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Kai KC, Borges R, Pedroni ACF, Pelosine AM, da Cunha MR, Marques MM, de Araújo DR, Marchi J. Tricalcium phosphate-loaded injectable hydrogel as a promising osteogenic and bactericidal teicoplanin-delivery system for osteomyelitis treatment: An in vitro and in vivo investigation. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 164:213966. [PMID: 39094443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of bone tissue usually caused by pyogenic bacteria. The most recurrent clinical approach consists of bone debridement followed by parenteral administration of antibiotics. However, systemic antibiotic treatment has limitations regarding absorption rate and bioavailability over time. The main challenge of osteomyelitis treatment consists of coupling the persistent infection treatment with the regeneration of the bone debrided. In this work, we developed an injectable drug delivery system based on poloxamer 407 hydrogel containing undoped Mg, Zn-doped tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), and teicoplanin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic. We evaluated how the addition of teicoplanin and β-TCP affected the micellization, gelation, particle size, and surface charge of the hydrogel. Later, we studied the hydrogel degradation and drug delivery kinetics. Finally, the bactericidal, biocompatibility, and osteogenic properties were evaluated through in vitro studies and confirmed by in vivo Wistar rat models. Teicoplanin was found to be encapsulated in the corona portions of the hydrogel micelles, yielding a bigger hydrodynamics radius. The encapsulated teicoplanin showed a sustained release over the evaluated period, enough to trigger antibacterial properties against Gram-positive bacteria. Besides, the formulations were biocompatible and showed bone healing ability and osteogenic properties. Finally, in vivo studies confirmed that the proposed locally injected formulations yielded osteomyelitis treatment with superior outcomes than parenteral administration while promoting bone regeneration. In conclusion, the presented formulations are promising drug delivery systems for osteomyelitis treatment and deserve further technological improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cristina Kai
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Campus Santo André, SP, Brazil; Department of Morphology and Pathology, Jundiai Medical School, Jundiai, Brazil
| | - Roger Borges
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Agatha Maria Pelosine
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Campus Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Rodrigues da Cunha
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Jundiai Medical School, Jundiai, Brazil; Interunits Graduate Program in Bioengineering (EESC/FMRP/IQSC), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Marcia Martins Marques
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Postgraduation Program in Dentistry, Ibirapuera University, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Daniele Ribeiro de Araújo
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Campus Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Marchi
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Campus Santo André, SP 09210-180, Brazil..
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Liu Z, Li S, Xu Z, Li L, Liu Y, Gao X, Diao Y, Chen L, Sun J. Preparation and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Chitosan/Sodium Alginate Composite Hydrogel Scaffolds Carrying Chlorhexidine and Strontium-Doped Hydroxyapatite. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:22230-22239. [PMID: 38799338 PMCID: PMC11112597 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we introduce a novel composite hydrogel scaffold designed for addressing infectious jaw defects, a significant challenge in clinical settings caused by the inherent limited self-regenerative capacity of bone tissues. The scaffold was engineered from a blend of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)/sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel (CSH), β-cyclodextrin/chlorhexidine clathrate (β-CD-CHX), and strontium-nanohydroxyapatite nanoparticles (Sr-nHA). The β-CD-CHX and Sr-nHA components were synthesized using a saturated aqueous solution and a coprecipitation method, respectively. Subsequently, these elements were encapsulated within the CSH matrix. Comprehensive characterization of the CMCS/SA/β-CD-CHX/Sr-nHA composite hydrogel scaffold via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy validated the successful synthesis. The swelling and in vitro degradation behaviors proved that the composite hydrogel had good physical properties, while in vitro evaluations demonstrated favorable biocompatibility and osteoinductive properties. Additionally, antibacterial assessments revealed its effectiveness against common pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Overall, our results indicate that the CMCS/SA/β-CD-CHX/Sr-nHA composite hydrogel scaffolds exhibit significant potential for effectively treating infection-prone jaw defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Liu
- Department
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated
Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- School
of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shangbo Li
- Department
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated
Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- School
of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zexian Xu
- Department
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated
Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- School
of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Li Li
- Department
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated
Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- School
of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yanshan Liu
- Department
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated
Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- School
of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- Dental
Digital Medicine and 3D Printing Engineering Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaohan Gao
- Department
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated
Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- School
of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yaru Diao
- Department
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated
Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- School
of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Liqiang Chen
- Department
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated
Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- School
of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- Dental
Digital Medicine and 3D Printing Engineering Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao 266003, China
- The
Climbing Peak Discipline Project of Qingdao, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated
Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- School
of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- Dental
Digital Medicine and 3D Printing Engineering Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao 266003, China
- The
Climbing Peak Discipline Project of Qingdao, Qingdao 266003, China
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3
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Zhang X, Wei M, Zhang Z, Zeng Y, Zou F, Zhang S, Wang Z, Chen F, Xiong H, Li Y, Zhou L, Li T, Zheng Q, Yu H, Zhang J, Gu Y, Zhao Q, Li S, Xia N. Risedronate-functionalized manganese-hydroxyapatite amorphous particles: A potent adjuvant for subunit vaccines and cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2024; 367:13-26. [PMID: 38244843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The cGAS-STING pathway and the Mevalonate Pathway are druggable targets for vaccine adjuvant discovery. Manganese (Mn) and bisphosphonates are known to exert adjuvant effects by targeting these two pathways, respectively. This study found the synergistic potential of the two pathways in enhancing immune response. Risedronate (Ris) significantly amplified the Mn adjuvant early antibody response by 166-fold and fortified its cellular immunity. However, direct combination of Mn2+ and Ris resulted in increased adjuvant toxicity (40% mouse mortality). By the combination of doping property of hydroxyapatite (HA) and its high affinity for Ris, we designed Ris-functionalized Mn-HA micro-nanoparticles as an organic-inorganic hybrid adjuvant, named MnHARis. MnHARis alleviated adjuvant toxicity (100% vs. 60% survival rate) and exhibited good long-term stability. When formulated with the varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E (gE) antigen, MnHARis triggered a 274.3-fold increase in IgG titers and a 61.3-fold surge in neutralization titers while maintaining a better long-term humoral immunity compared to the aluminum adjuvant. Its efficacy spanned other antigens, including ovalbumin, HPV18 VLP, and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Notably, the cellular immunity elicited by the group of gE + MnHARis was comparable to the renowned Shingrix®. Moreover, intratumoral co-administration with an anti-trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 nanobody revealed synergistic antitumor capabilities. These findings underscore the potential of MnHARis as a potent adjuvant for augmenting vaccine immune responses and improving cancer immunotherapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mingjing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yarong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Feihong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Sibo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Fentian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hualong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yufang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lizhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qingbing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qinjian Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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4
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Villaseñor-Cerón LS, Mendoza-Anaya D, López-Ortiz S, Rosales-Ibañez R, Rodríguez-Martínez JJ, Reyes-Valderrama MI, Rodríguez-Lugo V. Biocompatibility analysis and chemical characterization of Mn-doped hydroxyapatite. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2023; 34:40. [PMID: 37515640 PMCID: PMC10386974 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-023-06744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The present work studies the effect of Mn doping on the crystalline structure of the Hap synthesized by the hydrothermal method at 200 °C for 24 h, from Ca(OH)2 and (NH4)2HPO4, incorporating MnCl2 to 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 %wt of Mn concentrations. Samples were characterized by the X-Ray Diffraction technique, which revealed the diffraction peaks that corresponded to the hexagonal and monoclinic phase of the Hap; it was observed that the average size of crystallite decreased from 23.67 to 22.69 nm as the concentration of Mn increased. TEM shows that in all samples, there are two distributions of particle sizes; one corresponds to nanorods with several tens of nanometers in length, and the other in which the diameter and length are very close. FTIR analysis revealed absorption bands corresponding to the PO4-3 and OH- groups characteristic of the Hap. It was possible to establish a substitution mechanism between the Mn and the ions of Ca+2 of the Hap. From the Alamar blue test, a cell viability of 86.88% ± 5 corresponding to the sample of Hap at 1.5 %wt Mn was obtained, considered non-cytotoxic according to ISO 10993-5. It also evaluated and demonstrated the good osteoinductive properties of the materials, which were verified by histology and immunofluorescence expression of osteogenic markers. Adhesion, viability, biocompatibility and osteoinductive properties, make these materials candidates for future applications in bone tissue engineering with likely uses in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Villaseñor-Cerón
- Área Académica de Ciencias de la Tierra y Materiales, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, 42184, Pachuca, Mexico
| | - D Mendoza-Anaya
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares; Carr. México-Toluca s/n La Marquesa, C.P. 52750, Ocoyoacac, Estado de México, México
| | - S López-Ortiz
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Parque Chapultepec1570, Privadas del Pedregal, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - R Rosales-Ibañez
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Tisular y Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Avenida Tenayuca-Chalmita S/N, Cuautepec Barrio Bajo, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, CP. 07239, Ciudad de México, México
| | - J J Rodríguez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Tisular y Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Avenida Tenayuca-Chalmita S/N, Cuautepec Barrio Bajo, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, CP. 07239, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M I Reyes-Valderrama
- Área Académica de Ciencias de la Tierra y Materiales, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, 42184, Pachuca, Mexico
| | - V Rodríguez-Lugo
- Área Académica de Ciencias de la Tierra y Materiales, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, 42184, Pachuca, Mexico.
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5
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Assimilation of manganese metal ion doped hydroxyapatite by Co-Precipitation technique. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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6
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Saghiri MA, Vakhnovetsky J, Vakhnovetsky A. Functional role of inorganic trace elements in dentin apatite-Part II: Copper, manganese, silicon, and lithium. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 72:126995. [PMID: 35605438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trace elements are recognized as being essential in dentin and bone apatite. The effects of zinc, strontium, magnesium, and iron were discussed in part I. In part II, we evaluated the functional role of copper, manganese, silicon, and lithium on dentin apatite, with critical effects on morphology, crystallinity, and solubility. An electronic search was performed on the role of these trace elements in dentin apatite from January 2000 to January 2022. The recent aspects of the relationship between four different trace elements and their critical role in the structure and mechanics of dentin were assessed. These findings show that elements play a vital role in the human body, especially in the crystalline structure of dentin apatite. Copper presents immense benefits in dental restorative biomaterials because of its importance in enhancing odontogenesis. The biological role of manganese in dentin apatite is still largely unknown, but it has gained attention for many of its broad physiological functions such as modulating osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism in bones. The functional role of silicon in dentin apatite is similarly lacking, but findings reveal its importance in mineralization and collagen formation, making it useful for the field of restorative dentistry. Likewise, lithium was found to have important roles in dentin mineralization as well as in the formation of dentin bridges and tissues. Therefore, there is growing importance in studying the aforementioned elements in the context of dentin apatite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Saghiri
- Director, Biomaterial and Prosthodontics Laboratory and Assistant Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United States; Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Endodontics, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| | - Julia Vakhnovetsky
- Visiting Researcher, Sector of Angiogenesis Regenerative Medicine, Dr. Hajar Afsar Lajevardi Research Cluster (DHAL), Hackensack, NJ, United States; Pre-Dental Student, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Anna Vakhnovetsky
- Pre-Medical Student, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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7
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Karunakaran G, Cho EB, Thirumurugan K, Kumar GS, Kolesnikov E, Boobalan S, Janarthanan G, Pillai MM, Rajendran S. Mesoporous Mn-doped hydroxyapatite nanorods obtained via pyridinium chloride enabled microwave-assisted synthesis by utilizing Donax variabilis seashells for implant applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 126:112170. [PMID: 34082971 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Manganese-doped mesoporous hydroxyapatite (MnHAp) nanorods, a bio-apatite were synthesized via pyridinium chloride mediated microwave approach using bio-waste Donax variabilis seashells to treat orthopedic infections. This is the first report on using pyridinium chloride mediated mesoporous MnHAp nanorods synthesis. Pure and Mn doped HAp samples were examined using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies to confirm the prepared HAp nanorods. Furthermore, the fabrication of manganese-doped HAp was successful with the formation of a hexagonal crystal lattice without disturbing the HAp phase. It is because, at the time of synthesis, PO43- ions form an electrostatic interaction with the Mn ions. Furthermore, Mn-doped HAp samples showed a reduction in their sizes of 15, 10-15, 5-10 nm width, and 80-100, 10-15, 20-30 nm length with varied pore diameters and surface area. The pure HAp, MnHAp-1, MnHAp-2, and MnHAp-3 nanorods disclose the surface area of 39.4, 18.0, 49.2, and 80.4 m2 g-1, with a pore volume of 0.0102, 0.0047, 0.0143, and 0.0447 cm3 g-1, the corresponding pore diameter was estimated to be 6, 7, 6, and 4 nm, respectively. Moreover, antibacterial activity reveals effective bactericidal action against infections causing pathogens whereas cytotoxicity examination (MTT assay), and zebrafish results reveal their non-toxic behavior. Therefore, it is evident from the study, that rapid fabrication of mesoporous and diverse structured MnHAp nanorods could be convenient with pyridinium chloride enabled microwave-assisted method as a bactericidal biomaterial for implant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalu Karunakaran
- Biosensor Research Institute, Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology (Seoul Tech), Gongneung-ro 232, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Bum Cho
- Biosensor Research Institute, Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology (Seoul Tech), Gongneung-ro 232, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keerthanaa Thirumurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tiruchengode 637 215, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Govindan Suresh Kumar
- Department of Physics, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tiruchengode 637 215, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Evgeny Kolesnikov
- Department of Functional Nanosystems and High-Temperature Materials, National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Pr. 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Selvakumar Boobalan
- Department of Biotechnology, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tiruchengode 637 215, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gopinathan Janarthanan
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Peelamedu, Coimbatore 641004, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology (Seoul Tech), Gongneung-ro 232, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Mamatha Muraleedharan Pillai
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Peelamedu, Coimbatore 641004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvakumar Rajendran
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Peelamedu, Coimbatore 641004, Tamil Nadu, India
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8
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Hydroxyapatite nanophases augmented with selenium and manganese ions for bone regeneration: Physiochemical, microstructural and biological characterization. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 126:112149. [PMID: 34082960 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanopowders with different manganese (Mn) and selenium (Se) contents with Mn/Ca and Se/P molar ratio of 1 mol%, 2.5 mol% and 5 mol% were synthesized by wet-co-chemical precipitation method. The results revealed that with either Mn or Se doping, ion-substituted apatite phase was achieved with good crystallographic features. The combined evidence obtained from spectrometric techniques revealed that nanocrystalline HAP was effectively doped with Mn and Se ions, where Se in form of SeO32- replaced PO43- and Mn2+ replaced Ca2+. Mn and Se doped HAP samples exhibited rod-like and needle-like morphology with strong tendency to form agglomerates. HAP enriched with Mn and Se represented a strong antibacterial effect and also showed prominent blood compatibility. From the biocompatibility testing, it was evident that Mn and Se doped HAP augmented the osteoblasts adhesion, migration and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. To conclude from this study, it is clearly evident that the doping amount of both Mn and Se ions can determine the size and morphology of the final HAP product. Therefore, Mn and Se HAP nanopowders with molar ratio less than 5 mol% without any heat treatment can provide good crystallographic features to HAP with satisfying micro-structural, thermal and biological properties.
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9
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Bohner M, Santoni BLG, Döbelin N. β-tricalcium phosphate for bone substitution: Synthesis and properties. Acta Biomater 2020; 113:23-41. [PMID: 32565369 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is one the most used and potent synthetic bone graft substitute. It is not only osteoconductive, but also osteoinductive. These properties, combined with its cell-mediated resorption, allow full bone defects regeneration. Its clinical outcome is sometimes considered to be "unpredictable", possibly due to a poor understanding of β-TCP physico-chemical properties: β-TCP crystallographic structure is not fully uncovered; recent results suggest that sintered β-TCP is coated with a Ca-rich alkaline phase; β-TCP apatite-forming ability and osteoinductivity may be enhanced by a hydrothermal treatment; β-TCP grain size and porosity are strongly modified by the presence of minute amounts of β-calcium pyrophosphate or hydroxyapatite impurities. The aim of the present article is to provide a critical, but still rather comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge on β-TCP, with a strong focus on its synthesis and physico-chemical properties, and their link to the in vivo response. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The present review documents the richness, breadth, and interest of the research devoted to β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). β-TCP is synthetic, osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and its resorption is cell-mediated, thus making it one of the most potent bone graft substitutes. This comprehensive review reveals that there are a number of aspects, such as surface chemistry, crystallography, or stoichiometry deviations, that are still poorly understood. As such, β-TCP is still an exciting scientific playground despite a 50 year long history and > 200 yearly publications.
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10
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Gokcekaya O, Ueda K, Narushima T, Nakano T. Using HAADF-STEM for atomic-scale evaluation of incorporation of antibacterial Ag atoms in a β-tricalcium phosphate structure. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:16596-16604. [PMID: 32756641 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04208k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Structural evaluation of ionic additions in calcium phosphates that enhance their performance is a long-lasting area of research in the field of biomedical materials. Ionic incorporation in β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) structures is indispensable for obtaining desirable properties for specific functions and applications. Owing to its complex structure and beam-sensitive nature, determining the extent of ion incorporation and its corresponding location in the β-TCP structure is challenging. Further, very few experimental studies have been able to estimate the location of Ag atoms incorporated in a β-TCP structure while considering the associated changes in lattice parameters. Although the incorporation alters the lattice parameters, the alteration is not significant enough for estimating the location of the incorporated Ag atoms. Here, Ag incorporation in a β-TCP structure was evaluated on atomic scale using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to unambiguously determine the location of the incorporated Ag atoms in the β-TCP structure by comparing z-contrast profiles of the Ag and Ca atoms by combining the state-of-art STEM observations and STEM image simulations. The Ag incorporation in the Ca(4) sites of β-TCP, as estimated by the Rietveld refinement, was in good agreement with the high-angle annular dark-field STEM observations and the simulations of the location of Ag atoms for [001] and [010] zone axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozkan Gokcekaya
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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11
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Boanini E, Gazzano M, Nervi C, Chierotti MR, Rubini K, Gobetto R, Bigi A. Strontium and Zinc Substitution in β-Tricalcium Phosphate: An X-ray Diffraction, Solid State NMR and ATR-FTIR Study. J Funct Biomater 2019; 10:jfb10020020. [PMID: 31060308 PMCID: PMC6616520 DOI: 10.3390/jfb10020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is one of the most common bioceramics, widely applied in bone cements and implants. Herein we synthesized β-TCP by solid state reaction in the presence of increasing amounts of two biologically active ions, namely strontium and zinc, in order to clarify the structural modifications induced by ionic substitution. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis indicate that zinc can substitute for calcium into a β-TCP structure up to about 10 at% inducing a reduction of the cell parameters, whereas the substitution occurs up to about 80 at% in the case of strontium, which provokes a linear increase of the lattice constants, and a slight modification into a more symmetric structure. Rietveld refinements and solid-state 31P NMR spectra demonstrate that the octahedral Ca(5) is the site of β-TCP preferred by the small zinc ion. ATR-FTIR results indicate that zinc substitution provokes a disorder of β-TCP structure. At variance with the behavior of zinc, strontium completely avoids Ca(5) site even at high concentration, whereas it exhibits a clear preference for Ca(4) site. The infrared absorption bands of β-TCP show a general shift towards lower wavenumbers on increasing strontium content. Particularly significant is the shift of the infrared symmetric stretching band at 943 cm−1 due to P(1), that is the phosphate more involved in Ca(4) coordination, which further supports the occupancy preference of strontium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Boanini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | | | - Carlo Nervi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Michele R Chierotti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Katia Rubini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Roberto Gobetto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Adriana Bigi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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12
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Ananth KP, Sun J, Bai J. An Innovative Approach to Manganese-Substituted Hydroxyapatite Coating on Zinc Oxide⁻Coated 316L SS for Implant Application. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2340. [PMID: 30096888 PMCID: PMC6122083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the synthesis of porous manganese substituted hydroxyapatite (Mn-HAp) coating on zinc oxide (ZnO) coated stainless steel (316L SS) using the electrodeposition technique is reported. The structural, functional, morphological, and elemental analyses are characterized by various analytical techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results of electrochemical techniques such as cyclic polarization and impedance show that the Mn-HAp coating on ZnO coated 316L SS has the highest corrosion resistance in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. Moreover, dissolution of metal ions was extremely reduced, as evaluated by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The adhesion and hardness of Mn-HAp/ZnO bilayer coatings have superior mechanical properties over individual coatings. Further, the biocompatibility of in vitro osteoblast attachment, cell viability, and live/dead assessment also confirmed the suitability of Mn-HAp/ZnO bilayer coating on 316L SS for orthopedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppasamy Prem Ananth
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Materials, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jinxing Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Materials, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jiaming Bai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Materials, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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13
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Laskus A, Kolmas J. Ionic Substitutions in Non-Apatitic Calcium Phosphates. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2542. [PMID: 29186932 PMCID: PMC5751145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium phosphate materials (CaPs) are similar to inorganic part of human mineralized tissues (i.e., bone, enamel, and dentin). Owing to their high biocompatibility, CaPs, mainly hydroxyapatite (HA), have been investigated for their use in various medical applications. One of the most widely used ways to improve the biological and physicochemical properties of HA is ionic substitution with trace ions. Recent developments in bioceramics have already demonstrated that introducing foreign ions is also possible in other CaPs, such as tricalcium phosphates (amorphous as well as α and β crystalline forms) and brushite. The purpose of this paper is to review recent achievements in the field of non-apatitic CaPs substituted with various ions. Particular attention will be focused on tricalcium phosphates (TCP) and "additives" such as magnesium, zinc, strontium, and silicate ions, all of which have been widely investigated thanks to their important biological role. This review also highlights some of the potential biomedical applications of non-apatitic substituted CaPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Laskus
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Laboratory Medicine Division, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Kolmas
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Laboratory Medicine Division, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
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14
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Pina S, Canadas RF, Jiménez G, Perán M, Marchal JA, Reis RL, Oliveira JM. Biofunctional Ionic-Doped Calcium Phosphates: Silk Fibroin Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolding. Cells Tissues Organs 2017; 204:150-163. [PMID: 28803246 DOI: 10.1159/000469703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment and regeneration of bone defects caused by traumatism or diseases have not been completely addressed by current therapies. Lately, advanced tools and technologies have been successfully developed for bone tissue regeneration. Functional scaffolding materials such as biopolymers and bioresorbable fillers have gained particular attention, owing to their ability to promote cell adhesion, proliferation, and extracellular matrix production, which promote new bone growth. Here, we present novel biofunctional scaffolds for bone regeneration composed of silk fibroin (SF) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and incorporating Sr, Zn, and Mn, which were successfully developed using salt-leaching followed by a freeze-drying technique. The scaffolds presented a suitable pore size, porosity, and high interconnectivity, adequate for promoting cell attachment and proliferation. The degradation behavior and compressive mechanical strengths showed that SF/ionic-doped TCP scaffolds exhibit improved characteristics for bone tissue engineering when compared with SF scaffolds alone. The in vitro bioactivity assays using a simulated body fluid showed the growth of an apatite layer. Furthermore, in vitro assays using human adipose-derived stem cells presented different effects on cell proliferation/differentiation when varying the doping agents in the biofunctional scaffolds. The incorporation of Zn into the scaffolds led to improved proliferation, while the Sr- and Mn-doped scaffolds presented higher osteogenic potential as demonstrated by DNA quantification and alkaline phosphatase activity. The combination of Sr with Zn led to an influence on cell proliferation and osteogenesis when compared with single ions. Our results indicate that biofunctional ionic-doped composite scaffolds are good candidates for further in vivo studies on bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pina
- 3B's Research Group (Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics), University of Minho, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
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15
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Renaudin G, Gomes S, Nedelec JM. First-Row Transition Metal Doping in Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics: A Detailed Crystallographic Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E92. [PMID: 28772452 PMCID: PMC5344588 DOI: 10.3390/ma10010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Doped calcium phosphate bioceramics are promising materials for bone repair surgery because of their chemical resemblance to the mineral constituent of bone. Among these materials, BCP samples composed of hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO₄)₆(OH)₂) and β-TCP (Ca₃(PO₄)₂) present a mineral analogy with the nano-multi-substituted hydroxyapatite bio-mineral part of bones. At the same time, doping can be used to tune the biological properties of these ceramics. This paper presents a general overview of the doping mechanisms of BCP samples using cations from the first-row transition metals (from manganese to zinc), with respect to the applied sintering temperature. The results enable the preparation of doped synthetic BCP that can be used to tailor biological properties, in particular by tuning the release amounts upon interaction with biological fluids. Intermediate sintering temperatures stabilize the doping elements in the more soluble β-TCP phase, which favors quick and easy release upon integration in the biological environment, whereas higher sintering temperatures locate the doping elements in the weakly soluble HAp phase, enabling a slow and continuous supply of the bio-inspired properties. An interstitial doping mechanism in the HAp hexagonal channel is observed for the six investigated cations (Mn2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+) with specific characteristics involving a shift away from the center of the hexagonal channel (Fe3+, Co2+), cationic oxidation (Mn3+, Co3+), and also cationic reduction (Cu⁺). The complete crystallochemical study highlights a complex HAp doping mechanism, mainly realized by an interstitial process combined with calcium substitution for the larger cations of the series leading to potentially calcium deficient HAp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Renaudin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Sandrine Gomes
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Jean-Marie Nedelec
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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16
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Torres PMC, Marote A, Cerqueira AR, Calado AJ, Abrantes JCC, Olhero S, da Cruz e Silva OAB, Vieira SI, Ferreira JMF. Injectable MnSr-doped brushite bone cements with improved biological performance. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:2775-2787. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb03119f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Combining Mn and Sr co-doping β-TCP powder with sucrose addition in the setting liquid enhances injectability, mechanical and biological performance of brushite-forming cements, renders them promising for minimally invasive surgery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. C. Torres
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering
- CICECO
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - A. Marote
- Department of Medical Sciences
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED)
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - A. R. Cerqueira
- Department of Medical Sciences
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED)
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - A. J. Calado
- Department of Biology
- GeoBioTec
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - J. C. C. Abrantes
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering
- CICECO
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - S. Olhero
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering
- CICECO
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - O. A. B. da Cruz e Silva
- Department of Medical Sciences
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED)
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - S. I. Vieira
- Department of Medical Sciences
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED)
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - J. M. F. Ferreira
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering
- CICECO
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
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17
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Kandori K, Yamaguchi Y. SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Mn-DOPED CALCIUM HYDROXYAPATITE PARTICLES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3363/prb.33.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Toledano M, Aguilera FS, Osorio E, López-López MT, Cabello I, Toledano-Osorio M, Osorio R. Submicron-to-nanoscale structure characterization and organization of crystals in dentin bioapatites. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02373h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to ascertain the crystal morphology and to assess the ultrastructure and texture changes of sound (SD) and caries-affected dentin (CAD) after being restored with Zn-free and Zn-containing amalgam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Toledano
- University of Granada
- Faculty of Dentistry
- Dental Materials Section
- 18071-Granada
- Spain
| | - Fátima S. Aguilera
- University of Granada
- Faculty of Dentistry
- Dental Materials Section
- 18071-Granada
- Spain
| | - Estrella Osorio
- University of Granada
- Faculty of Dentistry
- Dental Materials Section
- 18071-Granada
- Spain
| | | | - Inmaculada Cabello
- University of Granada
- Faculty of Dentistry
- Dental Materials Section
- 18071-Granada
- Spain
| | | | - Raquel Osorio
- University of Granada
- Faculty of Dentistry
- Dental Materials Section
- 18071-Granada
- Spain
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19
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Zilm M, Thomson SD, Wei M. A Comparative Study of the Sintering Behavior of Pure and Manganese-Substituted Hydroxyapatite. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 8:6419-6436. [PMID: 28793572 PMCID: PMC5512915 DOI: 10.3390/ma8095308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a widely studied biomaterial for its similar chemical composition to bone and its osteoconductive properties. The crystal structure of HA is flexible, allowing for a wide range of substitutions which can alter bioactivity, biodegradation, and mechanical properties of the substituted apatite. The thermal stability of a substituted apatite is an indication of its biodegradation in vivo. In this study, we investigated the thermal stability and mechanical properties of manganese-substituted hydroxyapatite (MnHA) as it is reported that manganese can enhance cell attachment compared to pure HA. Pure HA and MnHA pellets were sintered over the following temperature ranges: 900 to 1300 °C and 700 to 1300 °C respectively. The sintered pellets were characterized via density measurements, mechanical testing, X-ray diffraction, and field emission electron microscopy. It was found that MnHA was less stable than HA decomposing around 800 °C compared to 1200 °C for HA. The flexural strength of MnHA was weaker than HA due to the decomposition of MnHA at a significantly lower temperature of 800 °C compared to 1100 °C for HA. The low thermal stability of MnHA suggests that a faster in vivo dissolution rate compared to pure HA is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zilm
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Rd, Unit 3136, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Seamus D Thomson
- Department of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, J07 University of Sydney, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Mei Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Rd, Unit 3136, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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20
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Synthesis and characterization of Ag-containing calcium phosphates with various Ca/P ratios. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 53:111-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Bohner M, Tiainen H, Michel P, Döbelin N. Design of an inorganic dual-paste apatite cement using cation exchange. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:63. [PMID: 25631266 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of hydraulic calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) as bone substitute is impaired by their relatively poor handling due to the need to mix a powder and a liquid during surgery. The aim of the present study was to assess the possibility to design CPCs as inorganic dual-paste cements, where both pastes would be stable for years, but would react as soon as they are mixed together. Results showed that aqueous pastes of α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder could be stabilized for up to a year at room temperature by the use of 0.1 M Mg chloride solution. Adding a calcium chloride solution in a 1:4 volume ratio activated α-TCP pastes provided the Ca/Mg ratio was larger than one. Mechanistic investigations suggest that Ca ions can displace Mg cations adsorbed at the surface of α-TCP particles to initiate α-TCP transformation to calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite and concomitant paste hardening. The compressive strength (29 MPa) was similar to that of commercial formulations (5-80 MPa). Other divalent cations (Ba, Ni, Sr) had a similar effect although with a different degree of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bohner
- RMS Foundation, Bischmattstrasse 12, 2544, Bettlach, Switzerland,
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22
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Mann-Gow TK, Blaivas JG, King BJ, El-Ghannam A, Knabe C, Lam MK, Kida M, Sikavi CS, Plante MK, Krhut J, Zvara P. Rat animal model for preclinical testing of microparticle urethral bulking agents. Int J Urol 2015; 22:416-20. [PMID: 25581400 DOI: 10.1111/iju.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerry G Blaivas
- Department of Urology; Weill Cornell Medical College; New York NY
| | - Benjamin J King
- Department of Surgery; The University of Vermont; Burlington VT
| | - Ahmed El-Ghannam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science; The University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Charlotte NC USA
| | - Christine Knabe
- Department of Medicine; Philipps-University; Marburg Germany
| | - Michael K Lam
- Department of Surgery; The University of Vermont; Burlington VT
| | - Masatoshi Kida
- Department of Surgery; The University of Vermont; Burlington VT
| | | | - Mark K Plante
- Department of Surgery; The University of Vermont; Burlington VT
| | - Jan Krhut
- Department of Urology; Ostrava University; Ostrava Czech Republic
| | - Peter Zvara
- Department of Surgery; The University of Vermont; Burlington VT
- Department of Urology; Ostrava University; Ostrava Czech Republic
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23
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Lala S, Ghosh M, Das PK, Kar T, Pradhan SK. Mechanical preparation of nanocrystalline biocompatible single-phase Mn-doped A-type carbonated hydroxyapatite (A-cHAp): effect of Mn doping on microstructure. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:20087-97. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03398e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mn substitution reduces Ca2/Mn–O bond lengths leading to structural changes in the A-cHAp lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Lala
- Materials Science Division
- Department of Physics
- The University of Burdwan
- Burdwan 713104
- India
| | - M. Ghosh
- Department of Biological Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700 032
- India
| | - P. K. Das
- Department of Biological Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700 032
- India
| | - T. Kar
- Department of Materials Science
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - S. K. Pradhan
- Materials Science Division
- Department of Physics
- The University of Burdwan
- Burdwan 713104
- India
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24
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Singh RK, Kannan S. Synthesis, structural analysis, mechanical, antibacterial and hemolytic activity of Mg²⁺ and Cu²⁺ co-substitutions in β-Ca₃(PO₄)₂. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 45:530-8. [PMID: 25491861 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports the synthesis, structural, mechanical and in vitro characterization of a series of Mg(2+) and Cu(2+) co-substitutions in β-Ca3(PO4)2. Aqueous precipitation technique ensured the formation of calcium deficient apatite with substituted ions in the as prepared conditions and their subsequent heat treatments at 1000°C resulted in the formation of crystalline β-Ca3(PO4)2. The combined substitutions of lower sized Mg(2+) and Cu(2+) in the structural lattice of β-Ca3(PO4)2 led to the significant contraction in a=b-axis and c-axis lattice parameters of β-Ca3(PO4)2. The results from Rietveld refinement confirmed the occupancy of Mg(2+) and Cu(2+) at the Ca(5) site of β-Ca3(PO4)2. The results from mechanical tests proved that Mg(2+) and Cu(2+) substitutions are not hindering the mechanical properties of β-Ca3(PO4)2. The antibacterial and hemolytic results determined for the Mg(2+) and Cu(2+) co-substituted β-Ca3(PO4)2 ensured their good activity against the investigated microbes and also confirmed their blood biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kishore Singh
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605 014, INDIA
| | - S Kannan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605 014, INDIA.
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25
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Torres PMC, Vieira SI, Cerqueira AR, Pina S, da Cruz Silva OAB, Abrantes JCC, Ferreira JMF. Effects of Mn-doping on the structure and biological properties of β-tricalcium phosphate. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 136:57-66. [PMID: 24747361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Doping calcium phosphates with trace elements that exist in bone tissues is beneficial in terms of cell-material interactions and in vivo performance of the bone grafts made thereof. Manganese (Mn) is an essential element for normal growth and metabolism of bone tissues, but studies reporting the effects of Mn-doping calcium phosphates are scarce. The present study investigated the influence of Mn-doping on the structure, morphology and biological properties of β-tricalcium phosphate [β-Ca3(PO4)2] (β-TCP). Mn-doped (MnTCP) powders, with Mn contents varying from 0 to 10 mol%, were obtained through an aqueous precipitation method followed by heat treatment at 800 °C. The successful incorporation of Mn into β-TCP structure was proved through quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) phase analysis coupled with structural Rietveld refinement. Increasing Mn concentrations led to decreasing trends of a- and c-axis lattice parameters, and Mn-doping also significantly affected the morphology of β-TCP powders. In vitro proliferation and differentiation assays of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic-like cells, grown in the presence of the powders, revealed that the biological benefits of Mn-doped β-TCP are limited to lower Mn incorporation levels and potentially related to their surface microstructure. The Mn1-βTCP composition revealed the best set of bioactivity properties, potentially a good candidate for future applications of β-TCP materials in osteoregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M C Torres
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, CICECO, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - S I Vieira
- Department of Biology, Centre for Cellular Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Health Sciences, Centre of Cellular Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A R Cerqueira
- Department of Biology, Centre for Cellular Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Health Sciences, Centre of Cellular Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - S Pina
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, CICECO, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - O A B da Cruz Silva
- Department of Biology, Centre for Cellular Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Health Sciences, Centre of Cellular Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J C C Abrantes
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, CICECO, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; UIDM, ESTG, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, 4900 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - J M F Ferreira
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, CICECO, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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26
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Huang Y, Ding Q, Han S, Yan Y, Pang X. Characterisation, corrosion resistance and in vitro bioactivity of manganese-doped hydroxyapatite films electrodeposited on titanium. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2013; 24:1853-1864. [PMID: 23686354 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-4955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work elucidated the corrosion resistance and in vitro bioactivity of electroplated manganese-doped hydroxyapatite (MnHAp) film on NaOH-treated titanium (Ti). The NaOH treatment process was performed on Ti surface to enhance the adhesion of the MnHAp coating on Ti. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the MnHAp coating had needle-like apatite crystals, and the approximately 10 μm thick layer was denser than HAp. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis revealed that the MnHAp crystals were Ca-deficient and the Mn/P molar ratio was 0.048. X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of single-phase MnHAp, which was aligned vertically to the substrate. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated the presence of phosphate bands ranging from 500 to 650 and 900 to 1,100 cm(-1), and a hydroxyl band at 3,571 cm(-1), which was characteristic of HAp. Bond strength test revealed that adhesion for the MnHAp coating was more enhanced than that of the HAp coating. Potentiodynamic polarisation test showed that the MnHAp-coated surface exhibited superior corrosion resistance over the HAp single-coated surface. Bioactivity test conducted by immersing the coatings in simulated body fluid showed that MnHAp coating can rapidly induce bone-like apatite nucleation and growth. Osteoblast cellular tests revealed that the MnHAp coating was better at improving the in vitro biocompatibility of Ti than the HAp coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- Institute of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4 of Section 2, Jianshe North Road, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
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27
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Kumar PN, Boovarasan M, Singh RK, Kannan S. Synthesis, structural analysis and fabrication of coatings of the Cu2+ and Sr2+ co-substitutions in β-Ca3(PO4)2. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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28
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Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite/si coating by mechanical alloying technique. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2012; 2012:390104. [PMID: 22312324 PMCID: PMC3270558 DOI: 10.1155/2012/390104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel approach for depositing hydroxyapatite (HA) films on titanium substrates by using mechanical alloying (MA) technique has been developed. However, it was shown that one-hour heat treatment at 800°C of such mechanically coated HA layer leads to partial transformation of desired HA phase to beta-tri-calcium phosphate (β-TCP) phase. It appears that the grain boundary and interface defects formed during MA promote this transformation. It was discovered that doping HA by silicon results in hindering this phase transformation process. The Si-doped HA does not show phase transition to β-TCP or decomposition after heat treatment even at 900°C.
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Palcevskis E, Dindune A, Dekhtyar Y, Polyaka N, Veljović D, Sammons RL. The Influence of Surface Treatment by Hydrogenation on the Biocompatibility of Different Hydroxyapatite Materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/23/1/012032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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Nawawi NA, Sopyan I, Ramesh S, Afzeri. Phase behaviour of manganese-doped biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics synthesized via sol-gel method. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Boanini E, Gazzano M, Bigi A. Ionic substitutions in calcium phosphates synthesized at low temperature. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:1882-94. [PMID: 20040384 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ionic substitutions have been proposed as a tool to improve the biological performance of calcium phosphate based materials. This review provides an overview of the recent results achieved on ion-substituted calcium phosphates prepared at low temperature, i.e. by direct synthesis in aqueous medium or through hydrolysis of more soluble calcium phosphates. Particular attention is focused on several ions, including Si, Sr, Mg, Zn and Mn, which are attracting increasing interest for their possible biological role, and on the recent trends and developments in the applications of ion-substituted calcium phosphates in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Boanini
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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32
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Advanced Biomimetic Implants Based on Nanostructured Coatings Synthesized by Pulsed Laser Technologies. LASER-SURFACE INTERACTIONS FOR NEW MATERIALS PRODUCTION 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03307-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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