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Su Y, Yang J, Wang MM, Fang HB, Liu HK, Yu ZH, Su Z. Cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes as anti-breast cancer and anti-metastasis agents via STAT3 inhibition. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 251:112427. [PMID: 37979498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and second‑leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays a critical role in promoting breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis, and the high expression of STAT3 is related to the occurrence and poor chemotherapy sensitivity of breast cancer. Iridium(III) complexes Ir-PTS-1- 4 containing a pterostilbene-derived ligand were synthesized to inhibit the STAT3 pathway in breast cancer. Ir-PTS-4 inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells by suppressing the expression of phosphorylated STAT3 and STAT3-related cyclin D1, arresting cell cycle in the S-phase, inducing DNA damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, eventually leading to autophagic cell death. The cell metastasis and invasion were also inhibited after Ir-PTS-4 treatment. Besides, Ir-PTS-4 exhibited excellent anti-proliferation activity in 3D multicellular tumor spheroids, showing potential for the treatment of solid tumors. This work presents the rational design of metal-based anticancer agents to block the STAT3 pathway for simultaneously inhibiting breast cancer proliferation and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Meng-Meng Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Bao Fang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Ke Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Zhi Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Georgakopoulou C, Thomos D, Tsolis T, Ypsilantis K, Plakatouras JC, Kordias D, Magklara A, Kouderis C, Kalampounias AG, Garoufis A. Synthesis, characterization, interactions with the DNA duplex dodecamer d(5'-CGCGAATTCGCG-3') 2 and cytotoxicity of binuclear η 6-arene-Ru(II) complexes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13808-13825. [PMID: 36039685 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02304k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The novel binuclear η6-arene-Ru(II) complexes with the general formula {[(η6-cym)Ru(L)]2(μ-BL)}(PF6)4, and their corresponding water soluble {[(η6-cym)Ru(L)]2(μ-BL)}Cl4, where cym = p-cymene, L = 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), BL = 4,4'-bipyridine (BL-1), 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (BL-2) and 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane (BL-3), were synthesized and characterized. The structure of {[(η6-cym)Ru(phen)]2(μ-BL-1)}(PF6)4 was determined by X-ray single crystal methods. The interaction of {[(η6-cym)Ru(phen)]2(μ-BL-i)}Cl4 (i = 1, 2, 3; (4), (5) and (6) correspondingly) with the DNA duplex d(5'-CGCGAATTCGCG-3')2 was studied by means of NMR techniques and fluorescence titrations. The results show that complex (4) binds with a Kb = 12.133 × 103 M-1 through both intercalation and groove binding, while (5) and (6) are groove binders (Kb = 2.333 × 103 M-1 and Kb = 3.336 × 103 M-1 correspondingly). Comparison with the mononuclear complex [(η6-cym)Ru(phen)(py)]2+ reveals that it binds to the d(5'-CGCGAATTCGCG-3')2 with a Kb value two orders of magnitude lower than (4) (Kb = 0.158 × 103 M-1), indicating that for the binuclear complexes both ruthenium moieties participate in the binding. The complexes were found to be cytotoxic against the A2780 and A2780 res. cancer cell line with a selectivity index (SI) in the range of 3.0-5.9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitrios Thomos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Theodoros Tsolis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | | | - John C Plakatouras
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece. .,University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Materials Science and Computing, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kordias
- Biomedical Research Institute-Foundation for Research and Technology, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.,Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Angeliki Magklara
- Biomedical Research Institute-Foundation for Research and Technology, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.,Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.,Institute of Biosciences, University Research Center of Ioannina (U.R.C.I.), Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Angelos G Kalampounias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece. .,University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Materials Science and Computing, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Achilleas Garoufis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece. .,University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Materials Science and Computing, Ioannina, Greece
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Kar B, Shanavas S, Nagendra AH, Das U, Roy N, Pete S, Sharma S A, De S, Kumar S K A, Vardhan S, Sahoo SK, Panda D, Shenoy S, Bose B, Paira P. Iridium(III)-Cp*-(imidazo[4,5- f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)phenol analogues as hypoxia active, GSH-resistant cancer cytoselective and mitochondria-targeting cancer stem cell therapeutic agents. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5494-5514. [PMID: 35293923 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00168c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have introduced a series of iridium(III)-Cp*-(imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)phenol complexes via a convenient synthetic methodology, which act as hypoxia active and glutathione-resistant anticancer metallotherapeutics. The [IrIII(Cp*)(L5)(Cl)](PF6) (IrL5) complex exhibited the best cytoselectivity, GSH resistance and hypoxia effectivity in HeLa and Caco-2 cells among the synthesized complexes. IrL5 also exhibited highly cytotoxic effects on the HCT-116 CSC cell line. This complex was localized in the mitochondria and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction was observed via MMP alteration and ROS generation on colorectal cancer stem cells. Cell cycle analysis also established the potential of this complex in mediating G2/M phase cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Kar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Shanooja Shanavas
- Department Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Institution Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Apoorva H Nagendra
- Department Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Institution Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Utpal Das
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Nilmadhab Roy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Sudhindra Pete
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Ajay Sharma S
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Sourav De
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar S K
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Seshu Vardhan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, S. V. National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Ichchanath, Surat, Gujrat-395007, India.
| | - Suban K Sahoo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, S. V. National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Ichchanath, Surat, Gujrat-395007, India.
| | - Debashis Panda
- Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, An Institution of National Importance, Jais, Amethi-229304, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sudheer Shenoy
- Department Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Institution Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Bipasha Bose
- Department Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Institution Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
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Roy N, Sen U, Ray Chaudhuri S, Muthukumar V, Moharana P, Paira P, Bose B, Gauthaman A, Moorthy A. Mitochondria specific highly cytoselective iridium(iii)-Cp* dipyridophenazine (dppz) complexes as cancer cell imaging agents. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2268-2283. [PMID: 33507192 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03586f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the most incurable pernicious disease to date after cardiovascular disease with an immeasurable rate of mortality. However, effective cancer medication and therapy are still castles in the sky to researchers. Therefore, in search of an appropriate strategy to annihilate cancer, we have designed a set of Ir(iii)-Cp* dipyridophenazine complexes as luminescent anticancer agents combining the cancer inhibiting potency of the planar dipyridophenazine (dppz) moiety through DNA interaction and mitochondrial dysfunction with the wonderful photoluminescence ability and target specificity of iridium metal. Hence, with the synergy of these dual aspects in the same system, we have aspired to emphasize the theranostic approach of cancer treatment in the present study by preparing effective, aqueous-soluble, mitochondria-targeting, highly cytoselective, luminescent, cancer cell-permeable scaffolds, enabling diagnosis as well as the healing of cancer cells in the body. Here, the presence of the cyclopentadienyl (Cp*) moiety in association with the fluorine group has boosted the lipophilic character of the complexes. Also, the cytotoxicity screening of the prepared Cp*Ir(iii)-dipyridophenazine complexes (IrL1-IrL7) against colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) and human epitheloid cervix carcinoma cells (HeLa) clearly identified them as potential anticancer agents and imaging studies unveiled their superb cellular imaging properties. Among them, the complex [(η5-Cp*)IrCl(11-fluorodipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine)] (IrL6) achieved the best cytoselectivity. However, the superiority of the anticancer potency of [(η5-Cp*)IrCl(benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine)] (IrL3) was also corroborated by its activity against the most aggressive colorectal carcinoma cell line (HT-29), whereas (η5-Cp*)IrCl(11-(trifluoromethyl)dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (IrL5) came into the limelight as the best theranostic agent as it showed remarkable cytoselectivity as well as significant cellular imaging properties, endowing it with the highest quantum yield value among all the complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilmadhab Roy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Two wheel-shaped Pr(III) and Er(III) complexes with long flexible ligand: Crystal structure, fluorescence and anticancer studies. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Li J, Chen T. Transition metal complexes as photosensitizers for integrated cancer theranostic applications. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Štarha P, Hošek J, Trávníček Z, Dvořák Z. Cytotoxic dimeric half‐sandwich Ru(II), Os(II) and Ir(III) complexes containing the 4,4′‐biphenyl‐based bridging ligands. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Štarha
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of SciencePalacký University in Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 Olomouc 783 71 Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hošek
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of SciencePalacký University in Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 Olomouc 783 71 Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Trávníček
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of SciencePalacký University in Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 Olomouc 783 71 Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Dvořák
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of SciencePalacký University in Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 Olomouc 783 71 Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of SciencePalacký University in Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 Olomouc 783 71 Czech Republic
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Phillips AM, Pombeiro AJ. Transition Metal-Based Prodrugs for Anticancer Drug Delivery. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:7476-7519. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181203141122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
:
Transition metal complexes, of which the platinum(II) complex cisplatin is an example,
have been used in medicine to treat cancer for more than 40 years. Although many successes have
been achieved, there are problems associated with the use of these drugs, such as side effects and
drug resistance. Converting them into prodrugs, to make them more inert, so that they can travel to
the tumour site unchanged and release the drug in its active form only there, is a strategy which is
the subject of much research nowadays. The new prodrugs may be activated and release the cytotoxic
agent by differences in oxygen concentration or in pH, by the action of overexpressed enzymes,
by differences in metabolic rates, etc., which characteristically distinguish cancer cells from
normal ones, or even by the input of radiation, which can be visible light. Converting a metal complex
into a prodrug may also be used to improve its pharmacological properties. In some cases, the
metal complex is a carrier which transports the active drug as a ligand. Some platinum prodrugs
have reached clinical trials. So far platinum, ruthenium and cobalt have been the most studied metals.
This review presents the recent developments in this area, including the types of complexes
used, the mechanisms of drug action and in some cases the techniques applied to monitor drug delivery
to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M.F. Phillips
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Armando J.L. Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Lord RM, McGowan PC. Organometallic Iridium Arene Compounds: The Effects of C-Donor Ligands on Anticancer Activity. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rianne M. Lord
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, U.K
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Vekariya PA, Karia PS, Bhatt BS, Patel MN. Spectroscopic and electrochemical study for evaluating DNA interaction activity of 4‐(3‐halophenyl)‐6‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)pyrimidin‐2‐amine based piano stool Cp* Rh (III) and Ir (III) complexes. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Parag S. Karia
- Department of ChemistrySardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120 Gujarat India
| | - Bhupesh S. Bhatt
- Department of ChemistrySardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120 Gujarat India
| | - Mohan N. Patel
- Department of ChemistrySardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120 Gujarat India
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Su W, Luo Z, Dong S, Chen X, Xiao JA, Peng B, Li P. Novel half-sandwich rhodium(III) and iridium(III) photosensitizers for dual chemo- and photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:448-454. [PMID: 31048016 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Photodynamic therapy has emerged as a promising treatment for cancer and other malignancies. Design of photosensitizers with two different action mechanisms may be an essential strategy for the improvement of the efficacy of phototherapeutic drugs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anticancer photo- and chemocytotoxic effects of the novel half-sandwich rhodium(III) and iridium(III) photosensitizers. MATERIALS AND METHODS A series of novel half-sandwich Cp*-Rh(III) and Cp*-Ir(III) complexes containing 9-anthraldehyde thiosemicarbazones, (Cp*)M(L)Cl (M = Rh or Ir, L = 9-anthraldehyde thiosemicarbazones), were compared for cell uptake and photo- and chemocytotoxic effects against human prostate carcinoma (PC3) and human ovarian carcinoma (SKOV3) cell lines. RESULTS Cp*-Ir(III) complexes, (Cp*)Ir(L)Cl, showed remarkable phototoxic behavior against human ovarian adenocarcinoma SKOV3 cells (IC50 = 2.7 and 2.3 μM, respectively, λirr > 400 nm), as well as the 7.4 and 5.3-fold lower toxicity in the dark, implying possibility of dual action as chemo- and phototherapeutic agents. CONCLUSION The complexes, which present a synergistic effect with good properties of both the Cp*-Rh(III) and Cp*-Ir(III) chemotherapeutic effect and the anthracene photodynamic therapy efficiency, show great potential as a new generation of light activated dual-action anticancer agents for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Su
- Key Laboratory of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics (Nanning Normal University), Nanning, China
| | - Zhijin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics (Nanning Normal University), Nanning, China
| | - Shuai Dong
- Chongqing Insistute of Forensic Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiufeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics (Nanning Normal University), Nanning, China
| | - Jun-An Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics (Nanning Normal University), Nanning, China
| | - Binghua Peng
- Key Laboratory of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics (Nanning Normal University), Nanning, China
| | - Peiyuan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China.
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Mukhopadhyay S, Singh RS, Paitandi RP, Sharma G, Koch B, Pandey DS. Influence of substituents on DNA and protein binding of cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes and anticancer activity. Dalton Trans 2018. [PMID: 28640302 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01015j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of terpyridyl based ligands 3-([2,2':6',2''-terpyridin]-4'-yl)-7-methoxy-2-(methylthio)-quinolone, (L1); 3-([2,2':6',2''-terpyridin]-4'-yl)-6-methoxyquinolin-2(1H)-one, (L2); 3-([2,2'-:6',2''-terpyridin]-4'-yl)-6-methylquinolin-2(1H)-one (L3) and cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes [[Ir(ppy)2L1]+PF6- (1), [Ir(ppy)2L2]+PF6- (2), [Ir(ppy)2L3]+PF6- (3) (2-phenylpyridine = Hppy)] involving these ligands has been described. The ligands L1-L3 and complexes 1-3 have been thoroughly characterized by elemental analyses, spectral studies (IR, 1H, 13C NMR, UV/vis and fluorescence) ESI-MS, and the structure of 3 has been unambiguously authenticated by single crystal X-ray analyses. UV/vis, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopic studies showed rather efficient binding of 1 with CT-DNA (calf thymus DNA) and BSA (bovine serum albumin) relative to 2 and 3. Molecular docking studies unveiled binding of 1-3 with minor groove of CT-DNA via van der Waal's forces and electrostatically with the hydrophobic moiety of HSA (human serum albumin). The ligands and complexes exhibited moderate cytotoxicity towards MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer cell line) and significant influence on HeLa (cervical cancer cell line) cells. Cytotoxicity, morphological changes, and apoptosis have been followed by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide) assay, Hoechst 33342/PI (PI = propidium iodide) staining, cell cycle analysis by FACS (fluorescence activated cell sorting), and ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation by DCFH-DA (dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) dye. Confocal microscopy images revealed that the drug efficiently initiates apoptosis in the cell cytosol. The IC50 values showed superior cytotoxicity of 1-3 against the HeLa cell line relative to cisplatin, and their ability to induce apoptosis is in the order 1 > 2 > 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, U.P., India.
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Lipiński PFJ, Garnuszek P, Maurin M, Stoll R, Metzler-Nolte N, Wodyński A, Dobrowolski JC, Dudek MK, Orzełowska M, Mikołajczak R. Structural studies on radiopharmaceutical DOTA-minigastrin analogue (CP04) complexes and their interaction with CCK2 receptor. EJNMMI Res 2018; 8:33. [PMID: 29663167 PMCID: PMC5902437 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-018-0387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cholecystokinin receptor subtype 2 (CCK-2R) is an important target for diagnostic imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy (TRNT) due to its overexpression in certain cancers (e.g., medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC)), thus matching with a theranostic principle. Several peptide conjugates suitable for the TRNT of MTC have been synthesized, including a very promising minigastrin analogue DOTA-(DGlu)6-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2 (CP04). In this contribution, we wanted to see whether CP04 binding affinity for CCK-2R is sensitive to the type of the complexed radiometal, as well as to get insights into the structure of CP04-CCK2R complex by molecular modeling. Results In vitro studies demonstrated that there is no significant difference in CCK-2R binding affinity and specific cellular uptake between the CP04 conjugates complexed with [68Ga]Ga3+ or [177Lu]Lu3+. In order to investigate the background of this observation, we proposed a binding model of CP04 with CCK-2R based on homology modeling and molecular docking. In this model, the C-terminal part of the molecule enters the cavity formed between the receptor helices, while the N-terminus (including DOTA and the metal) is located at the binding site outlet, exposed in large extent to the solvent. The radiometals do not influence the conformation of the molecule except for the direct neighborhood of the chelating moiety. Conclusions The model seems to be in agreement with much of structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies reported for cholecystokinin and for CCK-2R-targeting radiopharmaceuticals. It also explains relative insensitivity of CCK-2R affinity for the change of the metal. The proposed model partially fits the reported site-directed mutagenesis data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr F J Lipiński
- Neuropeptides Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 Str., 02-106, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Piotr Garnuszek
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research, A. Sołtana 7 Str, 05-400, Otwock, Poland
| | - Michał Maurin
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research, A. Sołtana 7 Str, 05-400, Otwock, Poland
| | - Raphael Stoll
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nils Metzler-Nolte
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Artur Wodyński
- Świerk Computing Centre, National Centre for Nuclear Research, A. Sołtana 7 Str., 05-400, Otwock, Poland.,Institut für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. C7, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Cz Dobrowolski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16 Street, 03-195, Warszawa, Poland.,National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34 Str., 00-725, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marta K Dudek
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Orzełowska
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research, A. Sołtana 7 Str, 05-400, Otwock, Poland
| | - Renata Mikołajczak
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research, A. Sołtana 7 Str, 05-400, Otwock, Poland
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15
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He L, Wang KN, Zheng Y, Cao JJ, Zhang MF, Tan CP, Ji LN, Mao ZW. Cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes induce mitochondria-derived paraptotic cell death and inhibit tumor growthin vivo. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:6942-6953. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00783g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A potent anticancer Ir(iii) complex induces paraptotic cell death by causing mitochondrial dysfunction rapidly and inhibits tumor growth significantlyin vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Kang-Nan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Yue Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Ming-Fang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Cai-Ping Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Liang-Nian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Zong-Wan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
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16
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Paitandi RP, Mukhopadhyay S, Singh RS, Sharma V, Mobin SM, Pandey DS. Anticancer Activity of Iridium(III) Complexes Based on a Pyrazole-Appended Quinoline-Based BODIPY. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:12232-12247. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad Paitandi
- Department of Chemistry,
Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sujay Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry,
Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Roop Shikha Singh
- Department of Chemistry,
Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Daya Shankar Pandey
- Department of Chemistry,
Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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17
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Tabrizi L. The discovery of half-sandwich iridium complexes containing lidocaine and (pyren-1-yl)ethynyl derivatives of phenylcyanamide ligands for photodynamic therapy. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:7242-7252. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01091e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The new design of two cyclopentadienyl iridium(iii) complexes with (pyren-1-yl)ethynyl derivatives of phenylcyanamide and lidocaine ligands, have been studied for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Tabrizi
- School of Chemistry
- National University of Ireland
- Galway
- Ireland
- Department of Chemistry
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18
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Lucas SJ, Lord RM, Basri AM, Allison SJ, Phillips RM, Blacker AJ, McGowan PC. Increasing anti-cancer activity with longer tether lengths of group 9 Cp* complexes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:6812-5. [PMID: 26924272 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00186f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here in, we report the cytotoxicity of both rhodium and iridium functionalised Cp* analogues of the [Cp*MCl2]2 dimers. The functionalised dimers contain a hydroxy tethered arm of differing carbon length. These show promising IC50 values when tested against HT-29, A2780 and cisplatin-resistant A2780cis human cancer cell lines, with the cytotoxicity improving proportionally with an increase in carbon tether length of the Cp* ring. The most promising results are seen for the 14-carbon Cp* tethered rhodium () and iridium () complexes, which show up to a 24-fold increase in IC50 compared to the unfunctionalised [Cp*MCl2]2 dimer. All complexes were potent inhibitors of purified thioredoxin reductase suggesting that disruption of cellular anti-oxidant function is one potential mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Lucas
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Rianne M Lord
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Aida M Basri
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Simon J Allison
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Roger M Phillips
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - A John Blacker
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Patrick C McGowan
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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19
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Pruchnik H, Latocha M, Zielińska A, Pruchnik FP. Rhodium(III) and iridium(III) pentamethylcyclopentadienyl complexes with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine, properties and cytostatic activity. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Vekariya PA, Karia PS, Vaghasiya JV, Soni S, Suresh E, Patel MN. Evolution of rhodium(III) and iridium(III) chelates as metallonucleases. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Wang JQ, Hou XJ, Bo HB, Chen QZ. A cyclometalated iridium(III) complex that induces apoptosis in cisplatin-resistant cancer cells. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Ritacco I, Russo N, Sicilia E. DFT Investigation of the Mechanism of Action of Organoiridium(III) Complexes As Anticancer Agents. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:10801-10. [PMID: 26492153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The potential use of synthetic metal complexes able to catalyze chemical transformations in living organisms is currently attracting a great deal of attention. Recently, organometallic ruthenium and iridium complexes have revealed an unexpected ability to modulate the redox status of cancer cells. In particular, half-sandwich organoiridium(III) cyclopentadienyl complexes of general formula [(η(5)-Cp(x))Ir(III)(X(∧)Y)Z](0/+), where Cp(x) = Cp*, Cp(xph) (tetramethyl-(phenyl)cyclopentadienyl) or Cp(xbiph) (tetramethyl(biphenyl)-cyclopentadienyl), X(∧)Y = bidentate ligand with nitrogen, oxygen, and/or carbon donor atoms, and Z = Cl, H2O, or pyridine (py) have shown promising antiproliferative activity toward cancer cells, higher potency than cisplatin, and a different mechanism of action due to the increase of the oxidative stress in cells. As such, complexes can belong to the class of DNA interacting compounds and attack on DNA can represent a secondary mechanism of action. We have explored here by means of density functional calculations (M06-L) and with the support of experimental observations for both [(η(5)-Cp(xbiph))Ir-(phpy) (Cl)], 1-Cl, and [(η(5)-Cp(xbiph))Ir-(phpy) (py)], 1-py, complexes the mechanistic aspects of the hydrolysis reaction, H2O2 ROS production by assisted hydride transfer from NADH to molecular oxygen, interaction with purine nucleobases adenine and guanine as well as gluthatione, that is highly abundant in cells, alongside the reaction mechanism for the oxidation of the formed sulfur-coordinated thiolate to the corresponding sulfenato complex. The comparison between kinetic and thermodynamic parameters calculated for all the involved processes shows that, according to the hypothesis based on experimental findings, the interaction with the tripeptide glutathione causes deactivation of 1-Cl, whereas 1-py, in both its aquated and nonaquated form, can induce cell apoptosis in a dual manner: DNA damage and H2O2 ROS production to increase oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Ritacco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria , Ponte P. Bucci, Cubo 14cI-87030, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria , Ponte P. Bucci, Cubo 14cI-87030, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria , Ponte P. Bucci, Cubo 14cI-87030, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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23
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Mukhopadhyay S, Gupta RK, Paitandi RP, Rana NK, Sharma G, Koch B, Rana LK, Hundal MS, Pandey DS. Synthesis, Structure, DNA/Protein Binding, and Anticancer Activity of Some Half-Sandwich Cyclometalated Rh(III) and Ir(III) Complexes. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Love Karan Rana
- Department
of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
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24
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Liu Z, Romero-Canelón I, Habtemariam A, Clarkson GJ, Sadler PJ. Potent Half-Sandwich Iridium(III) Anticancer Complexes Containing C ∧N-Chelated and Pyridine Ligands. Organometallics 2014; 33:5324-5333. [PMID: 25328266 PMCID: PMC4195516 DOI: 10.1021/om500644f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of eight half-sandwich cyclopentadienyl IrIII pyridine complexes of the type [(η5-Cpxph)Ir(phpy)Z]PF6, in which Cpxph = C5Me4C6H5 (tetramethyl(phenyl)cyclopentadienyl), phpy = 2-phenylpyridine as C∧N-chelating ligand, and Z = pyridine (py) or a pyridine derivative. Three X-ray crystal structures have been determined. The monodentate py ligands blocked hydrolysis; however, antiproliferative studies showed that all the Ir compounds are highly active toward A2780, A549, and MCF-7 human cancer cells. In general the introduction of an electron-donating group (e.g., Me, NMe2) at specific positions on the pyridine ring resulted in increased antiproliferative activity, whereas electron-withdrawing groups (e.g., COMe, COOMe, CONEt2) decreased anticancer activity. Complex 5 displayed the highest anticancer activity, exhibiting submicromolar potency toward a range of cancer cell lines in the National Cancer Institute NCI-60 screen, ca. 5 times more potent than the clinical platinum(II) drug cisplatin. DNA binding appears not to be the major mechanism of action. Although complexes [(η5-Cpxph)Ir(phpy)(py)]+ (1) and [(η5-Cpxph)Ir(phpy)(4-NMe2-py)]+ (5) did not cause cell apoptosis or cell cycle arrest after 24 h drug exposure in A2780 human ovarian cancer cells at IC50 concentrations, they increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) dramatically and led to a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), which appears to contribute to the anticancer activity. This class of organometallic Ir complexes has unusual features worthy of further exploration in the design of novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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25
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Liu Z, Sadler PJ. Formation of glutathione sulfenate and sulfinate complexes by an organoiridium(iii) anticancer complex. Inorg Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qi00098f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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26
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Mukherjee T, Mukherjee M, Sen B, Banerjee S, Hundal G, Chattopadhyay P. Synthesis, characterization, interactions with DNA and bovine serum albumin (BSA), and antibacterial activity of cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes containing dithiocarbamate derivatives. J COORD CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2014.945924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Buddhadeb Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Burdwan University, Burdwan, India
| | - Snehasis Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology, Kolkata, India
| | - Geeta Hundal
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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27
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Abstract
![]()
Iridium
is a relatively rare precious heavy metal, only slightly
less dense than osmium. Researchers have long recognized the catalytic
properties of square-planar IrI complexes, such as Crabtree’s
hydrogenation catalyst, an organometallic complex with cyclooctadiene,
phosphane, and pyridine ligands. More recently, chemists have developed
half-sandwich pseudo-octahedral pentamethylcyclopentadienyl IrIII complexes containing diamine ligands that efficiently catalyze
transfer hydrogenation reactions of ketones and aldehydes in water
using H2 or formate as the hydrogen source. Although sometimes
assumed to be chemically inert, the reactivity of low-spin 5d6 IrIII centers is highly dependent on the set of
ligands. Cp* complexes with strong σ-donor C∧C-chelating ligands can even stabilize IrIV and catalyze
the oxidation of water. In comparison with well developed Ir catalysts,
Ir-based pharmaceuticals are still in their infancy. In this Account,
we review recent developments in organoiridium complexes as both catalysts
and anticancer agents. Initial studies of anticancer activity
with organoiridium complexes
focused on square-planar IrI complexes because of their
structural and electronic similarity to PtII anticancer
complexes such as cisplatin. Recently, researchers have studied half-sandwich
IrIII anticancer complexes. These complexes with the formula
[(Cpx)Ir(L∧L′)Z]0/n+ (with Cp* or extended Cp* and L∧L′ = chelated C∧N or N∧N ligands) have a much greater potency (nanomolar) toward a range
of cancer cells (especially leukemia, colon cancer, breast cancer,
prostate cancer, and melanoma) than cisplatin. Their mechanism of
action may involve both an attack on DNA and a perturbation of the
redox status of cells. Some of these complexes can form IrIII-hydride complexes using coenzyme NAD(P)H as a source of hydride
to catalyze the generation of H2 or the reduction of quinones
to semiquinones. Intriguingly, relatively unreactive organoiridium
complexes containing an imine as a monodentate ligand have prooxidant
activity, which appears to involve catalytic hydride transfer to oxygen
and the generation of hydrogen peroxide in cells. In addition, researchers
have designed inert IrIII complexes as potent kinase inhibitors.
Octahedral cyclometalated IrIII complexes not only serve
as cell imaging agents, but can also inhibit tumor necrosis factor
α, promote DNA oxidation, generate singlet oxygen when photoactivated,
and exhibit good anticancer activity. Although relatively unexplored,
organoiridium chemistry offers unique features that researchers can
exploit to generate novel diagnostic agents and drugs with new mechanisms
of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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28
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Liu Z, Romero-Canelón I, Qamar B, Hearn JM, Habtemariam A, Barry NPE, Pizarro AM, Clarkson GJ, Sadler PJ. The Potent Oxidant Anticancer Activity of Organoiridium Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201311161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Liu Z, Romero-Canelón I, Qamar B, Hearn JM, Habtemariam A, Barry NPE, Pizarro AM, Clarkson GJ, Sadler PJ. The potent oxidant anticancer activity of organoiridium catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3941-6. [PMID: 24616129 PMCID: PMC4227564 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201311161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Platinum complexes are the most widely used anticancer drugs; however, new generations of agents are needed. The organoiridium(III) complex [(η5-Cpxbiph)Ir(phpy)(Cl)] (1-Cl), which contains π-bonded biphenyltetramethylcyclopentadienyl (Cpxbiph) and C∧N-chelated phenylpyridine (phpy) ligands, undergoes rapid hydrolysis of the chlorido ligand. In contrast, the pyridine complex [(η5-Cpxbiph)Ir(phpy)(py)]+ (1-py) aquates slowly, and is more potent (in nanomolar amounts) than both 1-Cl and cisplatin towards a wide range of cancer cells. The pyridine ligand protects 1-py from rapid reaction with intracellular glutathione. The high potency of 1-py correlates with its ability to increase substantially the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer cells. The unprecedented ability of these iridium complexes to generate H2O2 by catalytic hydride transfer from the coenzyme NADH to oxygen is demonstrated. Such organoiridium complexes are promising as a new generation of anticancer drugs for effective oxidant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
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30
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Novohradsky V, Liu Z, Vojtiskova M, Sadler PJ, Brabec V, Kasparkova J. Mechanism of cellular accumulation of an iridium(III) pentamethylcyclopentadienyl anticancer complex containing a C,N-chelating ligand. Metallomics 2014; 6:682-90. [PMID: 24448555 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of replacement of the N,N-chelating ligand 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) in the Ir(III) pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp*) complex [(η(5)-Cp*)(Ir)(phen)Cl](+) (2) with the C,N-chelating ligand 7,8-benzoquinoline (bq) to give [(η(5)-Cp*)(Ir)(bq)Cl] (1) on the cytotoxicity of these Cp*Ir(III) complexes toward cancer cell lines was investigated. Complex 2 is inactive, similar to other Cp*Ir(III) complexes containing the N,N-chelating ligands. In contrast, a single atom change (C(-) for N) in the chelating N,N ligand resulted in potency in human ovarian carcinoma cisplatin-sensitive A2780 cells, and, strikingly, 1 is active in the cisplatin-resistant human breast cancer MCF-7 and A2780/cisR cells. Replacement of the N,N-chelating ligand with the C,N-chelating ligand gives rise to increased hydrophobicity, leading to higher cellular accumulation, higher DNA-bound iridium in cells and higher cytotoxicity. The pathways involved in cellular accumulation of 1 have been further explored and compared with conventional cisplatin. The results show that both energy-independent passive diffusion and energy-dependent transport play a role in accumulation of 1. Further results were consistent with involvement of p-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 and glutathione metabolism in the efflux of 1. In contrast, the internalization of 1 mediated by the endocytotic uptake pathway(s) seems less likely. Understanding the factors which contribute to the mechanism of cellular accumulation of this Ir(III) complex can now lead to the design of structurally similar metal complexes for antitumor chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Novohradsky
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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31
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Yang Q, Chang J, Song J, Qian MT, Yu JM, Sun X. Synthesis and in vitro antitumor activity of novel iridium(III) complexes with enantiopure C2-symmetrical vicinal diamine ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4602-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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32
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Leung CH, Zhong HJ, Chan DSH, Ma DL. Bioactive iridium and rhodium complexes as therapeutic agents. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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33
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Substitution reactions in dinuclear platinum(II) complexes: an evaluation of the influence of the diazine-bridging ligand on reactivity. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-013-9726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Ongoma PO, Jaganyi D. Mechanistic elucidation of linker and ancillary ligand substitution reactions in Pt(ii) dinuclear complexes. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:2724-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31956j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Gupta G, Garci A, Murray BS, Dyson PJ, Fabre G, Trouillas P, Giannini F, Furrer J, Süss-Fink G, Therrien B. Synthesis, molecular structure, computational study and in vitro anticancer activity of dinuclear thiolato-bridged pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Rh(iii) and Ir(iii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:15457-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51991k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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36
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Weng J, Mei Q, Jiang W, Fan Q, Tong B, Ling Q, Huang W. Effect of pH on the photophysical properties of two new carboxylic-substituted iridium(iii) complexes. Analyst 2013; 138:1689-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36298h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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37
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Geldmacher Y, Oleszak M, Sheldrick WS. Rhodium(III) and iridium(III) complexes as anticancer agents. Inorganica Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2012.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Metallo-supramolecular Polymers: Versatile DNA Binding and Their Cytotoxicity. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-012-9752-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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39
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Trovato E, Di Pietro ML, Puntoriero F. Shining a New Light on an Old Game - An OsII-Based Near-IR Light Switch. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201200787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Hartinger CG, Metzler-Nolte N, Dyson PJ. Challenges and Opportunities in the Development of Organometallic Anticancer Drugs. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300373t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian G. Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private
Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nils Metzler-Nolte
- Inorganic Chemistry I-Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse, 44801
Bochum, Germany
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL−BCH, CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
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41
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Nazif MA, Rubbiani R, Alborzinia H, Kitanovic I, Wölfl S, Ott I, Sheldrick WS. Cytotoxicity and cellular impact of dinuclear organoiridium DNA intercalators and nucleases with long rigid bridging ligands. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:5587-98. [PMID: 22415580 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt00011c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The DNA binding modes and cleavage properties of novel dinuclear Ir(III) polypyridyl (pp) complexes [{(η(5)-C(5)Me(5))Ir(pp)}(2)(μ-B)](CF(3)SO(3))(4) depend on the lengths of their rigid bridging dipyridinyl ligands B. Mono-intercalation and strong DNA cleavage properties were observed for the dipyrido[2,3-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz) complexes 1 (B = 4-[(E)-2-(4-pyridinyl)ethenyl]pyridine) and 3 (B = 4-(2-pyridin-4-ylethynyl)pyridine), whose intracationic Ir···Ir' distances are about 13.1 and 13.3 Å, respectively. In contrast, UV/Vis and CD spectra were in accordance with a stable intertwined bis-intercalation mode for pairs of cations of 5 (B = 1,4-di(2-pyridin-4-ylethynyl)benzene), whose much longer Ir···Ir' distance of 20.6 Å allows a stack of five aromatic chromophores to be sandwiched between its effectively parallel dppz ligands. Whereas both 1 and 3 cleaved DNA in the dark, complex 5 exhibited only photoinduced nuclease activity. A significantly higher antiproliferative activity towards MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells was observed for the nucleases 1 and 3, whose IC(50) values of 0.61 and 0.49 were much lower than that of 2.2 μM for bis-intercalator 5. Values of 3.8 μM, only slightly higher than that of 5, were recorded for the 5,6-dimethylphenanthroline complexes 4 and 6, whose bridging ligands are identical to those of 3 and 5, respectively. Marked antileukemic activity (IC(50) = 6-7 μM) associated with increased levels of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis induction was recorded for both 3 and 5 towards Jurkat cells at concentrations of 5 μM and above. Online studies with a sensor chip system indicated that 5 μM solutions of these complexes invoke a rapid and massive reduction in MCF-7 cell respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhd Ali Nazif
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität-Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Kastl A, Wilbuer A, Merkel AL, Feng L, Di Fazio P, Ocker M, Meggers E. Dual anticancer activity in a single compound: visible-light-induced apoptosis by an antiangiogenic iridium complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:1863-5. [PMID: 22057186 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc15378a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A metal complex is identified in which the metal fulfills two independent functions: as a structural scaffold for the specific molecular recognition of protein kinases resulting in antiangiogenic properties, together with a visible-light-induced photoreactivity triggering apopotosis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kastl
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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43
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Lo KKW, Zhang KY. Iridium(iii) complexes as therapeutic and bioimaging reagents for cellular applications. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20967e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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44
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Jones JE, Jenkins RL, Hicks RS, Hallett AJ, Pope SJA. Water-soluble, luminescent iridium(iii)–ytterbium(iii) complexes using dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine derivatives as bridging units. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:10372-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31115a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Campagna S, Cavazzini M, Cusumano M, Di Pietro ML, Giannetto A, Puntoriero F, Quici S. Luminescent Ir(III) complex exclusively made of polypyridine ligands capable of intercalating into calf-thymus DNA. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:10667-72. [PMID: 21958310 DOI: 10.1021/ic2010437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Efficient intercalation of a luminescent Ir(III) complex exclusively made of polypyridine ligands in natural and synthetic biopolymers is reported for the first time. The emission of the complex is largely enhanced in the presence of [poly(dA-dT)(2)] and strongly quenched in the presence of [poly(dG-dC)(2)]. By comparing the emission decays in DNA and in synthetic polynucleotides, it is proposed that the emission quenching of the title compound by guanine residues in DNA is no longer effective over a distance of four dA-dT base pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Campagna
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, Via F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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46
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Liu Z, Habtemariam A, Pizarro AM, Clarkson GJ, Sadler PJ. Organometallic Iridium(III) Cyclopentadienyl Anticancer Complexes Containing C,N-Chelating Ligands. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om2005468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Ana M. Pizarro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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Abstract
DNA has a strong affinity for many heterocyclic aromatic dyes, such as acridine and its derivatives. Lerman in 1961 first proposed intercalation as the source of this affinity, and this mode of DNA binding has since attracted considerable research scrutiny. Organic intercalators can inhibit nucleic acid synthesis in vivo, and they are now common anticancer drugs in clinical therapy. The covalent attachment of organic intercalators to transition metal coordination complexes, yielding metallointercalators, can lead to novel DNA interactions that influence biological activity. Metal complexes with σ-bonded aromatic side arms can act as dual-function complexes: they bind to DNA both by metal coordination and through intercalation of the attached aromatic ligand. These aromatic side arms introduce new modes of DNA binding, involving mutual interactions of functional groups held in close proximity. The biological activity of both cis- and trans-diamine Pt(II) complexes is dramatically enhanced by the addition of σ-bonded intercalators. We have explored a new class of organometallic "piano-stool" Ru(II) and Os(II) arene anticancer complexes of the type [(η(6)-arene)Ru/Os(XY)Cl](+). Here XY is, for example, ethylenediamine (en), and the arene ligand can take many forms, including tetrahydroanthracene, biphenyl, or p-cymene. Arene-nucleobase stacking interactions can have a significant influence on both the kinetics and thermodynamics of DNA binding. In particular, the cytotoxic activity, conformational distortions, recognition by DNA-binding proteins, and repair mechanisms are dependent on the arene. A major difficulty in developing anticancer drugs is cross-resistance, a phenomenon whereby a cell that is resistant to one drug is also resistant to another drug in the same class. These new complexes are non-cross-resistant with cisplatin towards cancer cells: they constitute a new class of anticancer agents, with a mechanism of action that differs from the anticancer drug cisplatin and its analogs. The Ru-arene complexes with dual functions are more potent towards cancer cells than their nonintercalating analogs. In this Account, we focus on recent studies of dual-function organometallic Ru(II)- and Os(II)-arene complexes and the methods used to detect arene-DNA intercalation. We relate these interactions to the mechanism of anticancer activity and to structure-activity relationships. The interactions between these complexes and DNA show close similarities to those of covalent polycyclic aromatic carcinogens, especially to N7-alkylating intercalation compounds. However, Ru-arene complexes exhibit some new features. Classical intercalation and base extrusion next to the metallated base is observed for {(η(6)-biphenyl)Ru(ethylenediamine)}(2+) adducts of a 14-mer duplex, while penetrating arene intercalation occurs for adducts of the nonaromatic bulky intercalator {(η(6)-tetrahydroanthracene)Ru(ethylenediamine)}(2+) with a 6-mer duplex. The introduction of dual-function Ru-arene complexes introduces new mechanisms of antitumor activity, novel mechanisms for attack on DNA, and new concepts for developing structure- activity relationships. We hope this discussion will stimulate thoughtful and focused research on the design of anticancer chemotherapeutic agents using these unique approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ke Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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48
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Synthesis, spectrophotometric pH titrations and DNA binding properties of a cyclometalated iridium(III) complex of tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c:3″,2″-h:2‴,3‴-j]phenazine. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Liu Z, Habtemariam A, Pizarro AM, Fletcher SA, Kisova A, Vrana O, Salassa L, Bruijnincx PCA, Clarkson GJ, Brabec V, Sadler PJ. Organometallic Half-Sandwich Iridium Anticancer Complexes. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3011-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2000932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ana M. Pizarro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Sally A. Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Kisova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oldrich Vrana
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luca Salassa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Geldmacher Y, Rubbiani R, Wefelmeier P, Prokop A, Ott I, Sheldrick WS. Synthesis and DNA-binding properties of apoptosis-inducing cytotoxic half-sandwich rhodium(III) complexes with methyl-substituted polypyridyl ligands. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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