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Ito S, Kawaguchi N, Bosch J, Aguilar-Vega C, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. What can we learn from the five-year African swine fever epidemic in Asia? Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1273417. [PMID: 37841468 PMCID: PMC10569053 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1273417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Today's global swine industry is exposed to the unprecedented threat of African swine fever (ASF). Asia, the site of the most recent epidemics, could serve as a huge viral reservoir for the rest of the world given the severity of the damage, the huge swine industry, and the high volume of trade with other countries around the world. As the majority of ASF notifications in Asia today originate from pig farms, the movement of live pigs and associated pork products are considered critical control points for disease management. Particularly, small-scale or backyard farms with low biosecurity levels are considered major risk factors. Meanwhile, wild boars account for most notified cases in some countries and regions, which makes the epidemiological scenario different from that in other Asian countries. As such, the current epidemic situation and higher risk factors differ widely between these countries. A variety of studies on ASF control have been conducted and many valuable insights have been obtained in Asia; nevertheless, the overall picture of the epidemic is still unclear. The purpose of this review is to provide an accurate picture of the epidemic situation across Asia, focusing on each subregion to comprehensively explain the disease outbreak. The knowledge gained from the ASF epidemics experienced in Asia over the past 5 years would be useful for disease control in areas that are already infected, such as Europe, as well as for non-affected areas to address preventive measures. To this end, the review includes two aspects: a descriptive analytical review based on publicly available databases showing overall epidemic trends, and an individualized review at the subregional level based on the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ito
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nijiho Kawaguchi
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jaime Bosch
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Aguilar-Vega
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Li J, Gao X, Liu X, Wu T, Song H, Gao W, Jia H, Li Y, Zhang Z. The host transcriptome change involved in the inhibitory effect of exogenous interferon-γ on Getah virus replication. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1214281. [PMID: 37448574 PMCID: PMC10337660 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1214281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Getah virus (GETV) has become a growing potential threat to the global livestock industry and public health. However, little is known about the viral pathogenesis and immune escape mechanisms, leading to ineffective control measures. Methods In this study, the antiviral activity of exogenous interferons (IFNs) was assessed by using western blotting (WB), real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The comparative transcriptomics among mock- and GETV-infected (MOI = 0.1) ST cells with or without IFN-γ was performed by RNA-seq, and then the transcriptome profiling of GETV-infected ST cells and key pathways and putative factors involved in inhibitory effect of IFN-γ on GETV replication were analyzed by bioinformatics methods and RT-qPCR. Results The results showed that treatment with IFN-γ could suppress GETV replication, and the inhibitory effect lasted for at least 48 h, while the exogenous IFN-α/ω and IFN-λ3 treatments failed to inhibit the viral infection and early replication in vitro. Furthermore, the blueprint of virus-host interaction was plotted by RNA-seq and RT-qPCR, showing systemic activation of inflammatory, apoptotic, and antiviral pathways in response to GETV infection, indicating viral hijacking and inhibition of innate host immunity such as IFN-I/III responses. Last and most importantly, activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and complement and coagulation cascades may be a primary driver for IFN-γ-mediated inhibition of GETV replication. Discussion These findings revealed that GETV possessed the capability of viral immune escape and indicated that IFN-γ aided in the prevention and control of GETV, implying the potential molecular mechanism of suppression of GETV by IFN-γ, all of which warrant emphasis or further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xintao Gao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingjian Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haozhi Song
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weisong Gao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinü Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ren T, Zhou L, Min X, Sui M, Zhi X, Mo Y, Huang J, Zhang K, Liu W, Wang H, Wang X, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Huang W, Wei Z. Development of a recombinant reporter Getah virus for antiviral drug screening assays. Vet Microbiol 2023; 281:109742. [PMID: 37075664 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV), is an often neglected and re-emerging mosquito-borne RNA virus. GETV can cause illness accompanied with high fever, rash, incapacitating arthralgia and chronic arthritis or encephalitic disease in affected animals. Currently, there is no specific treatment or vaccine against GETV infection. In this study, we developed three recombinant viruses by inserting different reporter protein genes between the Cap and pE2 genes. The reporter viruses exhibited high replication capacity similar to the parental virus. The rGECiLOV and rGECGFP viruses were genetically stable within at least ten rounds of passages in BHK-21 cells. We confirmed that the reporter virus, rGECGFP, facilitated the antiviral assays against GETV by testing it with the known inhibitor, ribavirin. It was also found that the compound, doxycycline, showed an inhibitory effect on GETV replication. In addition, rGECGFP was found to be an authentic mimic of the parental virus infection in 3-day-old mice, but with milder pathogenicity. The reporter viruses will contribute to the assessment of viral replication and proliferation, tracking and elucidating of alphavirus-host interactions. In addition, they will help in the screening of potential antiviral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongwei Ren
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Lingshan Zhou
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Xiangling Min
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Mengqi Sui
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Xuechun Zhi
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Yongfang Mo
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Xindong Wang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530005, China.
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Zhao J, Dellicour S, Yan Z, Veit M, Gill MS, He WT, Zhai X, Ji X, Suchard MA, Lemey P, Su S. Early Genomic Surveillance and Phylogeographic Analysis of Getah Virus, a Reemerging Arbovirus, in Livestock in China. J Virol 2023; 97:e0109122. [PMID: 36475767 PMCID: PMC9888209 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01091-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) mainly causes disease in livestock and may pose an epidemic risk due to its expanding host range and the potential of long-distance dispersal through animal trade. Here, we used metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) to identify GETV as the pathogen responsible for reemerging swine disease in China and subsequently estimated key epidemiological parameters using phylodynamic and spatially-explicit phylogeographic approaches. The GETV isolates were able to replicate in a variety of cell lines, including human cells, and showed high pathogenicity in a mouse model, suggesting the potential for more mammal hosts. We obtained 16 complete genomes and 79 E2 gene sequences from viral strains collected in China from 2016 to 2021 through large-scale surveillance among livestock, pets, and mosquitoes. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that three major GETV lineages are responsible for the current epidemic in livestock in China. We identified three potential positively selected sites and mutations of interest in E2, which may impact the transmissibility and pathogenicity of the virus. Phylodynamic inference of the GETV demographic dynamics identified an association between livestock meat consumption and the evolution of viral genetic diversity. Finally, phylogeographic reconstruction of GETV dispersal indicated that the sampled lineages have preferentially circulated within areas associated with relatively higher mean annual temperature and pig population density. Our results highlight the importance of continuous surveillance of GETV among livestock in southern Chinese regions associated with relatively high temperatures. IMPORTANCE Although livestock is known to be the primary reservoir of Getah virus (GETV) in Asian countries, where identification is largely based on serology, the evolutionary history and spatial epidemiology of GETV in these regions remain largely unknown. Through our sequencing efforts, we provided robust support for lineage delineation of GETV and identified three major lineages that are responsible for the current epidemic in livestock in China. We further analyzed genomic and epidemiological data to reconstruct the recent demographic and dispersal history of GETV in domestic animals in China and to explore the impact of environmental factors on its genetic diversity and its diffusion. Notably, except for livestock meat consumption, other pig-related factors such as the evolution of live pig transport and pork production do not show a significant association with the evolution of viral genetic diversity, pointing out that further studies should investigate the potential contribution of other host species to the GETV outbreak. Our analysis of GETV demonstrates the need for wider animal species surveillance and provides a baseline for future studies of the molecular epidemiology and early warning of emerging arboviruses in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ziqing Yan
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute for Virology, Center for Infection Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mandev S. Gill
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Wan-Ting He
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xiaofeng Zhai
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science & Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marc A. Suchard
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shuo Su
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
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5
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Qiu X, Cao X, Shi N, Zhang H, Zhu X, Gao Y, Mai Z, Jin N, Lu H. Development and application of an indirect ELISA for detecting equine IgG antibodies against Getah virus with recombinant E2 domain protein. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1029444. [PMID: 36439788 PMCID: PMC9685671 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1029444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) disease is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that causes fever, aseptic meningitis, and abortion in a variety of animals. Currently, the epidemic trend of GETV disease increases seriously worldwide, especially in China, posing a potential threat to animal safety and public health. However, there are few reports about the epidemiological investigation of GETV disease in China as well as a lack of commercial diagnostic kit for GETV antibody. Therefore, the establishment of a rapid, sensitive and suitable GETV antibody detection method for large-scale samples is an urgent request to fully understand the prevalence of GETV disease. Here, a recombinant plasmid pET22b-GETV-E2d that contained the domain of GETV-E2 (E2d) fused to His-tag was constructed to express recombinant protein E2d (rE2d) in Escherichia coli. The rE2d was mainly expressed in inclusion bodies. And it was purified successfully by nickel affinity column so that it could be used to develop an indirect ELISA (rE2d-ELISA). After optimizing reaction conditions of rE2d-ELISA, the cut-off value was determined as 0.396 with 100 equine sera tested by virus neutralization test (VNT). Furthermore, rE2d-ELISA method showed the positive rate of IgG antibodies against GETV was 54.3% based on testing 646 clinical serum samples obtained in Xinjiang whereas the overall coincidence rate between rE2d-ELISA and VNT was 94.0%, with 98.2% sensitivity and 92.6% specificity. The findings suggest that the developed IgG ELISA employing recombinant E2d promises was an efficient and low-cost type of antibody detection method for horse, which will benefit for prevention of GETV outbreaks in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangshu Qiu
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou Zhejiang, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinyu Cao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ning Shi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - He Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhanhai Mai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou Zhejiang, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Cao X, Qiu X, Shi N, Ha Z, Zhang H, Xie Y, Wang P, Zhu X, Zhao W, Zhao G, Jin N, Lu H. Establishment of a reverse transcription real-time quantitative PCR method for Getah virus detection and its application for epidemiological investigation in Shandong, China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1009610. [PMID: 36212868 PMCID: PMC9538719 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1009610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) is a mosquito-borne, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Alphavirus of the family Togaviridae. Natural infections of GETV have been identified in a variety of vertebrate species, with pathogenicity mainly in swine, horses, bovines, and foxes. The increasing spectrum of infection and the characteristic causing abortions in pregnant animals pose a serious threat to public health and the livestock economy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish a method that can be used for epidemiological investigation in multiple animals. In this study, a real-time reverse transcription fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) method combined with plaque assay was established for GETV with specific primers designed for the highly conserved region of GETV Nsp1 gene. The results showed that after optimizing the condition of RT-qPCR reaction, the minimum detection limit of the assay established in this study was 7.73 PFU/mL, and there was a good linear relationship between viral load and Cq value with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.998. Moreover, the method has good specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability. The established RT-qPCR is 100-fold more sensitive than the conventional RT-PCR. The best cutoff value for the method was determined to be 37.59 by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.956. Meanwhile, we collected 2,847 serum specimens from swine, horses, bovines, sheep, and 17,080 mosquito specimens in Shandong Province in 2022. The positive detection rates by RT-qPCR were 1%, 1%, 0.2%, 0%, and 3%, respectively. In conclusion, the method was used for epidemiological investigation, which has extensive application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Cao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangshu Qiu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ning Shi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuo Ha
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - He Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yubiao Xie
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wenxin Zhao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guanyu Zhao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Ningyi Jin,
| | - Huijun Lu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Huijun Lu,
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Guan Z, Yang Y, Zhang J, Sun Q, Li B, Qiu Y, Liu K, Shao D, Ma Z, Wei J, Li P. Rapid Differential Detection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Getah Virus in Pigs or Mosquitos by a Duplex TaqMan Real-Time RT-PCR Assay. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:839443. [PMID: 35464361 PMCID: PMC9023051 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.839443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both JEV (Japanese encephalitis virus) and GETV (Getah virus) pose huge threats to the safety of animals and public health. Pigs and mosquitoes play a primary role in JEV and GETV transmission. However, there is no way to quickly distinguish between JEV and GETV. In this study, we established a one-step duplex TaqMan RT-qPCR for rapid identification and detection of JEV and GETV. Primers and probes located in the NS1 gene of JEV and the E2 gene of GETV that could specifically distinguish JEV from GETV were selected for duplex TaqMan RT-qPCR. In duplex real-time RT-qPCR detection, the correlation coefficients (R2) of the two viruses were higher than 0.999. The RT-qPCR assay demonstrated high sensitivity, extreme specificity, and excellent repeatability. Detection of JEV and GETV in field mosquito and pig samples was 100 times and 10 times more sensitive than using traditional PCR, respectively. In addition, the new test took less time and could be completed in under an hour. Clinical sample testing revealed the prevalence of JEV and GETV in mosquitoes and pig herds in China. This complete duplex TaqMan RT-qPCR assay provided a fast, efficient, specific, and sensitive tool for the detection and differentiation of JEV and GETV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixin Guan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Sun
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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Rawle DJ, Nguyen W, Dumenil T, Parry R, Warrilow D, Tang B, Le TT, Slonchak A, Khromykh AA, Lutzky VP, Yan K, Suhrbier A. Sequencing of Historical Isolates, K-mer Mining and High Serological Cross-Reactivity with Ross River Virus Argue against the Presence of Getah Virus in Australia. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100848. [PMID: 33081269 PMCID: PMC7650646 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus primarily associated with disease in horses and pigs in Asia. GETV was also reported to have been isolated from mosquitoes in Australia in 1961; however, retrieval and sequencing of the original isolates (N544 and N554), illustrated that these viruses were virtually identical to the 1955 GETVMM2021 isolate from Malaysia. K-mer mining of the >40,000 terabases of sequence data in the Sequence Read Archive followed by BLASTn confirmation identified multiple GETV sequences in biosamples from Asia (often as contaminants), but not in biosamples from Australia. In contrast, sequence reads aligning to the Australian Ross River virus (RRV) were readily identified in Australian biosamples. To explore the serological relationship between GETV and other alphaviruses, an adult wild-type mouse model of GETV was established. High levels of cross-reactivity and cross-protection were evident for convalescent sera from mice infected with GETV or RRV, highlighting the difficulties associated with the interpretation of early serosurveys reporting GETV antibodies in Australian cattle and pigs. The evidence that GETV circulates in Australia is thus not compelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Rawle
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (D.J.R.); (W.N.); (T.D.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (V.P.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Wilson Nguyen
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (D.J.R.); (W.N.); (T.D.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (V.P.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Troy Dumenil
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (D.J.R.); (W.N.); (T.D.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (V.P.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Rhys Parry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (R.P.); (A.S.); (A.A.K.)
| | - David Warrilow
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia;
| | - Bing Tang
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (D.J.R.); (W.N.); (T.D.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (V.P.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Thuy T. Le
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (D.J.R.); (W.N.); (T.D.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (V.P.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Andrii Slonchak
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (R.P.); (A.S.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Alexander A. Khromykh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (R.P.); (A.S.); (A.A.K.)
- GVN Center of Excellence, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4006 and 4072, Australia
| | - Viviana P. Lutzky
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (D.J.R.); (W.N.); (T.D.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (V.P.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kexin Yan
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (D.J.R.); (W.N.); (T.D.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (V.P.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (D.J.R.); (W.N.); (T.D.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (V.P.L.); (K.Y.)
- GVN Center of Excellence, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4006 and 4072, Australia
- Correspondence:
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