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Chowdhury G, Ghosh D, Zhou Y, Deb AK, Mukhopadhyay AK, Dutta S, Chakraborty S. Field evaluation of a simple and rapid diagnostic test, RLDT to detect Shigella and enterotoxigenic E. coli in Indian children. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8816. [PMID: 38627472 PMCID: PMC11021469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic assays currently used to detect Shigella spp. (Shigella) and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are complex or elaborate which make them difficult to apply in resource poor settings where these diseases are endemic. The simple and rapid nucleic acid amplification-based assay "Rapid LAMP-based Diagnostic Test (RLDT)" was evaluated to detect Shigella spp (Shigella) and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and determine the epidemiology of these pathogens in Kolkata, India. Stool samples (n = 405) from children under five years old with diarrhea seeking care at the hospitals were tested, and 85(21%) and 68(17%) by RLDT, 91(23%) and 58(14%) by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and 35(9%) and 15(4%) by culture, were positive for Shigella and ETEC, respectively. The RLDT showed almost perfect agreement with qPCR, Kappa 0.96 and 0.89; sensitivity 93% and 98%; specificity 100% and 97% for Shigella and ETEC, respectively. While RLDT detected additional 12% Shigella and 13% ETEC than culture, all culture positives for Shigella and ETEC except one each were also positive by the RLDT, sensitivity 97% and 93% respectively. RLDT is a simple, sensitive, and rapid assay that could be implemented with minimum training in the endemic regions to strengthen the disease surveillance system and rapid outbreak detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Chowdhury
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33 CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Debjani Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33 CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Yiyi Zhou
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alok K Deb
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33 CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33 CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India.
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33 CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Das S, Halder P, Banerjee S, Mukhopadhyay AK, Dutta S, Koley H. Establishment of an intragastric surgical model using C57BL/6 mice to study the vaccine efficacy of OMV-based immunogens against Helicobacter pylori. Biol Open 2024:bio.060282. [PMID: 38602383 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic gastritis is one of the major symptoms of gastro-duodenal disorders typically induced by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). To date, no suitable model is available to study pathophysiology and therapeutic measures accurately. Here, we have presented a successful surgical infection model of H. pylori-induced gastritis in C57BL/6 mice that resembles features similar to human infection. The proposed model does not require any preparatory treatment other than surgical intervention. C57BL/6 mice were injected with wild-type SS1 (Sydney strain 1, reference strain) directly into the stomach. Seven days post infection, infected animals showed alterations in cytokine responses along with inflammatory cell infiltration in the lamina propria, depicting a prominent inflammatory response due to infection. To understand the immunogenicity and protective efficacy, the mice were immunized with outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) isolated from an indigenous strain with putative virulence factors of H. pylori [A61C (1), cag+/vacA s1m1]. In contrast to the non-immunized cohort, the OMV-immunized cohort showed a gradual increase in serum immunoglobulin(s) levels on the 35th day after the first immunization. This conferred protective immunity against subsequent challenge with the reference strain (SS1). Direct inoculation of H. pylori into the stomach influenced infection in a short time and, more importantly, in a dose-dependent manner, indicating the usefulness of the developed model for pathophysiology, therapeutic and prophylactic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Das
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, India
| | - Prolay Halder
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, India
| | - Soumalya Banerjee
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, India
| | - Hemanta Koley
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, India
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Bose P, Chowdhury G, Halder G, Ghosh D, Deb AK, Kitahara K, Miyoshi SI, Morita M, Ramamurthy T, Dutta S, Mukhopadhyay AK. Prevalence and changing antimicrobial resistance profiles of Shigella spp. isolated from diarrheal patients in Kolkata during 2011-2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011964. [PMID: 38377151 PMCID: PMC10906866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence, characteristics, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of various Shigella serogroups isolated from patients with acute diarrhea of the Infectious Diseases Hospital in Kolkata from 2011-2019. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS During the study period, Shigella isolates were tested for their serogroups, antibiotic resistance pattern and virulence gene profiles. A total of 5.8% of Shigella spp. were isolated, among which S. flexneri (76.1%) was the highest, followed by S. sonnei (18.7%), S. boydii (3.4%), and S. dysenteriae (1.8%). Antimicrobial resistance against nalidixic acid was higher in almost all the Shigella isolates, while the resistance to β-lactamases, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol diverged. The occurrence of multidrug resistance was found to be linked with various genes encoding drug-resistance, multiple mutations in the topoisomerase genes, and mobile genetic elements. All the isolates were positive for the invasion plasmid antigen H gene (ipaH). Dendrogram analysis of the plasmid and pulsed-field electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles revealed 70-80% clonal similarity among each Shigella serotype. CONCLUSION This comprehensive long-term surveillance report highlights the clonal diversity of clinical Shigella strains circulating in Kolkata, India, and shows alarming resistance trends towards recommended antibiotics. The elucidation of this study's outcome is helpful not only in identifying emerging antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shigella spp. but also in developing treatment guidelines appropriate for this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Bose
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
| | - Gourab Halder
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Debjani Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Alok K. Deb
- Division of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Kei Kitahara
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Miyoshi
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masatomo Morita
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thandavarayan Ramamurthy
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Chowdhury G, Kitahara K, Taniguchi M, Uesaka K, Muzembo BA, Mitra D, Ohno A, Ramamurthy T, Dutta S, Miyoshi SI, Mukhopadhyay AK. Complete genomic sequence of Vibrio fluvialis strain IDH5335 isolated from a patient with diarrhea in Kolkata, India. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0070723. [PMID: 37943041 PMCID: PMC10871063 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00707-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We isolated a Vibrio fluvialis strain (IDH5335) from a stool sample collected from a patient with diarrhea. In this announcement, we report the complete genomic sequence of this organism, which was obtained by combining Illumina and Oxford Nanopore sequencing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Chowdhury
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kei Kitahara
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Makoto Taniguchi
- Oral Microbiome Center, Taniguchi Dental Clinic, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuma Uesaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Basilua Andre Muzembo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Debmalya Mitra
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayumu Ohno
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Shanta Dutta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Shin-ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Banerjee S, Halder P, Das S, Maiti S, Bhaumik U, Dutta M, Chowdhury G, Kitahara K, Miyoshi SI, Mukhopadhyay AK, Dutta S, Koley H. Pentavalent outer membrane vesicles immunized mice sera confers passive protection against five prevalent pathotypes of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in neonatal mice. Immunol Lett 2023; 263:33-45. [PMID: 37734682 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) pathotypes are one of the major causative agents of diarrhoea induced childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Licensed vaccines providing broad spectrum protection against DEC mediated infections are not available. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are microvesicles released by gram-negative bacteria during the growth phase and contain multiple immunogenic proteins. Based on prevalence of infections, we have formulated a pentavalent outer-membrane vesicles (POMVs) based immunogen targeting five main pathotypes of DEC responsible for diarrhoeal diseases. Following isolation, OMVs from five DEC pathotypes were mixed in equal proportions to formulate POMVs and 10 µg of the immunogen was intraperitoneally administered to adult BALB/c mice. Three doses of POMVs induced significant humoral immune response against whole cell lysates (WCLs), outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) isolated from DEC pathotypes along with significant induction of cellular immune response in adult mice. Passive transfer of POMVs immunized adult mice sera protected neonatal mice significantly against DEC infections. Overall, this study finds POMVs to be immunogenic in conferring broad-spectrum passive protection to neonatal mice against five main DEC pathotypes. Altogether, these findings suggest that POMVs can be used as a potent vaccine candidate to ameliorate the DEC-mediated health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumalya Banerjee
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Prolay Halder
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Sanjib Das
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Suhrid Maiti
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Ushasi Bhaumik
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Moumita Dutta
- Division of Electron Microscopy, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India; Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Kei Kitahara
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan; Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan; Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Hemanta Koley
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India.
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Chowdhury G, Ghosh D, Zhou Y, Deb AK, Mukhopadhyay AK, Dutta S, Chakraborty S. Field evaluation of a simple and rapid diagnostic test, RLDT to detect Shigella and enterotoxigenic E. coli in Indian children. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-3293791. [PMID: 37886599 PMCID: PMC10602125 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3293791/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The diagnostic assays currently used to detect Shigella spp. (Shigella) and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are complex or elaborate which make them difficult to apply in resource poor settings where these diseases are endemic. The simple and rapid nucleic acid amplification-based assay "Rapid LAMP-based Diagnostic Test (RLDT)" was evaluated to detect Shigella spp (Shigella) and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and determine the epidemiology of these pathogens in Kolkata, India. Stool samples (n = 405) from children under five years old with diarrhea seeking care at the hospitals were tested, and 85(21%) and 68(17%) by RLDT, 91(23%) and 58(14%) by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and 35(9%) and 15(4%) by culture, were positive for Shigella and ETEC, respectively. The RLDT showed almost perfect agreement with qPCR, Kappa 0.96 and 0.89; sensitivity 93% and 98%; specificity 100% and 97% for Shigella and ETEC, respectively. While RLDT detected 12% more Shigella and 13% more ETEC than culture, all culture positives for Shigella and ETEC except one each were also positive by the RLDT, sensitivity 97% and 93% respectively. RLDT is a simple, sensitive, and rapid assay that could be implemented with minimum training in the endemic regions to strengthen the disease surveillance system and rapid outbreak detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debjani Ghosh
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases
| | - YiYi Zhou
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Alok K Deb
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases
| | | | - Shanta Dutta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases
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Khan U, Karmakar BC, Basak P, Paul S, Gope A, Sarkar D, Mukhopadhyay AK, Dutta S, Bhattacharya S. Glycyrrhizin, an inhibitor of HMGB1 induces autolysosomal degradation function and inhibits Helicobacter pylori infection. Mol Med 2023; 29:51. [PMID: 37038107 PMCID: PMC10088177 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori is a key agent for causing gastric complications linked with gastric disorders. In response to infection, host cells stimulate autophagy to maintain cellular homeostasis. However, H. pylori have evolved the ability to usurp the host's autophagic machinery. High mobility group box1 (HMGB1), an alarmin molecule is a regulator of autophagy and its expression is augmented during infection and gastric cancer. Therefore, this study aims to explore the role of glycyrrhizin (a known inhibitor of HMGB1) in autophagy during H. pylori infection. MAIN METHODS Human gastric cancer (AGS) cells were infected with the H. pylori SS1 strain and further treatment was done with glycyrrhizin. Western blot was used to examine the expression of autophagy proteins. Autophagy and lysosomal activity were monitored by fluorescence assays. A knockdown of HMGB1 was performed to verify the effect of glycyrrhizin. H. pylori infection in in vivo mice model was established and the effect of glycyrrhizin treatment was studied. RESULTS The autophagy-lysosomal pathway was impaired due to an increase in lysosomal membrane permeabilization during H. pylori infection in AGS cells. Subsequently, glycyrrhizin treatment restored the lysosomal membrane integrity. The recovered lysosomal function enhanced autolysosome formation and concomitantly attenuated the intracellular H. pylori growth by eliminating the pathogenic niche. Additionally, glycyrrhizin treatment inhibited inflammation and improved gastric tissue damage in mice. CONCLUSION This study showed that inhibiting HMGB1 restored lysosomal activity to ameliorate H. pylori infection. It also demonstrated the potential of glycyrrhizin as an antibacterial agent to address the problem of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Khan
- Division of Biochemistry ICMR-NICED, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Bipul Chandra Karmakar
- Division of Bacteriology ICMR-NICED, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Priyanka Basak
- Division of Biochemistry ICMR-NICED, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Sangita Paul
- Division of Bacteriology ICMR-NICED, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Animesh Gope
- Division of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-NICED, ICMR- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, India
| | - Deotima Sarkar
- Division of Biochemistry ICMR-NICED, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology ICMR-NICED, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology ICMR-NICED, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Sushmita Bhattacharya
- Division of Biochemistry ICMR-NICED, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, 700010, India.
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Karmakar BC, Paul S, Basak S, Ghosh M, Mukherjee P, Das R, Chaudhuri S, Dutta S, Mukhopadhyay AK. Development and evaluation of a simple PCR assay and nested PCR for rapid detection of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori from culture and directly from the biopsy samples in India. Gut Pathog 2023; 15:7. [PMID: 36782212 PMCID: PMC9925366 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eradication of Helicobacter pylori provides the most effective treatment for gastroduodenal diseases caused by H. pylori infection. Clarithromycin, a member of the macrolide family, still remains the most important antibiotic used in H. pylori eradication treatment. But the increasing prevalence of clarithromycin resistant H. pylori strains due to point mutations in the V region of the 23S rRNA, poses a great threat in treating the ailing patients. So, we aimed for PCR-mediated rapid detection of the point mutation at 2143 position of 23S rRNA gene in H. pylori that is relevant to clarithromycin resistance from culture and simultaneously from biopsy specimens to avoid the empirical treatment. RESULTS Newly developed PCR assay using DNA of pure culture detected point mutation in 23S rRNA gene in 21 (8.04%) of 261 clinical strains tested. The agar dilution method showed that all these 21 strains were resistant to clarithromycin indicating the perfect match of the PCR based results. Additionally, the sequencing study also identified the A to G mutation at 2143 position in 23S rRNA gene of the resistant strains only. Consequently, the newly developed Nested-ASP-PCR dealing directly with 50 biopsy specimens demonstrated 100% sensitivity and specificity with the findings of agar dilution method taken as Gold standard. Bioinformatics based analysis such as accessibility analysis and dot plot clearly stated that the base pairing probability has increased due to mutation. Computational studies revealed that the point mutation confers more stability in secondary structure due to conversion of loop to stem. Furthermore, interaction studies showed binding affinity of the CLR to the mutant type is weaker than that to the wild type. CONCLUSION This assay outlines a rapid, sensitive and simple approach to identify point mutation that confers clarithromycin resistance as well as clarithromycin sensitive strains, providing rapid initiation of effective antibiotic treatment. Additionally, it is simple to adopt for hospital based diagnostic laboratories to evaluate the degree of regional clarithromycin resistance from biopsy specimens itself. Furthermore, in silico studies provide evidence or a signal that the prevalence of clarithromycin resistance may rise in the near future as a result of this point mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipul Chandra Karmakar
- grid.419566.90000 0004 0507 4551Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010 India
| | - Sangita Paul
- grid.419566.90000 0004 0507 4551Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010 India
| | - Surajit Basak
- grid.419566.90000 0004 0507 4551Division of Bioinformatics, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010 India
| | - Manisha Ghosh
- grid.419566.90000 0004 0507 4551Division of Bioinformatics, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010 India
| | - Piyali Mukherjee
- grid.419566.90000 0004 0507 4551Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010 India
| | - Rajashree Das
- grid.444644.20000 0004 1805 0217Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh India
| | | | - Shanta Dutta
- grid.419566.90000 0004 0507 4551Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010 India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010, India.
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De R, Kanungo S, Mukhopadhyay AK, Dutta S. The gut microbiome of the healthy population in Kolkata, India, is a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes emphasizing the need of enforcing antimicrobial stewardship. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2023; 370:fnad090. [PMID: 37697657 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnad090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) alleviation warrants antimicrobial stewardship (AS) entailing the indispensability of epidemiological surveillance. We undertook a small-scale surveillance in Kolkata to detect the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the healthy gut microbiome. We found that it was a reservoir of ARGs against common antibiotics. A targeted Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing-based ARGs detection against tetracyclines, macrolides, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, aminoglycosides, amphenicol, and mobile genetic element (MGE) markers were deployed in 25 fecal samples. Relative abundance and frequency of ARGs were calculated. We detected markers against all these classes of antibiotics. 100% samples carried aminoglycoside resistance marker and int1U. A comparison with our previously published diarrheal resistome from the same spatial and temporal frame revealed that a higher diversity of ARGs were detected in the community and a higher rate of isolation of tetC, msrA, tmp, and sul-2 was found. The presence of common markers in the two cohorts proves that the gut microbiome has been contaminated with ARGs and which are being disseminated among different ecosystems. This is an issue of discerning concern for public health. The study raises an alarming picture of the AMR crisis in low-middle and emergent economies. It emphasizes the strict enforcement of AS in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna De
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Suman Kanungo
- Division of Epidemiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
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Nayak S, Kumar P, Shankar R, Mukhopadhyay AK, Mandal D, Das P. Biomass derived self-assembled DNA-dot hydrogels for enhanced bacterial annihilation. Nanoscale 2022; 14:16097-16109. [PMID: 36226636 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03810b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanotization of biomass for interesting biomedical applications is still in the nascent stage with no visible market available products. While products derived from biomass DNA and protein have unquestionable biocompatibility, induction of desired properties needs careful manipulation of the biomolecules. Herein, for the first time, we report the transformation of onion derived biomass DNA into DNA-dots through its partial hydrothermal pyrolysis to induce improved mechanical and photophysical properties. The DNA-dots were further used as crosslinkers to create a hydrogel through hybridization-mediated self-assembly with untransformed genomic DNA. The DNA dot-DNA hydrogel sustainably delivers the ciprofloxacin antibiotic as well as produces on-demand reactive oxygen species (ROS) with visible light irradiation. This prompted us to explore the hydrogel as a topical formulation for combination antibiotic Antibacterial-Photodynamic Therapy (APDT) applications. Remarkable annihilation of E. coli and S. aureus, and most importantly two drug-resistant strains of E. coli, shows the success of our sustainable approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna-801103, Bihar, India.
| | - Prakash Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur-844102, Bihar, India
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna-801103, Bihar, India.
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Debabrata Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur-844102, Bihar, India
| | - Prolay Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna-801103, Bihar, India.
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11
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Shaw S, Samanta P, Chowdhury G, Ghosh D, Dey TK, Deb AK, Ramamurthy T, Miyoshi SI, Ghosh A, Dutta S, Mukhopadhyay AK. Altered Molecular Attributes and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor Strains Isolated from the Cholera Endemic Regions of India. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3605-3616. [PMID: 36000378 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present study aimed to document the comparative analysis of differential hyper-virulent features of Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated during 2018 from cholera endemic regions in Gujarat and Maharashtra (Western India) and West Bengal (Eastern India). METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 87 V. cholerae O1 clinical strains from Western India and 48 from Eastern India were analyzed for a number of biotypic and genotypic features followed by antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile. A novel PCR was designed to detect a large fragment deletion in the Vibrio seventh pandemic island II (VSP-II) genomic region, which is a significant genetic feature of the V. cholerae strains that has caused Yemen cholera outbreak. All the strains from Western India were belong to the Ogawa serotype, polymyxin B-sensitive, hemolytic, had a deletion in VSP-II (VSP-IIC) region and carried Haitian genetic alleles of ctxB, tcpA and rtxA. Conversely, 14.6% (7/48) of the strains from Eastern India belonged to the Inaba serotype, polymyxin B-resistant, non-hemolytic, harbored VSP-II other than VSP-IIC type, classical ctxB, Haitian tcpA and El Tor rtxA alleles. Resistance to tetracycline and chloramphenicol has been observed in strains from both the regions. CONCLUSIONS This study showed hyper-virulent, polymyxin B-sensitive epidemic causing strains in India along with the strains with polymyxin B-resistant and non-hemolytic traits that may spread and cause serious disease outcome in future. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The outcomes of this study can help to improve the understanding of the hyper-pathogenic property of recently circulating pandemic V. cholerae strains in India. A special attention is also needed on the monitoring of AMR surveillance because V. cholerae strains are losing susceptibility to many antibiotics used as a second line of defense in the treatment of cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeja Shaw
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Prosenjit Samanta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Debjani Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Tanmoy Kumar Dey
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Alok Kumar Deb
- Division of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Thandavarayan Ramamurthy
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India.,Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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12
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Ghosh D, Chowdhury G, Samanta P, Shaw S, Deb AK, Bardhan M, Manna A, Miyoshi SI, Ramamurthy T, Dutta S, Mukhopadhyay AK. Characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli with special reference to antimicrobial resistance isolated from hospitalised diarrheal patients in Kolkata (2012-2019), India. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:4544-4554. [PMID: 35338762 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study analyzes the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of major diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) pathotypes detected in hospitalized diarrheal patients in Kolkata, India, during 2012-2019. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 8,891 stool samples were collected from the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kolkata and screened for the presence of enteric pathogens. Multiplex-PCR identified the presence of DEC in 7.8% of the samples, in which ETEC was most common (47.7%) followed by EAEC (38.4%) and EPEC (13.9%). About 54% cases were due to sole DEC infections. Majority of the mixed DEC infections was caused by the Vibrio spp. (19.1%) followed by Rotavirus (14.1%) and Campylobacter spp. (8.4%). ETEC and EAEC were associated significantly with diarrhea in children <5 years of age, whereas EPEC and also ETEC were prevalent in patients aged between 5 and 14 years. AMR profile showed high prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) among DEC (56.9%) in which 9% were resistant to antibiotics of six different antimicrobial classes. Screening of the AMR conferring genes of DEC showed the presence of blaCTX-M3 (30.2%) in highest number followed by blaTEM (27.5%), tetB (18%), sul2 (12.6%), strA (11.8%), aadA1 (9.8%), blaOXA-1 (9%), dfrA1 (1.6%) and blaSHV (1.2%). CONCLUSIONS These findings highlighted the high prevalence of MDR in major DEC pathotypes that could be considered as the leading etiologic bacterial agent responsible for diarrhea and suggests a significant public health threat. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results of this study can help to improve the understanding of the epidemiology of DEC infections in patients with diarrhea. Monitoring of AMR surveillance needs special attention because the DEC isolates were highly resistant to commonly used antimicrobials in the treatment of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Prosenjit Samanta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Sreeja Shaw
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Alok Kumar Deb
- Division of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Mainak Bardhan
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Asis Manna
- Infectious Diseases and Beliaghata General Hospital (ID & BG) Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata.,Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Thandavarayan Ramamurthy
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
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13
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Alam J, Dilnawaz F, Sahoo SK, Singh DV, Mukhopadhyay AK, Hussain T, Pati S. Curcumin Encapsulated into Biocompatible Co-Polymer PLGA Nanoparticle Enhanced Anti-Gastric Cancer and Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Effect. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2022; 23:61-70. [PMID: 35092372 PMCID: PMC9258655 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2022.23.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The current disadvantages (high cost, toxicity, resistance) of chemotherapy for gastric cancer opted people for alternative therapy from natural source. Curcumin (natural product) possess multiple biological activities but low bio-availability limits their uses as therapeutic. The Nano-formulation of curcumin increased the bioavailability and productivity of anti-cancer and anti-bacterial properties. The present study was initiated to determine the anti-cancer and anti-bacterial effect of Nano curcumin against gastric cancer and H. pylori. Methods: Curcumin loaded PLGA nanoparticles (CUR-NPs) was prepared by single emulsion solvent evaporation method. The MIC were determined using agar dilution method to find the anti-H. Pylori activity of Nano curcumin. The cytotoxicity of Nano curcumin was evaluated by MTT assay and the apoptotic effect (cell cycle arrest and morphology change) was shown by PI staining and microscopy. Results: The MIC of nanocurcumin and curcumin for all four H. pylori strains were 8 µg/ml and 16 µg/ml respectively. The inhibition rate of gastric cancer cells after treatment with curcumin was increased from 6% to 67% for 24h, from 8% to 75% for 48h, from 10% to 83% for 72h. In case of nanocurcumin, the inhibition rate increased from 7% to 69% for 24h, 11% to 87% for 48h and 16% to 97% for 72h. The IC50 of curcumin and Nano-curcumin were 24.20 µM and 18.78 µM respectively for 72 h. The population of cells in sub-G0 population increased from 4.1% in the control group to 24.5% and 57.8% when treated with curcumin and nanocurcumin respectively. After 72h of treatment with nanocurcumin, the apoptotic cells population increased as compared to native curcumin treated cells. Conclusion: The Nano curcumin might be used as a potential therapeutics against gastric cancer and H. Pylori. There is need of further in vivo study in order to validate CUR-NPs activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawed Alam
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Fahima Dilnawaz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Life Science, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Durg Vijai Singh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Bihar, Bihar, India
| | | | - Tahziba Hussain
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
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14
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Chakraborty D, Kanungo S, Kumar Nandy R, Kumar Deb A, Kumar Mukhopadhyay A, Dutta S. Challenges for Programmatic Implementation of Oral Cholera Vaccine in India. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:S754-S758. [PMID: 34668559 PMCID: PMC8687067 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera remains a major contributor of diarrheal diseases and leads to substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly in low socioeconomic settings. Nonavailability of a national cholera control plan in India, compounded by underreporting of cholera cases and deficient accurate cholera hotspot estimates, has made cholera control a challenge. Obstacles in the programmatic introduction of oral cholera vaccine (OCV) lie within the infrastructure—stockpile, costing, distribution system, cold-chain mechanism, vaccine logistics, and lack of strengthened surveillance systems for adverse events following immunization. Sustained political commitment along with collaboration of people working in the media will also determine the policy outcome of OCV introduction in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjit Chakraborty
- Division of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Cholera and Enteric Disease, Kolkata, India
| | - Suman Kanungo
- Division of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Cholera and Enteric Disease, Kolkata, India
| | - Ranjan Kumar Nandy
- Division of Bacteriology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Cholera and Enteric Disease, Kolkata, India
| | - Alok Kumar Deb
- Division of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Cholera and Enteric Disease, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Cholera and Enteric Disease, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Cholera and Enteric Disease, Kolkata, India
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15
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Mahant S, Chakraborty A, Som A, Mehra S, Das K, Mukhopadhyay AK, Gehlot V, Bose S, Das R. The Synergistic Role of Tip α, Nucleolin and Ras in Helicobacter pylori Infection Regulates the Cell Fate Towards Inflammation or Apoptosis. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3720-3732. [PMID: 34468852 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) leads to a fork in the road situation where it is critical and complex to judge the fate of the cell. We propose for the first time an in silico representation of a protein level network model that can unfold the mystery behind the cell fate decision between inflammation or cell proliferation or cell death. Upon infection TNF inducible protein α (Tip α) is internalised after binding with the cell surface receptor Nucleolin which is overexpressed on the cell surface thereby activating the Ras pathway. Tip α, Nucleolin and Ras decides the cell fate for apoptosis or abnormal cell proliferation along with ulcers in the gastric tract, hence we term it as the "death triad", which otherwise triggers the inflammatory pathway through downstream signalling of NF-κβ. A series of proteins involved in the signalling cascade are portrayed through compartmentalization of the bacteria and the gut wall. The depicted network works synchronously toward an overarching goal of deciding between apoptosis or inflammation or proliferation. The model has been validated by simulating it with existing transcriptomic data along with clinical findings from patients infected with H. pylori across different regions in India. The results clearly indicate that for a short period of time there is increased binding of Tip α to Nucleolin and the receptor starts to saturate. This increases the tenacity of binding and the cell triggers an inflammatory cascade reaction which involves proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF α thereby progressing to inflammation by activating NF-κβ downstream. On the other hand, Ras involved in interaction with nucleolin can be present both in its activated or inactivated state. Binding of Tip α as a monomer leads to desensitization of Nucleolin leading to cell survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Mahant
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, U.P, 201313, India
| | - Amlan Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Anup Som
- Centre of Bioinformatics, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, U.P, 211002, India
| | - Shubham Mehra
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, U.P, 201313, India
| | - Kunal Das
- Department of Gastroenterology, Manipal Hospital, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110075, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Valentina Gehlot
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, U.P, 201313, India
| | - Sudeep Bose
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, U.P, 201313, India.
| | - Rajashree Das
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, U.P, 201313, India.
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Bhakat D, Mondal I, Mukhopadhyay AK, Chatterjee NS. Iron influences the expression of colonization factor CS6 of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Microbiology (Reading) 2021; 167. [PMID: 34550064 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major pathogen of acute watery diarrhoea. The pathogenicity of ETEC is linked to adherence to the small intestine by colonization factors (CFs) and secretion of heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and/or heat-stable enterotoxin (ST). CS6 is one of the most common CFs in our region and worldwide. Iron availability functions as an environmental cue for enteropathogenic bacteria, signalling arrival within the human host. Therefore, iron could modify the expression of CS6 in the intestine. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of iron availability on CS6 expression in ETEC. This would help in understanding the importance of iron during ETEC pathogenesis. ETEC strain harbouring CS6 was cultured under increasing concentrations of iron salt to assess the effect on CS6 RNA expression by quantitative RT-PCR, protein expression by ELISA, promoter activity by β-galactosidase activity, and epithelial adhesion on HT-29 cells. RNA expression of CS6 was maximum in presence of 0.2 mM iron (II) salt. The expression increased by 50-fold, which also reduced under iron-chelation conditions and an increased iron concentration of 0.4 mM or more. The surface expression of CS6 also increased by 60-fold in presence of 0.2 mM iron. The upregulation of CS6 promoter activity by 25-fold under this experimental condition was in accordance with the induction of CS6 RNA and protein. This increased CS6 expression was independent of ETEC strains. Bacterial adhesion to HT-29 epithelial cells was also enhanced by five-fold in the presence of 0.2 mM iron salt. These findings suggest that CS6 expression is dependent on iron concentration. However, with further increases in iron concentration beyond 0.2 mM CS6 expression is decreased, suggesting that there might be a strong regulatory mechanism for CS6 expression under different iron concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjyoti Bhakat
- Division of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Indranil Mondal
- Division of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Das S, Dey TK, De A, Banerjee A, Chakraborty S, Das B, Mukhopadhyay AK, Mukherjee B, Samanta A. Antimicrobial loaded gum odina - gelatin based biomimetic spongy scaffold for accelerated wound healing with complete cutaneous texture. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120892. [PMID: 34274455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess the therapeutic activity of gum odina and gelatin based biomimetic scaffold which was previously established as an excellent wound dressing material. In the accelerated stability study, the changes in physicochemical properties were found to be negligible. The cytotoxicity studies were carried out in-vitro and the results showed that upto 90% of the cells remained viable in presence of the scaffold, confirming its biocompatibility. Moreover, results depicted the superior ability of the scaffold to promote cutaneous healing by increasing the rate of wound contraction (about 98%), granulation formation, collagen deposition and formation of an intact epidermis within 18 days. A satisfactory amount of hydroxyproline (240.2 ± 6.67 μg/100 mg tissue) in scaffold treated groups at 21 days ensured the significant deposition of collagen to re-epithelialization. Further it can be hypothesized that the controlled levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT) to diminish the oxidative stress in the wounded sites were due to the innate antioxidant properties of both blank and drug loaded scaffold. These results strongly indicated that the prepared scaffolds have strong potential for biomedical applications and it may serve as promising candidate for the next generation of wound treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Das
- Division of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tanmoy Kumar Dey
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR - National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Arnab De
- Division of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Anurag Banerjee
- Division of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Samrat Chakraborty
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Bhaskar Das
- Division of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR - National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Biswajit Mukherjee
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Amalesh Samanta
- Division of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
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18
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Mondal I, Bhakat D, Chowdhury G, Manna A, Samanta S, Deb AK, Mukhopadhyay AK, Chatterjee NS. Distribution of virulence factors and its relatedness towards the antimicrobial response of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients in Kolkata, India. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:675-686. [PMID: 34242448 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the most widely recognized diarrhoeal pathogens in developing countries. The advancement of ETEC vaccine development depends on the antigenic determinants of the ETEC isolates from a particular geographical region. So, the aim here was to comprehend the distribution of virulence determinants of the clinical ETEC strains of this region. Additionally, an attempt was made to find any correlation with the antimicrobial response pattern. METHODS AND RESULTS Multiplex PCR was employed to identify virulence determinants followed by confirmatory singleplex PCR. For observation of antibiotic response, the Kirby-Bauer method was used. Out of 379 strains, 46% of strains harboured both the enterotoxins ST and LT, whereas 15% were LT only. Among the major colonization factors (CFs), CS6 (41%) was the most prevalent followed by CFA/I (35%) and CFA/III was the lowest (3%). Among the minor CFs, CS21 (25%) was most prevalent, while CS15 showed the lowest (3%) presence. Among the non-classical virulence factors, EatA (69%) was predominant. ETEC strains harbouring CS6 showed resistance towards the commonly used drug Ciprofloxacin (70%). CONCLUSION CS6 and elt+est toxin genes co-occurred covering 51% of the isolates. CS21 was found in most strains with est genes (43%). EatA was found to occur frequently when ST was present alone or with LT. CS6-harbouring strains showed an independent correlation to antimicrobial resistance. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study would aid in identifying the commonly circulating ETEC isolates of Kolkata, India, and their prevalent virulence determinants. Knowledge of antibiotic resistance patterns would also help in the appropriate use of antibiotics. Furthermore, the study would aid in identifying the multivalent antigens suitable for region-specific ETEC vaccines with maximum coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Mondal
- Division of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Debjyoti Bhakat
- Division of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Asis Manna
- Infectious Diseases and Beliaghata General Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Sandip Samanta
- Dr. B.C.Roy Post Graduate Institute of Pediatric Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Alok Kumar Deb
- Division of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Das S, Chourashi R, Mukherjee P, Kundu S, Koley H, Dutta M, Mukhopadhyay AK, Okamoto K, Chatterjee NS. Inhibition of growth and virulence of Vibrio cholerae by carvacrol, an essential oil component of Origanum spp. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1147-1161. [PMID: 33544959 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In the age where bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics is increasing at an alarming rate, the use of the traditional plant, herb extracts or other bioactive constituents is gradually becoming popular as an anti-virulence agent to treat pathogenic diseases. Carvacrol, a major essential oil fraction of Oregano, possesses a wide range of bioactivities. Therefore, we aimed to study the effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations of carvacrol on major virulence traits of Vibrio cholerae. METHODS AND RESULTS We have used in vitro as well as ex vivo models to access the anti-pathogenic role of carvacrol. We found that the sub-inhibitory concentration of carvacrol significantly repressed bacterial mucin penetrating ability. Carvacrol also reduced the adherence and fluid accumulation in the rabbit ileal loop model. Reduction in virulence is associated with the downregulated expression of tcpA, ctxB, hlyA and toxT. Furthermore, carvacrol inhibits flagellar synthesis by downregulating the expression of flrC and most of the class III genes. CONCLUSIONS Carvacrol exhibited anti-virulence activity against V. cholerae, which involved many events including the inhibition of mucin penetration, adhesion, reduced expression of virulence-associated genes culminating in reduced fluid accumulation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These findings indicate that carvacrol possesses inhibitory activity against V. cholerae pathogenesis and might be considered as a potential bio-active therapeutic alternative to combat cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Das
- Division of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - R Chourashi
- Division of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - P Mukherjee
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - S Kundu
- Division of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - H Koley
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - M Dutta
- Division of Electron Microscopy, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - A K Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - K Okamoto
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at NICED, Kolkata, India
| | - N S Chatterjee
- Division of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is of great distress because of its vital role in the pathogenesis of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and in the multi-step carcinogenic process of gastric cancer. The increasing antibiotic resistance pattern of H. pylori worldwide has prompted the World Health Organization to put this organism in the priority pathogens list. To study the disease biology, evaluation of drugs, treatment outcome and to come up with probable vaccination strategies, competent animal models that reproduce the signature of human infection are essential. Initial reports about animal colonization with H. pylori have shown significant heterogeneity, to such an extent that Barry Marshall, Nobel laureate for the discovery of H. pylori , infected himself with the bacterium to show its involvement in acute gastric illness. A paradigm-shift discovery of the H. pylori mouse-adapted strain SS1 has opened the avenues of research regarding the organism and its pathogenicity. Although the mouse model of H. pylori infection is being utilized all over the world, there are certain issues that need awareness and specific information to achieve successful, consistent colonization with symptoms resembling human. This chapter details an established and reliable protocol for the development of a competent mouse model for H. pylori infection leading to various gastro-intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Kumar Dey
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Bipul Chandra Karmakar
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Avijit Sarkar
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Sangita Paul
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India.
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Indrajith S, Mukhopadhyay AK, Chowdhury G, Farraj DAA, Alkufeidy RM, Natesan S, Meghanathan V, Gopal S, Muthupandian S. Molecular insights of Carbapenem resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates with focus on multidrug resistance from clinical samples. J Infect Public Health 2020; 14:131-138. [PMID: 33234410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbapenem are the last-line antibiotic, defence against Gram-negative extended spectrum ß-lactamases producers (ESBLs). Carbapenem resistance Enterobacteriaceae especially Carbapenem resistant-Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-KP) is recognized as one of the well-known public health problem, which is increasingly being reported around the world. The present study was focused to analyse the prevalence and characterization of antibiotic resistance K. pneumoniae in centre region of Tamil Nadu, India. METHODOLOGY Totally 145 suspected K. pneumoniae isolates [Urine, Pus, Sputum, Blood and Biopsy] obtained from hospitals of Central South India. The isolates were subjected to biochemical and molecular identification technique, following with antibiotic resistance pattern by standard antibiotic sensitivity test. Multidrug resistance (MDR) with β-lactamase producing Carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae (CR-KP) strains were screened by classical sensitivity method and also drug resistance encoded gene. Also, molecular typing of the MDR strains were characterized by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Further, the outer membrane protein (OmpK35 and 36) related Carbapenem resistance were characterized. RESULTS Totally, 61% of isolates were confirmed as K. pneumoniae, 75 % of isolates were MDR including 58% carbapenem and 97% ESBL antibiotics and grouped into 17 distinct resistant patterns. The MDR KP isolates shows positive for blaCTXM-1 (92 %) gene followed by blaSHV (43 %), blaTEM (36 %), blaNDM-1 (26 %), blaGES (20 %) and blaIMP-1 (8 %). Moreover, 62 % CR-KP isolates loses OmpK36 and 33% isolates loses OmpK35. CONCLUSIONS Loss of OmpK36 were highly an influence the cefoxitin and carbapenem resistance. Sixteen different PFGE patterns have been observed among the 18 MDR isolates. Eventually, ESBL as well as CR-KP were diverse in genetic makeup and often associated with hyper virulence hvKP should be of serious concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sureka Indrajith
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Dunia A Al Farraj
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua M Alkufeidy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sivakumar Natesan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Velmurugan Meghanathan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Lab, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, United States
| | - Selvakumar Gopal
- Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Saravanan Muthupandian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, PO. Box: 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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Golder T, Mukhopadhyay AK, Koley H, Nandy RK. Nonmetabolizable Arabinose Inhibits Vibrio cholerae Growth in M9 Medium with Gluconate as the Sole Carbon Source. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 73:343-348. [PMID: 32350213 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2019.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The serogroups O1 and O139 of the marine bacterium Vibrio cholerae are responsible for causing cholera in humans. The pentose sugar arabinose is nonmetabolizable by the pathogen and is present in environmental niches as well as in the human intestine. In this study, arabinose-mediated V. cholerae growth interference was assessed in M9 minimal medium containing gluconate as the sole carbon source in the light of Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway, an obligatory metabolic route for gluconate utilization. V. cholerae O1 and O139 strains failed to grow in the presence of ≥ 0.3% arabinose in M9 with 0.2% gluconate, but there was no growth inhibition in the presence of arabinose in M9 with 0.2% glucose. Transcriptional analysis of edd and eda, the genes constituting the ED pathway, showed ~100- and ~17-fold increases, respectively, in M9-gluconate. Minor increases of ~4- and ~2-fold for edd and eda, respectively, were noted in AKI medium supplemented with 0.5% arabinose. The observed arabinose-mediated growth inhibition can contribute toward deepening the understanding of altered phenotypes, if any, via complementation/expression studies in V. cholerae with pBAD vectors and arabinose as an inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taniya Golder
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), India
| | | | - Hemanta Koley
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), India
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De R, Mukhopadhyay AK, Dutta S. Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:32. [PMID: 32655699 PMCID: PMC7339541 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiome and resistome is instrumental for understanding the dynamics of diarrheal pathogenesis and antimicrobial resistance transmission (AMR). Metagenomic sequencing of 20 diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata was conducted to understand the core and variable gut microbiota. Five of these samples were used for resistome analysis. The pilot study was conducted to determine a microbiota signature and the source of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the diarrheal gut. RESULTS 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was performed using Illumina MiSeq platform and analysed using the MGnify pipeline. The Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB-Tk) was used for bacterial taxonomic identification. Diarrheal etiology was determined by culture method. Phylum Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were consistently present in 20 samples. Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum in 11 samples. The Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio was less than 1 in 18 samples. 584 genera were observed. 18 of these were present in all the 20 samples. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in 6 samples associated with Vibrio cholerae infection. Conservation of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) among all the samples indicated the existence of a core microbiome. Asymptomatic carriage of pathogens like Vibrio cholerae and Helicobacter pylori was found. Signature of Candidate phyla or "microbial dark matter" occurred. Significant correlation of relative abundance of bacterial families of commensals and pathogens were found. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on Illumina MiSeq system and assembly of raw reads using metaSPAdes v3.9.1 was performed to study the resistome of 5 samples. ABRicate was used to assign ARG function. 491 resistance determinants were identified. In 80% of the samples tetracycline resistance was the most abundant resistance determinant. High abundance of ARGs against β-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones and macrolides was found. Eschericia sp. was the major contributor of ARGs. CONCLUSIONS This is the first comparative study of the gut microbiome associated with different diarrheal pathogens. It presents the first catalogue of different bacterial taxa representing the core and variable microbiome in acute diarrheal patients. The study helped to define a trend in the gut microbiota signature associated with diarrhea and revealed which ARGs are abundantly present and the metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) contributing to AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna De
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Naha A, Mandal RS, Samanta P, Saha RN, Shaw S, Ghosh A, Chatterjee NS, Dutta P, Okamoto K, Dutta S, Mukhopadhyay AK. Deciphering the possible role of ctxB7 allele on higher production of cholera toxin by Haitian variant Vibrio cholerae O1. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008128. [PMID: 32236098 PMCID: PMC7112172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera continues to be an important public health concern in developing countries where proper hygiene and sanitation are compromised. This severe diarrheal disease is caused by the Gram-negative pathogen Vibrio cholerae belonging to serogroups O1 and O139. Cholera toxin (CT) is the prime virulence factor and is directly responsible for the disease manifestation. The ctxB gene encodes cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) whereas the A subunit (CTA) is the product of ctxA gene. Enzymatic action of CT depends on binding of B pentamers to the lipid-based receptor ganglioside GM1. In recent years, emergence of V. cholerae Haitian variant strains with ctxB7 allele and their rapid spread throughout the globe has been linked to various cholera outbreaks in Africa and Asia. These strains produce classical type (WT) CTB except for an additional mutation in the signal sequence region where an asparagine (N) residue replaces a histidine (H) at the 20th amino acid position (H20N) of CTB precursor (pre-CTB). Here we report that Haitian variant V. cholerae O1 strains isolated in Kolkata produced higher amount of CT compared to contemporary O1 El Tor variant strains under in vitro virulence inducing conditions. We observed that the ctxB7 allele, itself plays a pivotal role in higher CT production. Based on our in silico analysis, we hypothesized that higher accumulation of toxin subunits from ctxB7 allele might be attributed to the structural alteration at the CTB signal peptide region of pre-H20N CTB. Overall, this study provides plausible explanation regarding the hypertoxigenic phenotype of the Haitian variant strains which have spread globally, possibly through positive selection for increased pathogenic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Naha
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Rahul Shubhra Mandal
- Biomedical Informatics Center, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Prosenjit Samanta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Rudra Narayan Saha
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Sreeja Shaw
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Pujarini Dutta
- Division of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Keinosuke Okamoto
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at NICED, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail:
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De R, Mukhopadhyay AK, Dutta S. Molecular Analysis of Selected Resistance Determinants in Diarrheal Fecal Samples Collected From Kolkata, India Reveals an Abundance of Resistance Genes and the Potential Role of the Microbiota in Its Dissemination. Front Public Health 2020; 8:61. [PMID: 32219088 PMCID: PMC7078105 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-five diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata were examined to determine the relative abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) against eight common classes of antibiotics with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing. Relative abundance of an ARG was calculated as the percentage of fecal samples showing the presence of that particular ARG. The frequency of occurrence of resistance marker against each class of antibiotic was calculated as the percentage of fecal samples carrying at least one resistance marker for that particular class of antimicrobials. Antibiogram of Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) O1 strains isolated from four of these samples was obtained by disc diffusion method and was compared with the ARG profile of corresponding fecal samples from which the strains were isolated. A 464 bp amplicon of the V3-V4 region of bacterial 16S rDNA was obtained by PCR from 9 of these 25 samples using the primer pair S-D-Bact-0341-b-S-17 and S-D-Bact-0785-a-A-21 and sequenced to determine the major operational taxonomic unit (OTU). These 9 samples represented diarrhea due to diverse etiology and also unresolved etiology as determined by culture method. We conclude that the diarrheal intestinal microbiome has a common gene pool of ARGs against the major classes of antibiotics and may be serving as a reservoir of ARG dissemination. ARG profile of cholera stool showed that ARGs present in the gut of cholera patients may be transferred to the V. cholerae genome and pose a serious threat to the treatment of cholera by triggering resistance against potential drugs to which contemporary strains of V. cholerae were found to be sensitive in the present study. Fecal samples which were culture negative for diarrheal pathogens we tested also carried ARGs and OTU. Abundance of resistance markers against macrolides, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides was the highest. Phylum Proteobacteria was the most abundant OTU suggesting proteobacterial blooms characteristic of disturbed gut microflora. Our study is the first comparative study of ARG profile of diarrheal samples with varying etiologic agent revealing the presence of ARGs against the most important classes of antibiotics in the gut of diarrheal patients by common, robust molecular methods, which are easily accessible by molecular epidemiological laboratories worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna De
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Mahant S, Sharma AK, Gehlot V, Mukhopadhyay AK, Chhawchharia A, Dutta S, Agarwal A, Som A, Das K, Das R. Geographically distinct North-East Indian Helicobacter pylori strains are highly sensitive to clarithromycin but are levofloxacin resistant. Indian J Med Microbiol 2019; 37:337-344. [PMID: 32003330 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_19_158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Helicobacter pylori causes various gastro-intestinal diseases. Antibiotic resistance to commonly used antibiotics for the treatment of H. pylori infection is the major cause for treatment failure. The aim of this study is to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern for clarithromycin and levofloxacin and find the evolutionary relationship of the partial sequence of 23S rRNA and gyraseA gene of H. pylori by phylogenetic analysis. Materials and Methods A total of 46 H. pylori strains were tested for clarithromycin and levofloxacin susceptibility pattern and phylogenetic tree were reconstructed by PhyML software. Results In this study, we observed that only 6.5% of North-East Indian H. pylori strains were resistant for clarithromycin showing mutation at A2143G and T2182C positions of 23S rRNA gene. Resistance for levofloxacin was observed in 89.1% of the H. pylori strains showing mutations at asparagine to lysine at 87 and aspartic acid to glycine/tyrosine/asparagine at 91 positions of gyraseA gene. The phylogenetic tree of the partial sequence of 23S rRNA and gyraseA gene depicts that the North-East Indian strains falls in different cluster when compared to other countries. Conclusions Resistance for clarithromycin was less in North-East Indian strains but high for levofloxacin indicating that first-line therapy may be best and effective for eradication of H. pylori in this region. This study is the first report that showed antibiotic susceptibility pattern for clarithromycin and levofloxacin by mutation analysis. By partial sequencing of 23s rRNA and gyraseA gene, we found that North-East Indian strains are geographically distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Mahant
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amresh Kumar Sharma
- Centre of Bioinformatics, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Valentina Gehlot
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayushi Chhawchharia
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sangitanjan Dutta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Anil Agarwal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Anup Som
- Centre of Bioinformatics, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kunal Das
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Max Super Specialty Hospital, Vaishali, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajashree Das
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Mukherjee C, Panda S, Mukhopadhyay AK, Maji B. Introducing Galois field polynomial addition in quantum-dot cellular automata. Appl Nanosci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-019-01045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Jain S, Chowdhury R, Datta M, Chowdhury G, Mukhopadhyay AK. Characterization of the clonal profile of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with early post-operative orthopedic implant based infections. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2019; 18:8. [PMID: 30760263 PMCID: PMC6373053 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-019-0307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To analyze the molecular epidemiology and to compare between the major methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus biotypes for association with patient characteristics who had an implant for closed fracture and developed early post-operative wound infections (POWI) in a tertiary care hospital of India. METHODS Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), antimicrobial resistance, accessory gene regulator (agr) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types, Paton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene, toxin gene profiling, biofilm formation and patient demographics were correlated with MLST clonal complexes (CC). FINDINGS Overall eight different sequence types (STs) were detected with a predominance of ST239 (66%), ST22 (18%) and some minor types ST772, ST30 (4% each) ST1, ST642, ST6, ST107 (2% each). All ST239 isolates belong to CC239 and SCCmec III whereas ST22 isolates belong to CC22 and SCCmec IV. The isolates varied in the distribution of various toxin genes. With 63.63% biofilm formers ST239 were all multidrug resistant with frequent resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, cefuroxime, amoxyclav and ciprofloxacin indicating doxycycline, amikacin, vancomycin and linezolid can be the drug of choice. CONCLUSION This study shows that ST239 MRSA is still most prevalent strain with new emergence of ST642 and ST107 isolates in association with orthopedic implant based POWI. As compare to other ST types ST239 strain was associated with adverse treatment outcomes. This highlights the importance of improving nosocomial infection control measures in this unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jain
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.
| | - Rukhsana Chowdhury
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Mousumi Datta
- Department of Community Medicine, Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Samanta P, Saha RN, Chowdhury G, Naha A, Sarkar S, Dutta S, Nandy RK, Okamoto K, Mukhopadhyay AK. Dissemination of newly emerged polymyxin B sensitive Vibrio cholerae O1 containing Haitian-like genetic traits in different parts of India. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:1326-1333. [PMID: 29927375 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Two natural epidemic biotypes of Vibrio cholerae O1, classical and El Tor, exhibit different patterns of sensitivity against the antimicrobial peptide polymyxin B. This difference in sensitivity has been one of the major markers in biotype classification system for several decades. A recent report regarding the emergence of polymyxin B-sensitive El Tor V. cholerae O1 in Kolkata has motivated us to track the spread of the strains containing this important trait, along with Haitian-like genetic content, in different parts of India. METHODOLOGY We have collected 260 clinical V. cholerae O1 strains from 12 states in India and screened them for polymyxin B susceptibility. Genetic characterization was also performed to study the tcpA, ctxB and rtxA genotypes by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleotide sequencing. RESULTS Interestingly, 88.85 % of the isolates were found to be sensitive to polymyxin B. All of the states, with the exception of Assam, had polymyxin B-sensitive V. cholerae strains and complete replacement with this strain was found in eight of the states. However, from 2016 onwards, all the strains tested showed sensitivity to polymyxin B. Allele-specific PCR and sequencing confirmed that all strains possessed Haitian-like genetic traits. CONCLUSION Polymyxin B-sensitive strains have begun to spread throughout India and may lead to the revision of the biotype classification. The dissemination of these new variant strains needs to be carefully monitored in different endemic populations through active holistic surveillance to understand their clinical and epidemiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosenjit Samanta
- 1Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Rudra Narayan Saha
- 1Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- 1Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Arindam Naha
- 1Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Sounak Sarkar
- 1Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- 1Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Ranjan Kumar Nandy
- 1Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Keinosuke Okamoto
- 2Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- 1Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
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Datta C, Subuddhi A, Kumar M, Lepcha TT, Chakraborty S, Jana K, Ghosh Z, Mukhopadhyay AK, Basu J, Kundu M. Genome-wide mRNA-miRNA profiling uncovers a role of the microRNA miR-29b-1-5p/PHLPP1 signalling pathway in Helicobacter pylori-driven matrix metalloproteinase production in gastric epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12859. [PMID: 29749704 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is associated with tumour progression, extracellular matrix remodelling, and cell proliferation. miRNAs modulate host gene expression during infection by pathogens such as Helicobacter pylori, which is associated with varying degrees of gastric pathology. In order to gain insight into the regulation of gene expression by miRNAs during H. pylori infection of gastric epithelial cells and its likely downstream consequences, we analysed the transcriptomes and miRnomes of AGS cells infected with H. pylori. In silico analysis of miRNA-mRNA interactions suggested that miR-29b-1-5p was a likely regulator of pathways associated with gastric epithelial cell pathology. We validated PH domain leucine rich phosphatase 1 (PHLPP1), a negative regulator of the Akt signalling pathway, as a target of miR-29b-1-5p. In an in vivo mouse model, we observed that infection with H. pylori was associated with upregulation of miR-29b-1-5p and downregulation of PHLPP1. Transfection with either a mimic or an inhibitor of miR-29b-1-5p confirmed that downregulation of PHLPP1 upregulates Akt-dependent NF-κB signalling leading to activation of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9, players in the degradation of extracellular matrix during H. pylori infection. The secreted antigen HP0175 was associated with upregulation of miR-29b-1-5p, regulation of metalloproteinase activity, and migration of AGS cells. Our study suggests that targeting the miR-29b-1-5p/PHLPP1 signalling axis could be a potential host-directed approach for regulating the outcome of H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Kuladip Jana
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Zhumur Ghosh
- Bioinformatics Centre, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases Kolkata, Kolkata, India
| | - Joyoti Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
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Bangera S, Umakanth S, Bhat R, Kamath A, Ballal M, Mukhopadhyay AK. SEROVAR PROFILE AND DETECTION OF INVA VIRULENCE GENE AMONG NON-TYPHOIDAL SALMONELLAE SEROVARS ISOLATED FROM ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS CASES IN COASTAL KARNATAKA, SOUTHERN INDIA. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2018; 11:162. [DOI: 10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i1.21839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Non-typhoidal salmonellosis is one of the leading zoonosis in the world caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS). Invasive infections with NTS serovars occurs due to the presence of virulence genes like invA along with the immunosuppressive conditions of the patient. The study was conducted to isolate and identify the NTS serovars and their antimicrobial resistance profile from patients with diarrhea and also to detect the virulence marker – invA gene among these NTS serovars.Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2015 to December 2016 at the Enteric Diseases Division, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal. 1218 fecal specimens were collected from patients with diarrhea and before antibiotic treatment. NTS serovars were identified, serotyped and then screened for the presence of invA virulence gene.Results: A total of 33 (2.7%) NTS was isolated. Salmonella typhimurium (33.34%) was predominant followed by Salmonella oslo (30.3%). Out of 33 NTS, invA was positive for 28 isolates (84.8%) of which 25 (89.3%) patients were febrile which was statistically significant (p=0.000).Conclusion: Non-typhoidal salmonellosis is an emerging global infection among immunocompromised patients. Our study showed an association between the invA gene and febrile illness among the patients suffering. Thus, this study highlights the importance of invA as a significant marker for bloodstream invasion.
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Yadav JP, Das SC, Dhaka P, Vijay D, Kumar M, Mukhopadhyay AK, Chowdhury G, Chauhan P, Singh R, Dhama K, Malik SVS, Kumar A. Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance profile of Clostridium perfringens type A isolates from humans, animals, fish and their environment. Anaerobe 2017; 47:120-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Dey SK, De PK, De A, Ojha S, De R, Mukhopadhyay AK, Samanta A. Floating mucoadhesive alginate beads of amoxicillin trihydrate: A facile approach for H. pylori eradication. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 89:622-31. [PMID: 27177460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the design of sunflower oil entrapped floating and mucoadhesive beads of amoxicillin trihydrate using sodium alginate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as matrix polymers and chitosan as coating polymer to localize the antibiotic at the stomach site against Helicobacter pylori. Beads prepared by ionotropic gellation technique were evaluated for different physicochemical, in-vitro and in-vivo properties. Beads of all batches were floated for >24h with a maximum lag time of 46.3±3.2s. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the beads were spherical in shape with few oil filled channels distributed throughout the surfaces and small pocket structures inside the matrix confirming oil entrapment. Prepared beads showed good mucoadhesiveness of 75.7±3.0% to 85.0±5.5%. The drug release profile was best fitted to Higuchi model with non fickian driven mechanism. The optimized batch showed 100% Helicobacter pylori growth inhibition in 15h in in-vitro culture. Furthermore, X-ray study in rabbit stomach confirmed the gastric retention of optimized formulation. The results exhibited that formulated beads may be preferred to localize the antibiotic in the gastric region to allow more availability of antibiotic at gastric mucus layer acting on Helicobacter pylori, thereby improving the therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Kumar Dey
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Pintu Kumar De
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. B. C. Roy College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, Bidhan Nagar, Durgapur 713206, India
| | - Arnab De
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Souvik Ojha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. B. C. Roy College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, Bidhan Nagar, Durgapur 713206, India
| | - Ronita De
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beleghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beleghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Amalesh Samanta
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.
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Verma V, Kumar A, Nitharwal RG, Alam J, Mukhopadhyay AK, Dasgupta S, Dhar SK. 'Modulation of the enzymatic activities of replicative helicase (DnaB) by interaction with Hp0897: a possible mechanism for helicase loading in Helicobacter pylori'. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:3288-303. [PMID: 27001508 PMCID: PMC4838378 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication in Helicobacter pylori is initiated from a unique site (oriC) on its chromosome where several proteins assemble to form a functional replisome. The assembly of H. pylori replication machinery is similar to that of the model gram negative bacterium Escherichia coli except for the absence of DnaC needed to recruit the hexameric DnaB helicase at the replisome assembly site. In the absence of an obvious DnaC homologue in H. pylori, the question arises as to whether HpDnaB helicase is loaded at the Hp-replication origin by itself or is assisted by other unidentified protein(s). A high-throughput yeast two-hybrid study has revealed two proteins of unknown functions (Hp0897 and Hp0340) that interact with HpDnaB. Here we demonstrate that Hp0897 interacts with HpDnaB helicase in vitro as well as in vivo. Furthermore, the interaction stimulates the DNA binding activity of HpDnaB and modulates its adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis and helicase activities significantly. Prior complex formation of Hp0897 and HpDnaB enhances the binding/loading of DnaB onto DNA. Hp0897, along with HpDnaB, colocalizes with replication complex at initiation but does not move with the replisome during elongation. Together, these results suggest a possible role of Hp0897 in loading of HpDnaB at oriC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Verma
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Ram Gopal Nitharwal
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, Uppsala-75124, Sweden
| | - Jawed Alam
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata-700010, India
| | | | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, Uppsala-75124, Sweden
| | - Suman Kumar Dhar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
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Nandi J, Chaudhuri I, Das C, Mukhopadhyay AK. Susceptibility Status ofPhlebotomus Argentipes, to Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides in Kala Azar Endemic Parts of Bihar, India in Relation to Elimination of Visceral Leishmaniasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5958/0976-5506.2016.00185.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gehlot V, Mahant S, Mukhopadhyay AK, Das K, De R, Kar P, Das R. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Helicobacter pylori isolated from patients in North India. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2015; 5:51-6. [PMID: 27436467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori-related gastroduodenal diseases are very common in India. Antibiotic resistance to commonly used antibiotics against H. pylori is increasing very rapidly. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of H. pylori strains from India against commonly used antibiotics in H. pylori treatment. Helicobacter pylori were cultured from 68 patients suffering from various gastroduodenal diseases in North India. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to different antibiotics were determined by agar dilution. The clinical diagnosis of the 68 patients who were H. pylori culture-positive were gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (n=23), non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) (n=22), non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) (n=13), antral gastritis (n=3), duodenal ulcer (n=2) and others (n=5). Of the 68 H. pylori isolates, 20 (29.4%) showed no resistance. The prevalence of drug resistance was 70.6%, including resistance to metronidazole (48.5%), furazolidone (22.1%), amoxicillin (17.6%), tetracycline (16.2%) and clarithromycin (11.8%). Dual and multiple drug resistance were found in 26.5% and 8.8% of cases, respectively. In conclusion, more than two-thirds of the isolated H. pylori strains showed resistance to at least one of the antibiotics for H. pylori treatment. Metronidazole resistance was most prevalent amongst the isolates tested. Emergence of dual and multidrug resistance is of great concern and there is an urgent need for regular antibiotic resistance surveillance studies. Amoxicillin- and clarithromycin-based anti-H. pylori regimens commonly prescribed for triple therapy in India show least resistance and hence are appropriate for anti-H. pylori management in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gehlot
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Mahant
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Kunal Das
- Yashoda Superspeciality Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; Yatharth Wellness Superspeciality Hospital, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ronita De
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Premashis Kar
- Maulana Azad Medical College and L.N. Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajashree Das
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Joshi KD, Mukhopadhyay AK, Dey A, Rav AS, Biswas S, Gupta SC. Mechanical Properties of Shock Treated Aluminium Alloy Al 2024-T4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/377/1/012045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Sinha A, SenGupta S, Guin S, Dutta S, Ghosh S, Mukherjee P, Mukhopadhyay AK, Ramamurthy T, Takeda Y, Kurakawa T, Nomoto K, Nair GB, Nandy RK. Culture-independent real-time PCR reveals extensive polymicrobial infections in hospitalized diarrhoea cases in Kolkata, India. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 19:173-80. [PMID: 22268636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Culture-independent identification of diarrhoeal aetiological agents was performed using DNA harvested from diarrhoeal stool specimens with SYBR-Green-based real-time PCR targeting Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Campylobacter spp., Shigella spp. and three different pathotypes of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli. Conventional culture-dependent methods detected bacterial enteropathogens in 68 of 122 diarrhoeal stool specimens. Of 68 specimens, 59 (86.8%) had a single pathogen and the remaining nine (13.2%) had polymicrobial infections with multiple pathogens. Re-analysis of the 68 specimens by culture-independent real-time PCR methods showed that 25 (36.8%) specimens contained single pathogen and 43 (63.2%) specimens contained mixed infections with multiple pathogens. The prevalence of such high levels of polymicrobial infections would not have been detected without using real-time PCR. Culture-dependent analysis assigned 54 of the 122 selected archived specimens as 'no known aetiology'. However, re-analysis of these samples by real-time PCR showed the presence of single or multiple pathogens among 34 (63%) of these specimens. Estimation of relative pathogen load by real-time PCR in the stool specimens indicated that the inability of conventional culture-dependent methods to detect the pathogens was related to lower colony-forming units of the pathogen, as reflected by lower C(t) values. Detection of high levels of polymicrobial infection by real-time PCR indicates that in the settings like Kolkata and its surroundings, where cholera and other enteric diseases are endemic, the concept of one pathogen one disease might need to be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sinha
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Mukhopadhyay AK, Hati AK, Tamizharasu W, Babu PS. Larvicidal properties of cashew nut shell liquid (Anacardium occidentale L) on immature stages of two mosquito species. J Vector Borne Dis 2010; 47:257-260. [PMID: 21178220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A K Mukhopadhyay
- National Centre for Disease Control, Weavers Colony, Rajahmundry, India.
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Mukhopadhyay AK, Tamizharasu W, Satya BP, Chandra G, Hati AK. Effect of common salt on laboratory reared immature stages of Aedes aegypti (L). ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(10)60002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Mukhopadhyay AK. Lymphatic filariasis in Andhra Pradesh Paper Mill Colony, Rajahmundry, India after nine rounds of MDA programme. J Vector Borne Dis 2010; 47:55-57. [PMID: 20231775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A K Mukhopadhyay
- National Centre for Disease Control (Formerly NICD), RFT & RC, Rajahmundry, India.
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Saha DR, Datta S, Chattopadhyay S, Patra R, De R, Rajendran K, Chowdhury A, Ramamurthy T, Mukhopadhyay AK. Indistinguishable cellular changes in gastric mucosa between Helicobacter pylori infected asymptomatic tribal and duodenal ulcer patients. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:1105-12. [PMID: 19266604 PMCID: PMC2655188 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the changing pattern of different histological parameters occurring in the stomach tissue of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infected tribal populations and duodenal ulcer patients among ethnic Bengalis and correlation of the genotypes of H pylori with different histological parameters. METHODS One hundred and twelve adult individuals were enrolled into this study between 2002 and 2004. Among them, 72 had clinical features of duodenal ulcer (DU) from ethnic Bengali population and 40 were asymptomatic ethnic tribals. Endoscopic gastric biopsy samples were processed for histology, genotyping and rapid urease test. Histologically, haematoxylin and eosin staining was applied to assess the pathomorphological changes and a modified Giemsa staining was used for better detection of H pylori. For intestinal metaplasia, special stainings, i.e. Alcian blue periodic acid-Schiff and high iron diamine-Alcian blue staining, were performed. PCR was performed on bacterial DNA to characterize the presence or absence of virulence-associated genes, like cagA, and distribution of different alleles of vacA and iceA. RESULTS Intraglandular neutrophil infiltration, a hallmark of activity of gastritis, was present in 34 (94%) of tribals (TRs) and 42 (84%) of DU individuals infected with H pylori. Lymphoid follicles and aggregates, which are important landmarks in H pylori infection, were positive amongst 15 (41%) of TRs and 20 (40%) of DU subjects. Atrophic changes were observed in 60% and 27.7%, respectively, among DU cases and tribals (P > 0.003). Metaplastic changes were detected in low numbers in both groups. Moderate to severe density distribution of H pylori in the gastric mucosa was 63% among TRs, whereas it was 62% in DU subjects. There were no significant differences in the distribution of virulence-associated genes like cagA, vacA and iceA of H pylori strains carried by these two populations. CONCLUSION Our study showed almost similar distribution of inflammatory cells among asymptomatic tribals and DU Bengali patients. Interestingly, the tribal population are free from any clinical symptoms despite evidence of active histologic gastritis and infection with H pylori strains carrying similar virulence markers as of strains isolated from patients with DU. There was an increased cellular response, especially in terms of neutrophil infiltration, but much lower risk of developing atrophy and metaplastic changes among the tribal population.
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Raychoudhuri A, Mukhopadhyay AK, Ramamurthy T, Nandy RK, Takeda Y, Nair GB. Biotyping of Vibrio cholerae O1: time to redefine the scheme. Indian J Med Res 2008; 128:695-698. [PMID: 19246791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the recent emergence of "hybrid biotype" and "El Tor variant", we propose to redefine the biotyping scheme for Vibrio cholerae O1 serogroup. The existing biotyping scheme has limitations and causes confusion as many of the hybrid biotype and El Tor variant strains have phenotypic and genetic changes. A revised biotyping scheme will play a significant role to understand the ecology, epidemiology and nature of infection of V. cholerae O1 strains in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Raychoudhuri
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Chakraborty K, Ghosh S, Koley H, Mukhopadhyay AK, Ramamurthy T, Saha DR, Mukhopadhyay D, Roychowdhury S, Hamabata T, Takeda Y, Das S. Bacterial exotoxins downregulate cathelicidin (hCAP-18/LL-37) and human beta-defensin 1 (HBD-1) expression in the intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10:2520-37. [PMID: 18717821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidin (hCAP-18/LL-37) and beta-defensin 1 (HBD-1) are human antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with high basal expression levels, which form the first line of host defence against infections over the epithelial surfaces. The antimicrobial functions owe to their direct microbicidal effects as well as the immunomodulatory role. Pathogenic microorganisms have developed multiple modalities including transcriptional repression to combat this arm of the host immune response. The precise mechanisms and the pathogen-derived molecules responsible for transcriptional downregulation remain unknown. Here, we have shown that enteric pathogens suppress LL-37 and HBD-1 expression in the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) with Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) exerting the most dramatic effects. Cholera toxin (CT) and labile toxin (LT), the major virulence proteins of V. cholerae and ETEC, respectively, are predominantly responsible for these effects, both in vitro and in vivo. CT transcriptionally downregulates the AMPs by activating several intracellular signalling pathways involving protein kinase A (PKA), ERK MAPKinase and Cox-2 downstream of cAMP accumulation and inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) may mediate this role of CT, at least in part. This is the first report to show transcriptional repression of the AMPs through the activation of cellular signal transduction pathways by well-known virulence proteins of pathogenic microorganisms.
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47
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Gorai AK, Mukhopadhyay AK, Pal AK, Dey UK. Design of enclosure of a grinding machine for the noise attenuation. J Environ Sci Eng 2008; 50:141-146. [PMID: 19295099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Since most of the equipments are usually installed in rooms or enclosed plants, the effect of an enclosure is important. Absorptive surface of the enclosure can reduce levels to the extent of 5 dB(A) which is quite significant. Effectiveness of enclosures in sound varies with the frequency of sound and the shape, size, laying pattern of sound absorbing material, which is put on the walls of the enclosure. The sound absorbing material accomplishes little shielding if there is no acoustical absorption within it. Acoustical absorbents when applied to the interior surface of the enclosure adsorb some of the energy and the noise level within the enclosure builds up only by the energy not absorbed. This paper elucidates the procedure of developing an enclosure to study its performance in attenuating sound at varying conditions. The results found encouraging and such enclosures can be developed for plant machineries by the plant personnels without getting confused by the claims and rhetoric of advertisements of big companies engaged in developing such items.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Gorai
- Dept. of Mining Engg., B.I.T, Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand-828123, India.
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Roychowdhury A, Pan A, Dutta D, Mukhopadhyay AK, Ramamurthy T, Nandy RK, Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya MK. Emergence of Tetracycline-Resistant <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> O1 Serotype Inaba, in Kolkata, India. Jpn J Infect Dis 2008. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2008.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arpita Pan
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, India
| | - Dharitri Dutta
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, India
| | | | - T. Ramamurthy
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, India
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Mukhopadhyay AK, Patnaik SK, Satya Babu P, Rao KNMB. Knowledge on lymphatic filariasis and mass drug administration (MDA) programme in filaria endemic districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. J Vector Borne Dis 2008; 45:73-75. [PMID: 18399322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A K Mukhopadhyay
- National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Regional Filaria Training and Research Centre, Rajahmundry, India.
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50
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Roychowdhury A, Pan A, Dutta D, Mukhopadhyay AK, Ramamurthy T, Nandy RK, Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya MK. Emergence of tetracycline-resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 serotype Inaba, in Kolkata, India. Jpn J Infect Dis 2008; 61:128-129. [PMID: 18362401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Out of 2,235 diarrheal stool samples collected from patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kolkata, 343 cases were positive for Vibrio cholerae (341, V. cholerae O1 and 2, O139). During the year 2004, infections caused by V. cholerae serotype Ogawa and Inaba were 93 and 7%, respectively, while in 2005, the Inaba isolation rate rose to 88% as compared to 12% for Ogawa. Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents revealed that the O1 strains were resistant to multiple antibiotics (ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, furazolidone, nalidixic acid and streptomycin) with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Increased isolation of tetracycline-resistant strains (27.3% for Ogawa and 15% for Inaba) was noted in 2005. It appears that the population might be at risk of infection by the Inaba serotype and that tetracycline may not be useful for the treatment.
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