage containing the El Tor type rstR and classical ctxB on the large chromosome were placed in two MLVA groups (group II: India/Bangladesh group; group III: India/Vietnam group).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Young Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Hee Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seong Jeon
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ri Lee
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - M Ansaruzzaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nurul A Bhuiyan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hubert P Endtz
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S K Niyogi
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - B L Sarkar
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - G Balakrish Nair
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | | | - John D Clemens
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsik Chun
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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47
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Lee JH, Choi SY, Jeon YS, Lee HR, Kim EJ, Nguyen BM, Hien NT, Ansaruzzaman M, Islam MS, Bhuiyan NA, Niyogi SK, Sarkar BL, Nair GB, Kim DS, Lopez AL, Czerkinsky C, Clemens JD, Chun J, Kim DW. Classification of hybrid and altered Vibrio cholerae strains by CTX prophage and RS1 element structure. J Microbiol 2010; 47:783-8. [PMID: 20127474 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-009-0292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the CTX prophage and RS1 element in hybrid and altered Vibrio cholera O1 strains showed two classifiable groups. Group I strains contain a tandem repeat of classical CTX prophage on the small chromosome. Strains in this group either contain no element(s) or an additional CTX prophage or RS1 element(s) on the large chromosome. Group II strains harbor RS1 and CTX prophage, which has an E1 Tor type rstR and classical ctxB on the large chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Hee Lee
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 151-919, Republic of Korea
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48
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Goel AK, Jain M, Kumar P, Jiang SC. Molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae outbreak strains with altered El Tor biotype from southern India. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 26:281-287. [DOI: doi 10.1007/s11274-009-0171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
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49
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Safa A, Nair GB, Kong RYC. Evolution of new variants of Vibrio cholerae O1. Trends Microbiol 2009; 18:46-54. [PMID: 19942436 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae typically contains a prophage that carries the genes encoding the cholera toxin, which is responsible for the major clinical symptoms of the disease. In recent years, new pathogenic variants of V. cholerae have emerged and spread throughout many Asian and African countries. These variants display a mixture of phenotypic and genotypic traits from the two main biotypes (known as 'classical' and 'El Tor'), suggesting that they are genetic hybrids. Classical and El Tor biotypes have been the most epidemiologically successful cholera strains during the past century, and it is believed that the new variants (which we call here 'atypical El Tor') are likely to develop successfully in a manner similar to these biotypes. Here, we describe recent advances in our understanding of the epidemiology and evolution of the atypical El Tor strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashrafus Safa
- Department of Biology and Chemistry and MERIT, City University of Hong Kong, 83, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
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50
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Molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae outbreak strains with altered El Tor biotype from southern India. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 26:281-287. [PMID: 20495624 PMCID: PMC2872801 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Forty-four Vibrio cholerae isolates collected over a 7-month period in Chennai, India in 2004 were characterized for gene traits, antimicrobial susceptibility and genomic fingerprints. All 44 isolates were identified as O1 El Tor Ogawa, positive for various toxigenic and pathogenic genes viz. ace, ctxB, hlyA, ompU, ompW, rfbO1, rtx, tcpA, toxR and zot. Nucleotide sequencing revealed the presence of cholera toxin B of classical biotype in all the El Tor isolates, suggesting infection of isolates by classical CTXPhi. Antibiogram analysis showed a broad-spectrum antibiotic resistance that was also confirmed by the presence of resistant genes in the genomes. All isolates contained a class 1 integron and an SXT constin. However, isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol and tested negative for the chloramphenicol resistant gene suggesting a deletion in SXT constin. Fingerprinting analysis of isolates by ERIC- and Box PCR revealed similar DNA patterns indicating the clonal dissemination of a single predominant V. cholerae O1 strain throughout the 2004 outbreak in Chennai. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11274-009-0171-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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