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Chellan P, Avery VM, Duffy S, Land KM, Tam CC, Kim JH, Cheng LW, Romero-Canelón I, Sadler PJ. Bioactive half-sandwich Rh and Ir bipyridyl complexes containing artemisinin. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 219:111408. [PMID: 33826972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) with 4-methyl-4'-carboxy-2,2'-bipyridine yielded the new ester derivative L1. Six novel organometallic half-sandwich chlorido Rh(III) and Ir(III) complexes (1-6) containing pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, (Cp*), tetramethylphenylcyclopentadienyl (Cpxph), or tetramethylbiphenylcyclopentadienyl (Cpxbiph), and N,N-chelated bipyridyl group of L1, have been synthesized and characterized. The complexes were screened for inhibitory activity against the Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (sensitive), Dd2 (multi-drug resistant) and NF54 late stage gametocytes (LSGNF54), the parasite strain Trichomonas vaginalis G3, as well as A2780 (human ovarian carcinoma), A549 (human alveolar adenocarcinoma), HCT116 (human colorectal carcinoma), MCF7 (human breast cancer) and PC3 (human prostate cancer) cancer cell lines. They show nanomolar antiplasmodial activity, outperforming chloroquine and artemisinin. Their activities were also comparable to dihydroartemisinin. As anticancer agents, several of the complexes showed high inhibitory effects, with Ir(III) complex 3, containing the tetramethylbiphenylcyclopentadienyl ligand, having similar IC50 values (concentration for 50% of maximum inhibition of cell growth) as the clinical drug cisplatin (1.06-9.23 μM versus 0.24-7.2 μM, respectively). Overall, the iridium complexes (1-3) are more potent compared to the rhodium derivatives (4-6), and complex 3 emerges as the most promising candidate for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prinessa Chellan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Sandra Duffy
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States of America
| | - Christina C Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, United States of America
| | - Jong H Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, United States of America
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, United States of America
| | | | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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Ruthenium(II)/(III) DMSO-Based Complexes of 2-Aminophenyl Benzimidazole with In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer Activity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184284. [PMID: 32962014 PMCID: PMC7570852 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
New anticancer ruthenium(II/III) complexes [RuCl2(DMSO)2(Hapbim)] (1) and [RuCl3(DMSO) (Hapbim)] (2) (Hapbim = 2-aminophenyl benzimidazole) have been synthesized and characterized, and their chemotherapeutic potential evaluated. The interaction of the compounds with DNA was studied by both UV-Visible and fluorescence spectroscopies, revealing intercalation of both the Hapbim ligand and the Ru complexes. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the compounds was tested on human breast cancer (MCF7), human colorectal cancer (Caco2), and normal human liver cell lines (THLE-2), with compound (2) the most potent against cancer cells. The cytotoxic effect of (2) is shown to correlate with the ability of the Ru(III) complex to induce apoptosis and to cause cell-cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Notably, both compounds were inactive in the noncancerous cell line. The anticancer effect of (2) has also been studied in an EAC (Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma) mouse model. Significantly, the activity of the complex was more pronounced in vivo, with removal of the cancer burden at doses that resulted in only low levels of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. An apoptosis mechanism was determined by the observation of increased Bax and caspase 3 and decreased Bcl2 expression. Furthermore, (2) decreased oxidative stress and increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes, especially SOD, suggesting the enhancement of normal cell repair. Overall, compound (2) shows great potential as a chemotherapeutic candidate, with promising activity and low levels of side effects.
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3
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Chellan P, Sadler PJ. Enhancing the Activity of Drugs by Conjugation to Organometallic Fragments. Chemistry 2020; 26:8676-8688. [PMID: 32452579 PMCID: PMC7496994 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy is a current clinical problem, especially in the treatment of microbial infections and cancer. One strategy to overcome this is to make new derivatives of existing drugs by conjugation to organometallic fragments, either by an appropriate linker, or by direct coordination of the drug to a metal. We illustrate this with examples of conjugated organometallic metallocene sandwich and half-sandwich complexes, RuII and OsII arene, and RhIII and IrIII cyclopentadienyl half-sandwich complexes. Ferrocene conjugates are particularly promising. The ferrocene-chloroquine conjugate ferroquine is in clinical trials for malaria treatment, and a ferrocene-tamoxifen derivative (a ferrocifen) seems likely to enter anticancer trails soon. Several other examples illustrate that organometallic conjugation can restore the activity of drugs to which resistance has developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prinessa Chellan
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer ScienceStellenbosch University7600Matieland, Western CapeSouth Africa
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
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Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of aquation reactions in [RuL2(mac)]q+ complexes: [mac = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (cyclam) or 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen); and L = Cl−, OH−, OH2]. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-018-0289-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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5
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Bratsos I, Alessio E. The Pivotal Role of Ru-dmso Compounds in the Discovery of Well-Behaved Precursors. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Bratsos
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN); Department of Physical Chemistry; NCSR “DEMOKRITOS”; Aghia Paraskevi Attikis 153 10 Athens Greece
| | - Enzo Alessio
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Trieste; Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
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Synthesis, reactivities and anti-cancer properties of ruthenium(II) complexes with a thiaether macrocyclic ligand. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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7
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Alessio E. Thirty Years of the Drug Candidate NAMI-A and the Myths in the Field of Ruthenium Anticancer Compounds: A Personal Perspective. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Alessio
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Trieste; Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
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Orhan O, Çolak AT, Emen FM, Kismali G, Meral O, Sel T, Çilgi GK, Taş M. Syntheses of crystal structures and in vitro cytotoxic activities of new copper(II) complexes of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate. J COORD CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2015.1086997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oğuzhan Orhan
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Alper Tolga Çolak
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Fatih Mehmet Emen
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Gorkem Kismali
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ogunc Meral
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tevhide Sel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülbanu Koyundereli Çilgi
- Faculty of Technology, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Murat Taş
- Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
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Saraf SL, Fish TJ, Benninghoff AD, Buelt AA, Smith RC, Berreau LM. Photochemical Reactivity of RuII(η6-p-cymene) Flavonolato Compounds. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om5006337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushma L. Saraf
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
| | - Trevor J. Fish
- Department
of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, United States
| | - Abby D. Benninghoff
- Department
of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, United States
| | - Ashley A. Buelt
- Department
of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973, United States
| | - Rhett C. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973, United States
| | - Lisa M. Berreau
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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Brindell M, Dyduch K, Adamowicz A, Urbanowicz E, Oszajca M, Michalak A, Stochel G, van Eldik R. Base-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of a RuII-Chloro-dmso Complex and Its Reactivity towardsL-Methionine. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201301154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Babak MV, Meier SM, Legin AA, Adib Razavi MS, Roller A, Jakupec MA, Keppler BK, Hartinger CG. Am(m)ines Make the Difference: Organoruthenium Am(m)ine Complexes and Their Chemistry in Anticancer Drug Development. Chemistry 2013; 19:4308-18. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bratsos I, Simonin C, Zangrando E, Gianferrara T, Bergamo A, Alessio E. New half sandwich-type Ru(ii) coordination compounds characterized by the fac-Ru(dmso-S)3 fragment: influence of the face-capping group on the chemical behavior and in vitro anticancer activity. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:9533-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11043h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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13
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Ru(DMSO)4Cl2 nano-aggregated Nafion membrane modified electrode for simultaneous electrochemical detection of hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Interest in Ru anticancer drugs has been growing rapidly since NAMI-A ((ImH(+))[Ru(III)Cl(4)(Im)(S-dmso)], where Im = imidazole and S-dmso = S-bound dimethylsulfoxide) or KP1019 ((IndH(+))[Ru(III)Cl(4)(Ind)(2)], where Ind = indazole) have successfully completed phase I clinical trials and an array of other Ru complexes have shown promise for future development. Herein, the recent literature is reviewed critically to ascertain likely mechanisms of action of Ru-based anticancer drugs, with the emphasis on their reactions with biological media. The most likely interactions of Ru complexes are with: (i) albumin and transferrin in blood plasma, the former serving as a Ru depot, and the latter possibly providing active transport of Ru into cells; (ii) collagens of the extracellular matrix and actins on the cell surface, which are likely to be involved in the specific anti-metastatic action of Ru complexes; (iii) regulatory enzymes within the cell membrane and/or in the cytoplasm; and (iv) DNA in the cell nucleus. Some types of Ru complexes can also promote the intracellular formation of free radical species, either through irradiation (photodynamic therapy), or through reactions with cellular reductants. The metabolic pathways involve competition among reduction, aquation, and hydrolysis in the extracellular medium; binding to transport proteins, the extracellular matrix, and cell-surface biomolecules; and diffusion into cells; with the extent to which individual drugs participate in various steps along these pathways being crucial factors in determining whether they are mainly anti-metastatic or cytotoxic. This diversity of modes of action of Ru anticancer drugs is also likely to enhance their anticancer activities and to reduce the potential for them to develop tumour resistance. New approaches to metabolic studies, such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence microscopy, are required to provide further mechanistic insights, which could lead to the rational design of improved Ru anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
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Synthesis and cytotoxicity of methyl-substituted 8-quinolineselenolates of ruthenium, rhodium, osmium, and iridium. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-009-0248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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