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Jiang F, Guo CG, Cheung KS, Li B, Law SYK, Leung WK. Age of eradication and failure rates of clarithromycin-containing triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori: A 15-year population-based study. Helicobacter 2022; 27:e12893. [PMID: 35411663 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Failure rates of clarithromycin-containing triple therapy for H. pylori are rising. To determine the trend of failure rates of clarithromycin-containing triple therapy in different age groups in Hong Kong over the past 15 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a population-based retrospective age-period-cohort study involving all adult H. pylori-infected patients who had received the first course of clarithromycin-containing triple therapy in 2003-2017. Failed eradication was identified by the need of retreatment within 2 years of eradication. Logistic regression model was used to characterize the risk of retreatment. RESULTS 113,526 H. pylori-infected patients were included. The overall failure rate increased from 4.83% in 2003 to 10.2% in 2016 (p for linear trend <0.001). When stratified by age of eradication, patients 75 years or above had the lowest retreatment rate of 5.11%, which progressively increased in younger patients (60-74 years: OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.15-1.38; 45-59 years: OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.24-1.48; 18-44 years: OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.41-1.69). The results remained consistent when stratified by year of birth, and period of eradication. Other risk factors for retreatment included female (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.18-1.30), triple therapy containing metronidazole (OR 2.30, 95% CI 2.12-2.50), and shorter duration of therapy (10 days: OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.79-0.97; 14 days: OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.58-0.77 vs 7 days). CONCLUSIONS While failure rates of clarithromycin-containing triple therapy progressively increased over the past 15 years, the failure rate was particularly high among younger patients, which could undermine the potential benefits of early H. pylori eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chuan-Guo Guo
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ka Shing Cheung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bofei Li
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Simon Y K Law
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai K Leung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Bachir M, Guglielmetti L, Tunesi S, Billard-Pomares T, Chiesi S, Jaffré J, Langris H, Pourcher V, Schramm F, Lemaître N, Robert J. Isoniazid-monoresistant tuberculosis in France: Risk factors, treatment outcomes and adverse events. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 107:86-91. [PMID: 33823278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Isoniazid-monoresistant tuberculosis (HR-TB) is the most prevalent form of drug-resistant TB worldwide and in France and is associated with poorer treatment outcomes compared with drug-susceptible TB (DS-TB). The objective of this study was to determine the characteristics of HR-TB patients in France and to compare outcomes and safety of treatment for HR-TB and DS-TB. METHODS We performed a case-control multicenter study to identify risk factors associated with HR-TB and compare treatment outcomes and safety between HR-TB patients and DS-TB patients. RESULTS Characteristics of 99 HR-TB patients diagnosed and treated in the university hospitals of Paris, Lille, Caen and Strasbourg were compared with 99 DS-TB patients. Female sex (OR = 2.2; 1.0-4.7), birth in the West-Pacific World Health Organization region (OR = 4.6; 1.1-18.7) and resistance to streptomycin (OR = 77.5; 10.1-594.4) were found to be independently associated with HR-TB. Rates of treatment success did not differ significantly between HR-TB and DS-TB. CONCLUSIONS Factors associated with HR-TB are not significant enough to efficiently screen TB patients at risk of HR-TB. The systematic implementation of rapid molecular testing on clinical samples remains the only effective way to make the early diagnosis of HR-TB and adapt treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Bachir
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Sorbonne - Université, INSERM, (U1135 - E2), Paris, France.
| | - Lorenzo Guglielmetti
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Sorbonne - Université, INSERM, (U1135 - E2), Paris, France; Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et de la Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Bactériologie-Hygiène, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Site Pitié, Paris, France
| | - Simone Tunesi
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Jean Verdier, AP-HP, Université Paris 13, Bondy, France
| | - Typhaine Billard-Pomares
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Clinique, CHU Avicenne, AP-HP, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Sheila Chiesi
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Sorbonne - Université, INSERM, (U1135 - E2), Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Jaffré
- Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et de la Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Bactériologie-Hygiène, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Site Pitié, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Langris
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Service de Bactériologie, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Valérie Pourcher
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Site Pitié, Paris, France; Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Inserm UMR_S 1136, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Schramm
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nadine Lemaître
- Service de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Centre de Biologie-Humaine, CHU d'Amiens, Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Robert
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Sorbonne - Université, INSERM, (U1135 - E2), Paris, France; Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et de la Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Bactériologie-Hygiène, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Site Pitié, Paris, France
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3
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Tavares AM, Fronteira I, Couto I, Machado D, Viveiros M, Abecasis AB, Dias S. HIV and tuberculosis co-infection among migrants in Europe: A systematic review on the prevalence, incidence and mortality. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185526. [PMID: 28957400 PMCID: PMC5619775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background International human migration has been rapidly growing. Migrants coming from low and middle income countries continue to be considerably vulnerable and at higher risk for infectious diseases, namely HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and tuberculosis (TB). In Europe, the number of patients with HIV-TB co-infection has been increasing and migration could be one of the potential driving forces. Objective This systematic review aims to improve the understanding on the burden of HIV-TB co-infection among migrants in Europe and to assess whether these populations are particularly vulnerable to this co-infection compared to nationals. Design MEDLINE®, Web of Science® and Scopus® databases were searched from March to April 2016 using combinations of keywords. Titles and abstracts were screened and studies meeting the inclusion criteria proceeded for full-text revision. These articles were then selected for data extraction on the prevalence, incidence and mortality. Results The majority of HIV-TB prevalence data reported in the analysed studies, including extrapulmonary/disseminated TB forms, was higher among migrant vs. nationals, some of the studies even showing increasing trends over time. Additionally, while HIV-TB incidence rates have decreased among migrants and nationals, migrants are still at a higher risk for this co-infection. Migrants with HIV-TB co-infection were also more prone to unsuccessful treatment outcomes, death and drug resistant TB. However, contradicting results also showed lower mortality compared to nationals. Conclusions Overall, a disproportionate vulnerability of migrants to acquire the HIV-TB co-infection was observed across studies. Such vulnerability has been associated to low socioeconomic status, poor living conditions and limited access to healthcare. Adequate social support, early detection, appropriate treatment, and adequate access to healthcare are key improvements to tackle HIV-TB co-infection among these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Tavares
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail: (SD); (AMT)
| | - Inês Fronteira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Couto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana Machado
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana B. Abecasis
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sónia Dias
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail: (SD); (AMT)
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Eldholm V, Rieux A, Monteserin J, Lopez JM, Palmero D, Lopez B, Ritacco V, Didelot X, Balloux F. Impact of HIV co-infection on the evolution and transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27502557 PMCID: PMC4978521 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The tuberculosis (TB) epidemic is fueled by a parallel Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) epidemic, but it remains unclear to what extent the HIV epidemic has been a driver for drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Here we assess the impact of HIV co-infection on the emergence of resistance and transmission of Mtb in the largest outbreak of multidrug-resistant TB in South America to date. By combining Bayesian evolutionary analyses and the reconstruction of transmission networks utilizing a new model optimized for TB, we find that HIV co-infection does not significantly affect the transmissibility or the mutation rate of Mtb within patients and was not associated with increased emergence of resistance within patients. Our results indicate that the HIV epidemic serves as an amplifier of TB outbreaks by providing a reservoir of susceptible hosts, but that HIV co-infection is not a direct driver for the emergence and transmission of resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vegard Eldholm
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adrien Rieux
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johana Monteserin
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS Carlos Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Domingo Palmero
- División Tisioneumonología, Hospital Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Beatriz Lopez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS Carlos Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Ritacco
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS Carlos Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Xavier Didelot
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francois Balloux
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Blanquer R, Rodrigo T, Casals M, Ruiz Manzano J, García-García JM, Calpe JL, Valencia E, Pascual T, Mir I, Jiménez MÁ, Cañas F, Vidal R, Penas A, Caylà JA. Resistance to first-line antituberculosis drugs in Spain, 2010-2011. RETUBES Study. Arch Bronconeumol 2014; 51:24-30. [PMID: 25027066 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The magnitude of current resistance to antituberculosis drugs in Spain is unknown. The objective of this study is to describe resistance to first-line antituberculosis drugs and determine the associated factors. METHODS Prospective multicenter study of adult tuberculosis patients with positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture and antibiogram including first-line drugs in 32 hospitals and one out-patient center of the Spanish Health System between 2010 and 2011. RESULTS A total of 519 patients, 342 Spanish nationals and 177 (34.1%) foreigners were studied. Drug resistance was found in 48 (9.2%), of which 35 (6.7%) were isoniazid-resistant. There were 10 (1.9%) multiresistant cases and no strain was extremely resistant. Initial isoniazid resistance was detected in 28 of the 487 (5.7%) antituberulosis-naïve patients, most of whom were foreigners (P<.01). Acquired resistance was seen in 7 (22.6%) previously treated cases. Multiresistance was initial in 6 cases (1.2%) and acquired in another 4 (12.9%). Factors associated with initial isoniazid resistance were immigrant status and group cohabitation OR=2.3; 95%CI: .98-5.67 and OR=2.2; 95%CI: 1.05-7.07 respectively). The factor associated with acquired resistance to isoniazid was age below 50 years (P=.03). CONCLUSIONS The rate of initial isoniazid resistance is greater than estimated, probably due to the increase in immigration during recent years, suggesting that systematic national monitoring is required. Immigrants and those who cohabit in groups have a higher risk of isoniazid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Blanquer
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, España; Programa Integrado de Investigación en Tuberculosis de SEPAR (PII-TB).
| | - Teresa Rodrigo
- Fundación Respira de la Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR), Barcelona, España; Programa Integrado de Investigación en Tuberculosis de SEPAR (PII-TB); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)
| | - Martí Casals
- Agencia de Salud Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Programa Integrado de Investigación en Tuberculosis de SEPAR (PII-TB); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)
| | - Juan Ruiz Manzano
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, España; Programa Integrado de Investigación en Tuberculosis de SEPAR (PII-TB); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Respiratorio (CIBERESP)
| | - José María García-García
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital San Agustín, Avilés, Asturias, España; Programa Integrado de Investigación en Tuberculosis de SEPAR (PII-TB)
| | - José Luís Calpe
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital La Marina Baixa, Villajoyosa, Alicante, España; Programa Integrado de Investigación en Tuberculosis de SEPAR (PII-TB)
| | - Eulalia Valencia
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, España; Programa Integrado de Investigación en Tuberculosis de SEPAR (PII-TB)
| | - Teresa Pascual
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital de Cabueñes, Gijón, Asturias, España; Programa Integrado de Investigación en Tuberculosis de SEPAR (PII-TB)
| | - Isabel Mir
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital son Llàtzer, Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, España; Programa Integrado de Investigación en Tuberculosis de SEPAR (PII-TB)
| | - María Ángeles Jiménez
- Unidad de Prevención y Control de la Tuberculosis, Barcelona, España; Programa Integrado de Investigación en Tuberculosis de SEPAR (PII-TB)
| | - Fernando Cañas
- Hospital Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, España; Programa Integrado de Investigación en Tuberculosis de SEPAR (PII-TB)
| | - Rafael Vidal
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital de Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, España; Programa Integrado de Investigación en Tuberculosis de SEPAR (PII-TB)
| | - Antón Penas
- Servicio de Neumología, Complejo Hospitalario Xeral-Calde, Lugo, España; Programa Integrado de Investigación en Tuberculosis de SEPAR (PII-TB)
| | - Joan A Caylà
- Agencia de Salud Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Programa Integrado de Investigación en Tuberculosis de SEPAR (PII-TB); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The rates of isoniazid (INH) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) among European children vary between 10.4% and 3.5%. Spain is a low endemic country with reported rates of 4.9% of INH resistance and 1.3% of MDR in adults. However, data regarding patterns of TB resistance in children are scarce. Our aim is to determine the incidence and risk factors for pediatric-resistant TB in our setting to help developing age-targeted guidelines. METHODS A multicenter, retrospective study including 22 hospitals from Madrid region (EREMITA study group) was performed from January 2005 to June 2010. Medical records from children diagnosed with TB were reviewed for demographic characteristics, clinical presentation and outcomes. Risk factors for INH and MDR TB were identified. RESULTS Of 396 children diagnosed with TB, 72.4% were born to foreign parents. Microbiologic confirmation by culture (n = 200) or PCR (n = 8) was documented in 208 children (52.5%). Drug susceptibility results were available in 188 children: 9.6% (n = 18) were resistant to INH and 3.1% (n = 6) were MDR. INH resistance was more common in immigrants compared with native families (11.9% vs. 0%; P = 0.013), as was also MDR (4.5% vs. 0%; P = 0.34). Extrapulmonary TB and previous antituberculous treatment were significantly associated with INH and MDR, while immunosuppression was associated only with MDR. CONCLUSIONS The rates of INH and MDR TB were different according to the parents' origin, with higher rates among children born to foreign parents. Local surveillance of drug-resistant TB is critical to develop appropriate guidelines for treatment.
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Meyssonnier V, Bui TV, Veziris N, Jarlier V, Robert J. Rifampicin mono-resistant tuberculosis in France: a 2005-2010 retrospective cohort analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:18. [PMID: 24410906 PMCID: PMC3898244 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rifampicin resistance is a risk factor for poor outcome in tuberculosis. Therefore, we sought to describe the characteristics and management of Rifampicin monoresistant (RMR) tuberculosis (TB) in France. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis in 2012 on RMR TB patients diagnosed in France between 2005 and 2010 by using a national laboratory network. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect basic demographic data, region of birth, history of TB, HIV-coinfection, alcohol use, and antituberculosis treatment. Outcome was assessed after at least 18 months of follow-up. RESULTS A total of 39 patients with RMR TB were reported (0.12% of all TB cases). Overall, 19 (49%) had a previous history of treatment, 9 (23%) were HIV-coinfected, and 24 (62%) were smear-positive. Patient with secondary RMR were more likely to have alcohol abuse (P = 0.04) and HIV-coinfection (p = 0.04). Treatment outcome could be assessed for 30 patients, the nine others being dead or lost to follow-up. A total of 20 (67%) of the 30 assessed were cured, 3 (10%) died, 3 (10%) relapsed, and 4 (13%) were lost to follow up. Four (13%) received less than 6 months of treatment, 3 did not have any modification of the standardized regimen, 13 (43%) received fluoroquinolones, 4 (13%) aminoglycosides, and 8 (26%) a combination of both. CONCLUSIONS RMR TB is a rare disease in France, and its management was heterogeneous. The lack of treatment standardization may be a consequence of low expertise and may lead to the unsatisfactory low success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanina Meyssonnier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, U1135, Centre for Immunology and Microbial Infections, team 13, F-75013 Paris, France
- Current address of Vanina Meyssonnier: Internal Medicine Department Groupe Hospitalier Diaconesses Croix Saint-Simon, Paris, France
| | - Thuy Van Bui
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, U1135, Centre for Immunology and Microbial Infections, team 13, F-75013 Paris, France
- INSERM, U1135, Centre for Immunology and Microbial Infections, team 13, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Veziris
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, U1135, Centre for Immunology and Microbial Infections, team 13, F-75013 Paris, France
- INSERM, U1135, Centre for Immunology and Microbial Infections, team 13, F-75013 Paris, France
- APHP, Centre National de Référence de Mycobactéries et de la Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Bactériologie-Hygiène, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière – Charles Foix, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Jarlier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, U1135, Centre for Immunology and Microbial Infections, team 13, F-75013 Paris, France
- INSERM, U1135, Centre for Immunology and Microbial Infections, team 13, F-75013 Paris, France
- APHP, Centre National de Référence de Mycobactéries et de la Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Bactériologie-Hygiène, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière – Charles Foix, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Robert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, U1135, Centre for Immunology and Microbial Infections, team 13, F-75013 Paris, France
- INSERM, U1135, Centre for Immunology and Microbial Infections, team 13, F-75013 Paris, France
- APHP, Centre National de Référence de Mycobactéries et de la Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Bactériologie-Hygiène, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière – Charles Foix, F-75013 Paris, France
- Bactériologie-Hygiène, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, 91 Bd de l’hôpital, 75634 Paris, Cedex 13, France
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Honnorat E, De Broucker T, Mailles A, Stahl J. Encephalitis due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in France. Med Mal Infect 2013; 43:230-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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