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Moriiwa Y, Shoji A, Shibusawa Y, Yanagida A. Elution behavior of drugs in high-speed counter-current chromatography using on-column complexation with metal ions. ANAL SCI 2024; 40:1121-1128. [PMID: 38592653 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, determination of (nitrogen containing) drugs by on-column complexation with metal ions in high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was investigated. Bromazepam (BMP) was strongly retained in the organic upper stationary phase (UP) of the two-phase solvent system composed of tert-butyl methyl ether-acetonitrile-water (2:2:3, v/v/v) by eluting the aqueous lower mobile phase (LP) at a flow rate of 2 mL min-1. On the other hand, BMP (200 µg mL-1) was eluted faster without retention to the organic UP with the two-phase system containing 100 μg mL-1 of copper ions (CuCl2) because a very polar BMP-Cu2+ complex was immediately formed in the aqueous LP. The dramatic change in the retention behavior of BMP resulted from on-column complexation. The on-column complexation in HSCCC was further investigated for five (nitrogen containing) drugs and seven metal ions. In the result, tizanidine and phentolamine formed complexes with Al3+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+, ambroxol formed complexes with Al3+, Fe2+, and Cu2+, but voriconazole formed no complexes with all metal ions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Moriiwa
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Shoji
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shibusawa
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Akio Yanagida
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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2
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O’Shaughnessy M, Sheils O, Baird AM. The Lung Microbiome in COPD and Lung Cancer: Exploring the Potential of Metal-Based Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12296. [PMID: 37569672 PMCID: PMC10419288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer 17 are two of the most prevalent and debilitating respiratory diseases worldwide, both associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. As major global health concerns, they impose a substantial burden on patients, healthcare systems, and society at large. Despite their distinct aetiologies, lung cancer and COPD share common risk factors, clinical features, and pathological pathways, which have spurred increasing research interest in their co-occurrence. One area of particular interest is the role of the lung microbiome in the development and progression of these diseases, including the transition from COPD to lung cancer. Exploring novel therapeutic strategies, such as metal-based drugs, offers a potential avenue for targeting the microbiome in these diseases to improve patient outcomes. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the lung microbiome, with a particular emphasis on COPD and lung cancer, and to discuss the potential of metal-based drugs as a therapeutic strategy for these conditions, specifically concerning targeting the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan O’Shaughnessy
- School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orla Sheils
- School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, D08 RX0X Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne-Marie Baird
- School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Božić Cvijan B, Korać Jačić J, Bajčetić M. The Impact of Copper Ions on the Activity of Antibiotic Drugs. Molecules 2023; 28:5133. [PMID: 37446795 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential trace metal and its concentration in body plasma is tightly regulated. An increase in Cu concentration in body fluids is observed in numerous pathological conditions, including infections caused by microorganisms. Evidence shows that Cu ions can impact the activity of antibiotics by increasing efficiency or diminishing/neutralizing antibiotic activity, forming complexes which may lead to antibiotic structure degradation. Herein, we represent the evidence available on Cu-antibiotic interactions and their possible impact on antimicrobial therapy efficiency. So far, in vitro studies described interactions between Cu ions and the majority of antibiotics in clinical use: penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, isoniazid, metronidazole. In vitro-described degradation or lower antimicrobial activity of amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefaclor, ceftriaxone, and meropenem in the presence of Cu ions suggest caution when using prescribed antibiotics in patients with altered Cu levels. On the other hand, several Cu-dependent compounds with antibacterial activity including the drug-resistant bacteria were discovered, such as thiosemicarbazones, disulfiram, dithiocarbamates, 8-hydroxiquinoline, phenanthrolines, pyrithione. Having in mind that the development of new antibiotics is already marked as inadequate and does not meet global needs, the potential of Cu-antibiotic interactions to change the efficiency of antimicrobial therapy requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Božić Cvijan
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Korać Jačić
- Life Sciences Department, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Bajčetić
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University Children's Hospital, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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El-Sayed DS, Tawfik EM, Elhusseiny AF, El-Dissouky A. A perception into binary and ternary copper (II) complexes: synthesis, characterization, DFT modeling, antimicrobial activity, protein binding screen, and amino acid interaction. BMC Chem 2023; 17:55. [PMID: 37316928 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-00962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages is the third goal of the sustainable development plan, so it was necessary to identify the most important problems that threaten health in our world. The World Health Organization declared that antibiotic resistance is one of the uppermost global public health threats facing humanity and searching for new antibiotics is slow. This problem can be approached by improving available drugs to combat various bacterial threats. To circumvent bacterial resistance, three copper(II) complexes based on the pefloxacin drug were prepared and characterized using analytical, spectroscopic, and thermal techniques. The resulting data suggested the formation of one octahedral binary and two distorted square pyramidal ternary complexes. Fluorescence spectra results revealed the formation of a turn-on fluorophore for amino acid detection. Computational calculations investigated quantum and reactivity parameters. Molecular electrostatic potential profiles and noncovalent bond interaction-reduced density gradient analysis indicated the active sites on the complex surface. The complexes were subjected to six microbial species, where the octahedral binary complex provoked its antimicrobial potency in comparison with ternary complexes. The enhanced antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacterium E-coli compared to gentamicin was exhibited by the three complexes. Docking simulation was performed based on the crystal structure of E. coli and S. pneumoniae receptors using 5I2D and 6O15 codes. The binary complex exhibited a potent fitness score with 5I2D (TBE = - 107 kcal/mol) while ternary complexes displayed the highest docked score of fitness with 6O15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa S El-Sayed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 2 Bagdad Street, P.O. Box 2-Moharrem Beck, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt.
| | - Eman M Tawfik
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 2 Bagdad Street, P.O. Box 2-Moharrem Beck, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt
| | - Amel F Elhusseiny
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 2 Bagdad Street, P.O. Box 2-Moharrem Beck, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt
| | - Ali El-Dissouky
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 2 Bagdad Street, P.O. Box 2-Moharrem Beck, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt
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5
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Lazou M, Hatzidimitriou AG, Papadopoulos AN, Psomas G. Transition metal(II) complexes with the non–steroidal anti–inflammatory drug oxaprozin: Characterization and biological profile. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 243:112196. [PMID: 36966675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
A series of copper(II), nickel(II) and cobalt(II) complexes with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug oxaprozin (Hoxa) have been synthesized and characterized by diverse techniques. The crystal structures of two copper(II) complexes, namely the dinuclear complex [Cu2(oxa)4(DMF)2] (1) and the polymeric complex {[Cu2(oxa)4]·2MeOH·0.5MeOH}2 (12) were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. In order to evaluate in vitro the antioxidant activity of the resultant complexes, their scavenging ability towards 1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals was investigated revealing their high effectiveness against these radicals. The binding of the complexes to bovine serum albumin and human serum albumin was examined and the corresponding determined albumin-binding constants showed a tight and reversible interaction. The interaction of the complexes with calf-thymus DNA was monitored by diverse techniques including UV-vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, DNA-viscosity measurements and competitive studies with ethidium bromide. Intercalation may be proposed as the most possible DNA-interaction mode of the complexes.
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Singh A, Gogoi HP, Barman P, Guha AK. Novel Thioether Schiff base Transition metal complexes: Design, Synthesis, Characterization, Molecular docking, Computational, Biological, and Catalytic Studies. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Singh
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Silchar Assam India
| | - Himadri Priya Gogoi
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Silchar Assam India
| | - Pranjit Barman
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Silchar Assam India
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7
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Elhusseiny AF, El-Dissouky A, Mautner F, Tawfik EM, El-Sayed DS. An insight into non-covalent interactions in binary, ternary and quaternary copper (II) complexes: Synthesis, X-ray structure, DFT calculations, antimicrobial activity and molecular docking studies. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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8
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MORIIWA Y, KIMURA M, ODA S, MORIOKA K, SHOJI A, YANAGIDA A. Development of a Rapid Screening Method for Detecting Drugs-metal Ions Interaction Using Ion Selective Electrode. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2022. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.71.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko MORIIWA
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Momoko KIMURA
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Sayaka ODA
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Kazuhiro MORIOKA
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Atsushi SHOJI
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Akio YANAGIDA
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
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9
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Nedeljković NV, Nikolić MV, Mijajlović MŽ, Radić GP, Stanković AS. Interaction of bioessential metal ions with quinolone antibiotics: Structural features and biological evaluation. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Malis G, Geromichalou E, Geromichalos GD, Hatzidimitriou AG, Psomas G. Copper(II) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Structural characterization, in vitro and in silico biological profile. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 224:111563. [PMID: 34399232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Six novel copper(II) complexes with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen, loxoprofen, fenoprofen and clonixin as ligands were synthesized and characterized by diverse techniques including single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The in vitro scavenging activity of the complexes against 1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) free radicals and the ability to reduce H2O2 were studied in the context of the antioxidant activity studies. The complexes may interact with calf-thymus DNA via intercalation as revealed by the techniques employed. The affinity of the complexes for bovine and human serum albumins was evaluated by fluorescence emission spectroscopy and the corresponding binding constants were determined. Molecular docking simulations on the crystal structure of calf-thymus DNA, human and bovine serum albumins were also employed in order to study in silico the ability of the studied compounds to bind to these target biomacromolecules, in terms of impairment of DNA and transportation through serum albumins, to explain the observed in vitro activity and to establish a possible mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Malis
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR -54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elena Geromichalou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - George D Geromichalos
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR -54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonios G Hatzidimitriou
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR -54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Psomas
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR -54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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11
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Ferreira M, Gameiro P. Fluoroquinolone-Transition Metal Complexes: A Strategy to Overcome Bacterial Resistance. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071506. [PMID: 34361943 PMCID: PMC8303200 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are antibiotics widely used in the clinical practice due to their large spectrum of action against Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria. Nevertheless, the misuse and overuse of these antibiotics has triggered the development of bacterial resistance mechanisms. One of the strategies to circumvent this problem is the complexation of FQs with transition metal ions, known as metalloantibiotics, which can promote different activity and enhanced pharmacological behaviour. Here, we discuss the stability of FQ metalloantibiotics and their possible translocation pathways. The main goal of the present review is to frame the present knowledge on the conjunction of biophysical and biological tools that can help to unravel the antibacterial action of FQ metalloantibiotics. An additional goal is to shed light on the studies that must be accomplished to ensure stability and viability of such metalloantibiotics. Potentiometric, spectroscopic, microscopic, microbiological, and computational techniques are surveyed. Stability and partition constants, interaction with membrane porins and elucidation of their role in the influx, determination of the antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates, elucidation of the mechanism of action, and toxicity assays are described for FQ metalloantibiotics.
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12
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Xu Z, Xiang Y, Zhou H, Yang J, He Y, Zhu Z, Zhou Y. Manganese ferrite modified biochar from vinasse for enhanced adsorption of levofloxacin: Effects and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115968. [PMID: 33187843 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The primitive biochar (BC) and NiFe2O4/biochar composites (NFBC), biological adsorbents prepared from vinasse wastes, possess the environmental application in levofloxacin (LEV) removal. In this study, the efficient adsorption of LEV onto biochar synthesized by pyrolysis of vinasse wastes from aqueous environment was investigated. The influencing factors (i.e., pH, reaction time, and temperature) of adsorption process were also well studied. The results indicated that the maximum adsorption capacities of both BC and NFBC were occurred in mildly acidic condition (pH 6). In addition, the biochar adsorption capacities were obviously increased in higher temperature (25-45 °C). The chemistry adsorption and monolayer homogeneous dominated adsorption process of LEV onto BC and NFBC. The adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic by thermodynamic analysis. The SEDA (site energy distribution analysis) explained that the adsorption effectivity increased by increasing site energy of biochar surface. The SEDA revealed the more energy heterogeneity in NFBC, fitting the characterization result of Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) interactions and hydrogen bonds is suggested as the major adsorption mechanism. And as for the adsorption of the various biowaste recycled synthetic, this study can be referred in discussion of performance analysis and optimal condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyi Xu
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical, Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, HunanAgricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yujia Xiang
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical, Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, HunanAgricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical, Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, HunanAgricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical, Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, HunanAgricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yangzhou He
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical, Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, HunanAgricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Ziqian Zhu
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical, Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, HunanAgricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical, Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, HunanAgricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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13
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Ferreira M, Sousa CF, Gameiro P. Fluoroquinolone Metalloantibiotics to Bypass Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms: Decreased Permeation through Porins. MEMBRANES 2020; 11:membranes11010003. [PMID: 33375018 PMCID: PMC7822003 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are broad-spectrum antibiotics largely used in the clinical practice against Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria. Nevertheless, bacteria have developed several antimicrobial resistance mechanisms against such class of antibiotics. Ternary complexes of FQs, copper(II) and phenanthroline, known as metalloantibiotics, arise in an attempt to counteract an antibiotic resistance mechanism related to low membrane permeability. These metalloantibiotics seem to use an alternative influx route, independent of porins. The translocation pathways of five FQs and its metalloantibiotics were studied through biophysical experiments, allowing us to infer about the role of OmpF porin in the influx. The FQ-OmpF interaction was assessed in mimetic membrane systems differing on the lipidic composition, disclosing no interference of the lipidic composition. The drug-porin interaction revealed similar values for the association constants of FQs and metalloantibiotics with native OmpF. Therefore, OmpF mutants and specific quenchers were used to study the location-association relationship, comparing a free FQ and its metalloantibiotic. The free FQ revealed a specific association, with preference for residues on the centre of OmpF, while the metalloantibiotic showed a random interaction. Thereby, metalloantibiotics may be an alternative to pure FQs, being able to overcome some antimicrobial resistance mechanism of Gram-negative bacteria related to decreased membrane permeability.
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Aycan T, Öztürk F, Doruk T, Demir S, Fidan M, Paşaoğlu H. Synthesis, structural, spectral and antimicrobial activity studies of copper-nalidixic acid complex with 1,10-phenanthroline: DFT and molecular docking. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 241:118639. [PMID: 32629397 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mix-ligand coordination compound, [Cu(Nal)(Phen)(H2O)].(Phen).ClO4.(H2O)2 (Nal= Monoanion of nalidixic acid and Phen = 1,10- Phenanthroline), was investigated by focusing on its supramolecular architecture. Structural properties of the complex were characterized by XRD, spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis. The complex has crystallized in the triclinic crystal system and P-1 space group. In the structure where the Cu (II) ion is in the center of symmetry, nalidixate anion and water molecule coordinated to Cu (II) metal through oxygen atoms while phen coordinated through nitrogen atoms. The monomer units are connected by hydrogen bonds to form supramolecular structures. The ground state molecular structure of the complex was optimized using DFT/B3LYP/LANL2DZ method, and compared with experimental X-ray geometry. The FT-IR study of the complex was carried out in the middle IR region focusing on the characteristic vibrations of the free ligands and the complex. Scaled calculated vibrational frequencies are compared with experimental values. The magnetic properties of the complex were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Further ultra-violet (UV)-visible spectral analysis was also performed to understand optical properties. The experimental UV-Vis data were associated with the calculated frontier molecular orbitals HOMO/LUMO and, molecular electrostatic potentials (MEP) are also investigated. Biological study of the complex against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans showed very strong antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 128 μg/ml to 1 μg/ml concentration. The optimized complex is docked to the DNA Gyrase (3LPX) and gyrase tip IIA topoisomerase (3UC1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğba Aycan
- Sinop University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Physics Department, Sinop, Turkey.
| | - Filiz Öztürk
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Blacksea Advanced Technology Research and Application Center, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Tuğrul Doruk
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Microbiyology and Genetic, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Serkan Demir
- Giresun University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Melek Fidan
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Physics Department, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hümeyra Paşaoğlu
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Physics Department, Samsun, Turkey
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Copper(II) Complexes with Mixed Heterocycle Ligands as Promising Antibacterial and Antitumor Species. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173777. [PMID: 32825156 PMCID: PMC7504215 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Complexes with mixed ligands [Cu(N-N)2(pmtp)](ClO4)2 ((1) N-N: 2,2′-bipyridine; (2) L: 1,10-phenanthroline and pmpt: 5-phenyl-7-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine) were synthesized and structurally and biologically characterized. Compound (1) crystallizes into space group Pa and (2) in P-1. Both complexes display an intermediate stereochemistry between the two five-coordinated ones. The biological tests indicated that the two compounds exhibited superoxide scavenging capacity, intercalative DNA properties, and metallonuclease activity. Tests on various cell systems indicated that the two complexes neither interfere with the proliferation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae or BJ healthy skin cells, nor cause hemolysis in the active concentration range. Nevertheless, the compounds showed antibacterial potential, with complex (2) being significantly more active than complex (1) against all tested bacterial strains, both in planktonic and biofilm growth state. Both complexes exhibited a very good activity against B16 melanoma cells, with a higher specificity being displayed by compound (1). Taken together, the results indicate that complexes (1) and (2) have specific biological relevance, with potential for the development of antitumor or antimicrobial drugs.
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Moriiwa Y, Suzuki N, Shoji A, Yanagida A. Analysis of Complexation Interactions between Metal Ions and Drugs under Pseudo-physiological pH Conditions by a High-throughput Screening Method Using a Solid-phase Extraction Cartridge. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:709-715. [PMID: 31866609 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput screening method for the complexation between metal ions and drugs was established by combining solid-phase extraction (SPE) using a nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) modified silica spin cartridge with subsequent HPLC analysis. First, a test metal ion solution was passed through the NTA cartridge, then a test drug solution diluted in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) was passed through the metal-chelated NTA cartridge. The complexation behavior between the metal and the drug on the NTA cartridge was evaluated by HPLC quantification of the drug in the SPE eluate. Comprehensive analysis of the complexation behavior between 11 different metal ions and 55 drugs showed that Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cr3+ and Fe3+ formed complexes with 12, 5, 4, 2, 1 and 1 kinds of drugs, respectively. Bromazepam selectively formed complexes with Cu2+, Ni2+ and Co2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Moriiwa
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Naoko Suzuki
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Atsushi Shoji
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Akio Yanagida
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
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17
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Psomas G. Copper(II) and zinc(II) coordination compounds of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Structural features and antioxidant activity. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Lazou M, Tarushi A, Gritzapis P, Psomas G. Transition metal complexes with a novel guanine-based (E)-2-(2-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)hydrazinyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one: Synthesis, characterization, interaction with DNA and albumins and antioxidant activity. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 206:111019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Jozefíková F, Perontsis S, Šimunková M, Barbieriková Z, Švorc L, Valko M, Psomas G, Moncol’ J. Novel copper(ii) complexes with fenamates and isonicotinamide: structure and properties, and interactions with DNA and serum albumin. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs tolfenamic, meclofenamic, mefenamic, clonixic and niflumic acids with isonicotinamide and copper(ii) acetate resulted in the formation of five novel mixed-ligand Cu(ii) coordination compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flóra Jozefíková
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology
- Slovak University of Technology
- Bratislava
- Slovakia
| | - Spyros Perontsis
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- GR-54124 Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - Miriama Šimunková
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology
- Slovak University of Technology
- Bratislava
- Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Barbieriková
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology
- Slovak University of Technology
- Bratislava
- Slovakia
| | - L’ubomír Švorc
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology
- Slovak University of Technology
- Bratislava
- Slovakia
| | - Marian Valko
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology
- Slovak University of Technology
- Bratislava
- Slovakia
| | - George Psomas
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- GR-54124 Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - Ján Moncol’
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology
- Slovak University of Technology
- Bratislava
- Slovakia
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20
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Synthesis, structure and antibacterial activity of a copper(II) coordination polymer based on thiophene-2,5-dicarboxylate ligand. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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21
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Mahmood K, Hashmi W, Ismail H, Mirza B, Twamley B, Akhter Z, Rozas I, Baker RJ. Synthesis, DNA binding and antibacterial activity of metal(II) complexes of a benzimidazole Schiff base. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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de Carvalho AB, de Souza ÍP, de Andrade LM, Binatti I, Pedroso EF, Krambrock K, Oliveira WX, Pereira-Maia EC, Silva-Caldeira PP. Novel copper(II) coordination polymer containing the drugs nalidixic acid and 8-hydroxyquinoline: Evaluation of the structural, magnetic, electronic, and antitumor properties. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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23
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Kumar S, Sharma RP, Venugopalan P, Ferretti V, Perontsis S, Psomas G. Copper(II) diclofenac complexes: Synthesis, structural studies and interaction with albumins and calf-thymus DNA. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 187:97-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Iqbal M, Ali S, Tahir MN. Octahedral copper(II) carboxylate complex: synthesis, structural description, DNA-binding and anti-bacterial studies. J COORD CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2018.1456655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Pakistan
| | - Saqib Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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25
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Ozaltin K, Lehocky M, Humpolicek P, Vesela D, Mozetic M, Novak I, Saha P. Preparation of active antibacterial biomaterials based on sparfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and lomefloxacin deposited on polyethylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Ozaltin
- Centre of Polymer Systems; Tomas Bata University in Zlín; Trida Tomase Bati 5678, Zlin 760 01 Czech Republic
| | - Marian Lehocky
- Centre of Polymer Systems; Tomas Bata University in Zlín; Trida Tomase Bati 5678, Zlin 760 01 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Humpolicek
- Centre of Polymer Systems; Tomas Bata University in Zlín; Trida Tomase Bati 5678, Zlin 760 01 Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Vesela
- Centre of Polymer Systems; Tomas Bata University in Zlín; Trida Tomase Bati 5678, Zlin 760 01 Czech Republic
| | - Miran Mozetic
- Department of Surface Engineering and Optoelectronics; Jozef Stefan Institute; Jamova Cesta 39, Ljubljana 1000 Slovenia
| | - Igor Novak
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava 845 41 Slovakia
| | - Petr Saha
- Centre of Polymer Systems; Tomas Bata University in Zlín; Trida Tomase Bati 5678, Zlin 760 01 Czech Republic
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26
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Dihydroxo-bridged dimeric Cu(II) system containing sandwiched non-coordinating phenylacetate anion: Crystal structure, spectroscopic, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and DNA-binding studies of [(phen)(H 2 O)Cu(OH) 2 Cu(H 2 O)(phen)]2L.6H 2 O: (HL = phenylacetic acid; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline). J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Kostelidou A, Kalogiannis S, Begou OA, Perdih F, Turel I, Psomas G. Synthesis, structure and biological activity of copper(II) complexes with gatifloxacin. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Perontsis S, Hatzidimitriou AG, Begou OA, Papadopoulos AN, Psomas G. Characterization and biological properties of copper(II)-ketoprofen complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 162:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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29
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Xiao Y, Xu K, Wang Q, Xiong X, Huang Y, Li H. Synthesis, structure, and calf-thymus DNA binding of ternary fleroxacin–Cu(ii) complexes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18971g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the synthesized fleroxacin complexes and CT DNA was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Kailin Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Qing Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Xinnuo Xiong
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yanmei Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
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30
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A new homoleptic coordination compound of ruthenium and norfloxacin and its interaction with human serum albumin. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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31
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Dorotíková S, Kožíšková J, Malček M, Jomová K, Herich P, Plevová K, Briestenská K, Chalupková A, Mistríková J, Milata V, Dvoranová D, Bučinský L. Copper(II) complexes with new fluoroquinolones: Synthesis, structure, spectroscopic and theoretical study, DNA damage, cytotoxicity and antiviral activity. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 150:160-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Medici S, Peana M, Nurchi VM, Lachowicz JI, Crisponi G, Zoroddu MA. Noble metals in medicine: Latest advances. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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33
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Hao W, Wang X, Ding S, Cao Y, Zhang H, Yang W. Robust, antibacterial, and fluorescent hybrid films mimicking nacre. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15570c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The preparation of multifunctional nacre-like hybrid films is reported in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Hao
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Songyan Ding
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Wen Yang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- P. R. China
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34
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Ciprofloxacin Metalloantibiotic: An Effective Antibiotic with an Influx Route Strongly Dependent on Lipid Interaction? J Membr Biol 2014; 248:125-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-014-9749-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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35
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Huang W, Kong S, Wang Z, Pan C, Zhu H. Ni(II) Ternary Complex Based on Antimicrobial Drug Enoxacin: Synthesis and Biological Properties. CHINESE J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201400420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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36
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Feio MJ, Sousa I, Ferreira M, Cunha-Silva L, Saraiva RG, Queirós C, Alexandre JG, Claro V, Mendes A, Ortiz R, Lopes S, Amaral AL, Lino J, Fernandes P, Silva AJ, Moutinho L, de Castro B, Pereira E, Perelló L, Gameiro P. Fluoroquinolone–metal complexes: A route to counteract bacterial resistance? J Inorg Biochem 2014; 138:129-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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37
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Bolhuis A, Aldrich-Wright JR. DNA as a target for antimicrobials. Bioorg Chem 2014; 55:51-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Huang WY, Li J, Kong SL, Wang ZC, Zhu HL. Cu(ii) and Co(ii) ternary complexes of quinolone antimicrobial drug enoxacin and levofloxacin: structure and biological evaluation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05812g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Four novel metal–quinolone complexes tightly binded to calf-thymus DNA and exhibited good binding propensity to albumin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Pharmacology
- Guilin Medical University
| | - Ji Li
- School of Life Sciences
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo 255049, China
| | - Shi-Lin Kong
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Guangxi Normal University)
- Ministry of Education of China
- Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhong-Chang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093, China
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