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Woods JJ, Cosby AG, Wacker JN, Aguirre Quintana LM, Peterson A, Minasian SG, Abergel RJ. Macrocyclic 1,2-Hydroxypyridinone-Based Chelators as Potential Ligands for Thorium-227 and Zirconium-89 Radiopharmaceuticals. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20721-20732. [PMID: 37590371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Thorium-227 (227Th) is an α-emitting radionuclide that has shown preclinical and clinical promise for use in targeted α-therapy (TAT), a type of molecular radiopharmaceutical treatment that harnesses high energy α particles to eradicate cancerous lesions. Despite these initial successes, there still exists a need for bifunctional chelators that can stably bind thorium in vivo. Toward this goal, we have prepared two macrocyclic chelators bearing 1,2-hydroxypyridinone groups. Both chelators can be synthesized in less than six steps from readily available starting materials, which is an advantage over currently available platforms. The complex formation constants (log βmlh) of these ligands with Zr4+ and Th4+, measured by spectrophotometric titrations, are greater than 34 for both chelators, indicating the formation of exceedingly stable complexes. Radiolabeling studies were performed to show that these ligands can bind [227Th]Th4+ at concentrations as low as 10-6 M, and serum stability experiments demonstrate the high kinetic stability of the formed complexes under biological conditions. Identical experiments with zirconium-89 (89Zr), a positron-emitting radioisotope used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, demonstrate that these chelators can also effectively bind Zr4+ with high thermodynamic and kinetic stability. Collectively, the data reported herein highlight the suitability of these ligands for use in 89Zr/227Th paired radioimmunotheranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Woods
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexia G Cosby
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jennifer N Wacker
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Luis M Aguirre Quintana
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Appie Peterson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stefan G Minasian
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca J Abergel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Nuclear Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2
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Stelitano G, Cocorullo M, Mori M, Villa S, Meneghetti F, Chiarelli LR. Iron Acquisition and Metabolism as a Promising Target for Antimicrobials (Bottlenecks and Opportunities): Where Do We Stand? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076181. [PMID: 37047161 PMCID: PMC10094389 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) infections is one of the most crucial challenges currently faced by the scientific community. Developments in the fundamental understanding of their underlying mechanisms may open new perspectives in drug discovery. In this review, we conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, to collect information on innovative strategies to hinder iron acquisition in bacteria. In detail, we discussed the most interesting targets from iron uptake and metabolism pathways, and examined the main chemical entities that exhibit anti-infective activities by interfering with their function. The mechanism of action of each drug candidate was also reviewed, together with its pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological properties. The comprehensive knowledge of such an impactful area of research will hopefully reflect in the discovery of newer antibiotics able to effectively tackle the antimicrobial resistance issue.
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3
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Arshad JZ, Hanif M. Hydroxypyrone derivatives in drug discovery: from chelation therapy to rational design of metalloenzyme inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1127-1149. [PMID: 36325396 PMCID: PMC9579940 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00175f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The versatile structural motif of hydroxypyrone is found in natural products and can be easily converted into hydroxypyridone and hydroxythiopyridone analogues. The favourable toxicity profile and ease of functionalization to access a vast library of compounds make them an ideal structural scaffold for drug design and discovery. This versatile scaffold possesses excellent metal chelating properties that can be exploited for chelation therapy in clinics. Deferiprone [1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-one] was the first orally active chelator to treat iron overload in thalassemia major. Metal complexes of hydroxy-(thio)pyr(id)ones have been investigated as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents, and anticancer and antidiabetic agents. In recent years, this compound class has demonstrated potential in discovering and developing metalloenzyme inhibitors. This review article summarizes recent literature on hydroxy-(thio)pyr(id)ones as inhibitors for metalloenzymes such as histone deacetylases, tyrosinase and metallo-β-lactamase. Different approaches to the design of hydroxy-(thio)pyr(id)ones and their biological properties against selected metalloenzymes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahan Zaib Arshad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University Sialkot Sialkot Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hanif
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand (+64) 9 373 7599 ext. 87422
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Wellington New Zealand
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4
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Lewis FW, Bird K, Navarro JP, El Fallah R, Brandel J, Hubscher-Bruder V, Tsatsanis A, Duce JA, Tétard D, Bourne S, Maina M, Pienaar IS. Synthesis, physicochemical characterization and neuroprotective evaluation of novel 1-hydroxypyrazin-2(1 H)-one iron chelators in an in vitro cell model of Parkinson's disease. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3590-3603. [PMID: 35147617 PMCID: PMC8886574 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02604f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron dysregulation, dopamine depletion, cellular oxidative stress and α-synuclein protein mis-folding are key neuronal pathological features seen in the progression of Parkinson's disease. Iron chelators endowed with one or more therapeutic modes of action have long been suggested as disease modifying therapies for its treatment. In this study, novel 1-hydroxypyrazin-2(1H)-one iron chelators were synthesized and their physicochemical properties, iron chelation abilities, antioxidant capacities and neuroprotective effects in a cell culture model of Parkinson's disease were evaluated. Physicochemical properties (log β, log D7.4, pL0.5) suggest that these ligands have a poorer ability to penetrate cell membranes and form weaker iron complexes than the closely related 1-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-ones. Despite this, we show that levels of neuroprotection provided by these ligands against the catecholaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine in vitro were comparable to those seen previously with the 1-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-ones and the clinically used iron chelator Deferiprone, with two of the ligands restoring cell viability to ≥89% compared to controls. Two of the ligands were endowed with additional phenol moieties in an attempt to derive multifunctional chelators with dual iron chelation/antioxidant activity. However, levels of neuroprotection with these ligands were no greater than ligands lacking this moiety, suggesting the neuroprotective properties of these ligands are due primarily to chelation and passivation of intracellular labile iron, preventing the generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species that otherwise lead to the neuronal cell death seen in Parkinson's disease. We report that novel 1-hydroxypyazin-2(1H)-ones show comparable neuroprotective effects to related iron chelators in a cell culture model of Parkinson's disease, despite significant differences in their physicochemical properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Lewis
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Kathleen Bird
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Jean-Philippe Navarro
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Rawa El Fallah
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Jeremy Brandel
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | | | - Andrew Tsatsanis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK.,Alzheimer's Research UK Cambridge Drug Discovery Institute, Cambridge Bio-medical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - James A Duce
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK.,Alzheimer's Research UK Cambridge Drug Discovery Institute, Cambridge Bio-medical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - David Tétard
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Samuel Bourne
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK.
| | - Mahmoud Maina
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK.
| | - Ilse S Pienaar
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK. .,Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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5
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Sharma S, Baral M, Kanungo BK. Recent advances in therapeutical applications of the versatile hydroxypyridinone chelators. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-021-01114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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6
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Hydroxypyridinones as a Very Promising Platform for Targeted Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals. Molecules 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226997
expr 973886017 + 973118332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxypyridinones (HOPOs) have been used in the chelation therapy of iron and actinide metals. Their application in metal-based radiopharmaceuticals has also been increasing in recent years. This review article focuses on how multidentate HOPOs can be used in targeted radiometal-based diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. The general structure of radiometal-based targeted radiopharmaceuticals, a brief description of siderophores, the basic structure and properties of bidentate HOPO, some representative HOPO multidentate chelating agents, radiopharmaceuticals based on HOPO multidentate bifunctional chelators for gallium-68, thorium-227 and zirconium-89, as well as the future prospects of HOPO multidentate bifunctional chelators in other metal-based radiopharmaceuticals are described and discussed in turn. The HOPO metal-based radiopharmaceuticals that have shown good prospects in clinical and preclinical studies are gallium-68, thorium-227 and zirconium-89 radiopharmaceuticals. We expect HOPO multidentate bifunctional chelators to be a very promising platform for building novel targeted radiometal-based diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals.
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7
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Zhou X, Dong L, Shen L. Hydroxypyridinones as a Very Promising Platform for Targeted Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals. Molecules 2021; 26:6997. [PMID: 34834087 PMCID: PMC8619595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226997&set/a 916769719+956065658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxypyridinones (HOPOs) have been used in the chelation therapy of iron and actinide metals. Their application in metal-based radiopharmaceuticals has also been increasing in recent years. This review article focuses on how multidentate HOPOs can be used in targeted radiometal-based diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. The general structure of radiometal-based targeted radiopharmaceuticals, a brief description of siderophores, the basic structure and properties of bidentate HOPO, some representative HOPO multidentate chelating agents, radiopharmaceuticals based on HOPO multidentate bifunctional chelators for gallium-68, thorium-227 and zirconium-89, as well as the future prospects of HOPO multidentate bifunctional chelators in other metal-based radiopharmaceuticals are described and discussed in turn. The HOPO metal-based radiopharmaceuticals that have shown good prospects in clinical and preclinical studies are gallium-68, thorium-227 and zirconium-89 radiopharmaceuticals. We expect HOPO multidentate bifunctional chelators to be a very promising platform for building novel targeted radiometal-based diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhou
- HTA Co., Ltd., Beijing 102413, China;
- China Isotope & Radiation Corporation, Beijing 100089, China;
| | - Linlin Dong
- China Isotope & Radiation Corporation, Beijing 100089, China;
| | - Langtao Shen
- HTA Co., Ltd., Beijing 102413, China;
- China Isotope & Radiation Corporation, Beijing 100089, China;
- National Isotope Center of Engineering and Technology, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
- Correspondence:
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8
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Zhou X, Dong L, Shen L. Hydroxypyridinones as a Very Promising Platform for Targeted Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals. Molecules 2021; 26:6997. [PMID: 34834087 PMCID: PMC8619595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxypyridinones (HOPOs) have been used in the chelation therapy of iron and actinide metals. Their application in metal-based radiopharmaceuticals has also been increasing in recent years. This review article focuses on how multidentate HOPOs can be used in targeted radiometal-based diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. The general structure of radiometal-based targeted radiopharmaceuticals, a brief description of siderophores, the basic structure and properties of bidentate HOPO, some representative HOPO multidentate chelating agents, radiopharmaceuticals based on HOPO multidentate bifunctional chelators for gallium-68, thorium-227 and zirconium-89, as well as the future prospects of HOPO multidentate bifunctional chelators in other metal-based radiopharmaceuticals are described and discussed in turn. The HOPO metal-based radiopharmaceuticals that have shown good prospects in clinical and preclinical studies are gallium-68, thorium-227 and zirconium-89 radiopharmaceuticals. We expect HOPO multidentate bifunctional chelators to be a very promising platform for building novel targeted radiometal-based diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhou
- HTA Co., Ltd., Beijing 102413, China;
- China Isotope & Radiation Corporation, Beijing 100089, China;
| | - Linlin Dong
- China Isotope & Radiation Corporation, Beijing 100089, China;
| | - Langtao Shen
- HTA Co., Ltd., Beijing 102413, China;
- China Isotope & Radiation Corporation, Beijing 100089, China;
- National Isotope Center of Engineering and Technology, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
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9
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Al Shaer DM, Albericio F, Torre BG. Synthesis of New Peptide‐Based Ligands with 1,2‐HOPO Pendant Chelators and Thermodynamic Evaluation of Their Iron(III) Complexes**. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danah M. Al Shaer
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP) School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban 4041 South Africa
- Peptide Science Laboratory School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban 4001 South Africa
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC) 08034 Barcelona Spain
- CIBER-BBN Networking Centre on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine and Department of Organic Chemistry University of Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Beatriz G. Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP) School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban 4041 South Africa
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10
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Bortolami M, Pandolfi F, Messore A, Rocco D, Feroci M, Di Santo R, De Vita D, Costi R, Cascarino P, Simonetti G, Scipione L. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of iron and copper chelating deferiprone derivatives as new agents active against Candida albicans. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 42:128087. [PMID: 33964446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans, in specific conditions, is responsible of severe invasive systemic candidiasis that are related to its ability to produce biofilm on biological and artificial surfaces. Many studies reported the role of iron in fungal growth and virulence and the ability of metal chelating agents to interfere with C. albicans metabolism, virulence and biofilm formation. Here we report the activity of 3-hydroxy-1,2-dimethyl-4(1H)-pyridinone (deferiprone) derivatives against C. albicans planktonic cells and biofilm. Some of the studied compounds (2b and 3b) were able to chelate Fe(III) and Cu(II), and showed an interesting activity on planktonic cells (MIC50 of 32 μg/mL and 16 μg/mL respectively) and on biofilm formation (BMIC50 of 32 μg/mL and 16 μg/mL respectively) in cultured ATCC 10,231C. albicans; this activity was reduced, in a concentration dependent way, by the addition of Fe(III) and Cu(II) to the culture media. Furthermore, the most active compound 3b showed a low toxicity on Galleria mellonella larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bortolami
- Department of Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'Ingegneria, Sapienza University of Rome, via Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Pandolfi
- Department of Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'Ingegneria, Sapienza University of Rome, via Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonella Messore
- Department of Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Rocco
- Department of Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'Ingegneria, Sapienza University of Rome, via Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Feroci
- Department of Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'Ingegneria, Sapienza University of Rome, via Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Santo
- Department of Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela De Vita
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Costi
- Department of Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Cascarino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Simonetti
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luigi Scipione
- Department of Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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11
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Abstract
Scale deposition is a pertinent challenge in the oil and gas industry. Scales formed from iron sulfide are one of the troublous scales, particularly pyrite. Moreover, the use of biodegradable environmentally friendly chemicals reduces the cost compared to the conventional removal process. In this work, the chelating abilities of four novel chemicals, designed using the in silico technique of density functional theory (DFT), are studied as potential iron sulfide scale removers. Only one of the chemicals containing a hydroxamate functional group had a good chelating ability with Fe2+. The chelating strength and ecotoxicological properties of this chemical were compared to diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), an already established iron sulfide scale remover. The new promising chemical surpassed DTPA in being a safer chemical and having a greater binding affinity to Fe2+ upon optimization, hence, a better choice. The presence of oxime (-NHOH) and carbonyl (C=O) moieties in the new chemical showed that the bidentate form of chelation is favored. Moreover, the presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond enhanced its chelating ability.
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12
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Al Shaer D, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. Protocol for efficient solid-phase synthesis of peptides containing 1-hydroxypyridine-2-one (1,2-HOPO). MethodsX 2020; 7:101082. [PMID: 33083243 PMCID: PMC7551356 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.101082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal chelation has found many applications that directly affect human's life. Natural siderophores are one of the most potent chelators for Fe (III) 1-Hydroxypyridine-2-one (1,2-HOPO) (Fig. 1a), which is shown in 4-carboxy-1-hydroxypyridin-2-one (1,2-HOPO-4-COOH) (Fig. 1b), is a moiety that electronically resembles the hydroxamate group found in natural siderophores (Fig. 1c). Of note, 1,2-HOPO moiety is present in the natural siderophore cepabactin [1] Synthesis of 1,2-HOPO containing chelators has been carried in solid phase using carboxylic acid derivatives of 1,2-HOPO and required the protection of the reactive hydroxyl group usually with benzyl group (Bzl). After the peptide elongation, the Bzl group has been removed on the same solid phase using a bit harsh conditions: 0.1 M BBr3 in DCM for 60 min [2], 10% HBr in AcOH for 14 h [3]; in solution: 1 M BCl3 in DCM for 2 d [4], 50% HCl in AcOH for 4 d [5], H2-Pd/C, AcOH-MeOH [6]. First of all, a method for the incorporation of the 1,2-HOPO-4-COOH through its carboxyl group into the peptide backbone without protecting the N-OH is proposed (the presence of the carboxyl group facilitates the attachment). Furthermore, in the cases that Bzl protection is required for the N-OH, a friendlier method for removing the Bzl is described. The removal of the Bzl is done concomitantly to the global deprotection and cleavage of the peptide from the resin using TFA- TFMSA-H2O (8:3:1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danah Al Shaer
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.,Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.,Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Enhanced Fe 3+ binding through cooperativity of 3-hydroxypyridin-4-one groups within a linear co-polymer: wrapping effect leading to superior antimicrobial activity. Biometals 2020; 33:339-351. [PMID: 33074473 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-020-00253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To tackle the rise of antibiotic resistant pathogenic microbes, iron withdrawal agents have shown considerable promise as antibiotic alternatives due to the microbes' irreplaceable metabolic need for the essential element iron. DIBI is a water-soluble, linear co-polymer functionalized with 3-hydroxy-pyridin-4-one (HPO) chelators that selectively and strongly bind iron(III) in biological environments. Compared to HPO congeners, DIBI has over 1000 times higher antimicrobial activity against a broad-spectrum of Gram-(+) and Gram-(-) bacteria including highly antibiotic resistant clinical isolates. Herein, we explain the enhanced antimicrobial activity of DIBI by a cooperativity effect of the linear co-polymer wrapping around three iron(III) centres. DIBI's structural and iron(III) binding properties were investigated by comparative experiments against HPO monomer and deferiprone using chemical and physical characterization methods with direct biological implications such as pH stability, reductive off-loading of bound iron(III), trans-membrane permeability, and competition experiments with vertebrate transferrin class iron carrier. The three iron(III) ions bound to DIBI are preferentially incorporated into a tris-bidentate chelates, which forces the linear backbone of the polymer to wrap around the complexes, as the bound iron was much less susceptible to dithionite reduction than the tris iron(III) complexes of HPO monomers and deferiprone. The results suggest a high degree of cooperativity of the polymer-bound HPO groups to effect a wrapping of the polymer backbone around the chelated iron, shielding the iron(III) centres from ready access by microbes. The structural effect of DIBI is compared to polymers containing 3-hydroxy-pyridin-4-one chelators that do not undergo this wrapping effect.
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14
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Al Shaer D, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. Solid-phase synthesis of peptides containing 1-Hydroxypyridine-2-one (1,2-HOPO). Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Marchetti M, De Bei O, Bettati S, Campanini B, Kovachka S, Gianquinto E, Spyrakis F, Ronda L. Iron Metabolism at the Interface between Host and Pathogen: From Nutritional Immunity to Antibacterial Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2145. [PMID: 32245010 PMCID: PMC7139808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional immunity is a form of innate immunity widespread in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The term refers to a rich repertoire of mechanisms set up by the host to inhibit bacterial proliferation by sequestering trace minerals (mainly iron, but also zinc and manganese). This strategy, selected by evolution, represents an effective front-line defense against pathogens and has thus inspired the exploitation of iron restriction in the development of innovative antimicrobials or enhancers of antimicrobial therapy. This review focuses on the mechanisms of nutritional immunity, the strategies adopted by opportunistic human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus to circumvent it, and the impact of deletion mutants on the fitness, infectivity, and persistence inside the host. This information finally converges in an overview of the current development of inhibitors targeting the different stages of iron uptake, an as-yet unexploited target in the field of antistaphylococcal drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Marchetti
- Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Omar De Bei
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (O.D.B.); (B.C.)
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Campanini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (O.D.B.); (B.C.)
| | - Sandra Kovachka
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (S.K.); (E.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Eleonora Gianquinto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (S.K.); (E.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (S.K.); (E.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Luca Ronda
- Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Workman DG, Hunter M, Wang S, Brandel J, Hubscher V, Dover LG, Tétard D. The influence of linkages between 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone coordinating groups and a tris(2-aminoethyl)amine core in a novel series of synthetic hexadentate iron(III) chelators on antimicrobial activity. Bioorg Chem 2019; 95:103465. [PMID: 31855824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Resistance of pathogens to antimicrobials is a major current healthcare concern. In a series of linked studies, we have investigated synthetic iron chelators based on hydroxy-pyridinone ligands as novel bacteriostatic agents. Herein we describe our synthesis of several useful building blocks based on the 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone moiety, including a novel formyl derivative, which were combined with a tris(2-aminoethyl)amine core to obtain a series of new high-affinity hexadentate Fe(III) chelators. The design principle examined by this series is the size and flexibility of the linker between the core and the metal ligands. Measurement of the pKa and stability constants (Fe3+ and Cu2+) of representative coordinating groups was performed to help rationalise the biological activity of the chelators. The novel chelators were tested on a panel of representative microorganisms with some effectively inhibiting microbial growth. We demonstrate that the nature and position of the linker between the hydroxypyridinone and the tris(2-aminoethyl)amine core has considerable impact upon microbial growth inhibition and that both amide or amine linkages can give efficacious chelators.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Workman
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hunter
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Shuning Wang
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France; CNRS, UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérémy Brandel
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France; CNRS, UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Hubscher
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France; CNRS, UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lynn G Dover
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - David Tétard
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom.
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18
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Zhou T, Kong XL, Hider RC. Synthesis and iron chelating properties of hydroxypyridinone and hydroxypyranone hexadentate ligands. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:3459-3466. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt05014g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chelation therapy has become an important therapeutic approach for some diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Zhejiang Gongshang University
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Le Kong
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- King's College London
- London
- UK
| | - Robert C Hider
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- King's College London
- London
- UK
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19
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Zhou T, Chen K, Kong LM, Liu MS, Ma YM, Xie YY, Hider RC. Synthesis, iron binding and antimicrobial properties of hexadentate 3-hydroxypyridinones-terminated dendrimers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2504-2512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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20
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Ang MTC, Gumbau-Brisa R, Allan DS, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Holbein BE, Bierenstiel M. DIBI, a 3-hydroxypyridin-4-one chelator iron-binding polymer with enhanced antimicrobial activity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1206-1212. [PMID: 30109009 PMCID: PMC6071711 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00192h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Depriving microorganisms of bioavailable iron is a promising strategy for new anti-infective agents. The new, highly water-soluble, low molecular weight co-polymer DIBI was developed to selectively bind iron(iii) ions as a tris chelate and acts as a standalone anti-infective. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) studies show DIBI is effective against representative reference strains for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria S. aureus and A. baumannii, and the fungus C. albicans. Compared to the small molecule iron chelators, deferiprone and deferoxamine, DIBI outclassed these by factors of 100 to 1000 for inhibition of initial growth. DIBI and a series of related co-polymers (Mw of 2-9 kDa) were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of a chelating 3-hydroxypyridin-4-one (HPO) methacrylamide monomer and N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP). Full incorporation of the HPO monomer into the co-polymers from the reaction solution was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy and ranged from 4.6 to 25.6 mol%. UV-vis spectroscopy showed that all the HPO in DIBI binds readily to iron(iii) in a tris chelate mode to the maximum theoretical iron(iii) binding capacity of the co-polymer. Chemical characterization including single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses of the O-benzyl protected and the functional HPO monomer are discussed. By design, DIBI is highly water soluble; the highest mass fraction in water tested was 70% w/w, without the need of organic co-solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trisha C Ang
- Chelation Partners Inc. , 1411 Oxford St. Suite 369 , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1 , Canada
- Department of Chemistry , Cape Breton University , 1250 Grand Lake Rd , Sydney , Nova Scotia B1P 6L2 , Canada . ; Tel: +1 (902) 563 1391
| | - Roger Gumbau-Brisa
- Chelation Partners Inc. , 1411 Oxford St. Suite 369 , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1 , Canada
- Department of Chemistry , Cape Breton University , 1250 Grand Lake Rd , Sydney , Nova Scotia B1P 6L2 , Canada . ; Tel: +1 (902) 563 1391
| | - David S Allan
- Chelation Partners Inc. , 1411 Oxford St. Suite 369 , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1 , Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- X-Ray Crystallography Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- X-Ray Crystallography Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Bruce E Holbein
- Chelation Partners Inc. , 1411 Oxford St. Suite 369 , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1 , Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Dalhousie University , 5859 College St. , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 1X5 , Canada
| | - Matthias Bierenstiel
- Department of Chemistry , Cape Breton University , 1250 Grand Lake Rd , Sydney , Nova Scotia B1P 6L2 , Canada . ; Tel: +1 (902) 563 1391
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21
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Bilitewski U, Blodgett JAV, Duhme-Klair AK, Dallavalle S, Laschat S, Routledge A, Schobert R. Chemical and Biological Aspects of Nutritional Immunity-Perspectives for New Anti-Infectives that Target Iron Uptake Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14360-14382. [PMID: 28439959 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Upon bacterial infection, one of the defense mechanisms of the host is the withdrawal of essential metal ions, in particular iron, which leads to "nutritional immunity". However, bacteria have evolved strategies to overcome iron starvation, for example, by stealing iron from the host or other bacteria through specific iron chelators with high binding affinity. Fortunately, these complex interactions between the host and pathogen that lead to metal homeostasis provide several opportunities for interception and, thus, allow the development of novel antibacterial compounds. This Review focuses on iron, discusses recent highlights, and gives some future perspectives which are relevant in the fight against antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Bilitewski
- AG Compound Profiling and Screening, Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Joshua A V Blodgett
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130-4899, USA
| | | | - Sabrina Dallavalle
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 7, 0569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anne Routledge
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
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22
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Bilitewski U, Blodgett JAV, Duhme-Klair AK, Dallavalle S, Laschat S, Routledge A, Schobert R. Chemische und biologische Aspekte von “Nutritional Immunity” - Perspektiven für neue Antiinfektiva mit Fokus auf bakterielle Eisenaufnahmesysteme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Bilitewski
- AG Compound Profiling and Screening; Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung; Inhoffenstraße 7 38124 Braunschweig Deutschland
| | | | | | - Sabrina Dallavalle
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences; Università degli Studi di Milano; I-20133 Milano Italien
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55, 7 0569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Anne Routledge
- Department of Chemistry; University of York, Heslington; York YO10 5DD Großbritannien
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organische Chemie I; Universität Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
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