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García-Soriano JC, de Lucio H, Elvira-Blázquez D, Alcón-Calderón M, Sanz del Olmo N, Sánchez-Murcia PA, Ortega P, de la Mata FJ, Jiménez-Ruiz A. The repertoire of iron superoxide dismutases from Leishmania infantum as targets in the search for therapeutic agents against leishmaniasis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2024; 39:2377586. [PMID: 39037009 PMCID: PMC11571740 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2024.2377586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Species of Leishmania and Trypanosoma genera are the causative agents of relevant parasitic diseases. Survival inside their hosts requires the existence of a potent antioxidant enzymatic machinery. Four iron superoxide dismutases have been described in trypanosomatids (FeSODA, FeSODB1, FeSODB2, and FeSODC) that hold a potential as therapeutic targets. Nonetheless, very few studies have been developed that make use of the purified enzymes. Moreover, FeSODC remains uncharacterised in Leishmania. In this work, for the first time, we describe the purification and enzymatic activity of recombinant versions of the four Leishmania FeSOD isoforms and establish an improved strategy for developing inhibitors. We propose a novel parameter [(V*cyt. c - Vcyt. c)/Vcyt. c] which, in contrast to that used in the classical cytochrome c reduction assay, correlates linearly with enzyme concentration. As a proof of concept, we determine the IC50 values of two ruthenium carbosilane metallodendrimers against these isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Héctor de Lucio
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | | | | | - Natalia Sanz del Olmo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Química Andrés Manuel del Río, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro A. Sánchez-Murcia
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Laboratory of Computer-Aided Molecular Design, Otto-Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Paula Ortega
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Química Andrés Manuel del Río, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier de la Mata
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Química Andrés Manuel del Río, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Jiménez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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2
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Alves Reis IM, da Silva GR, de Mattos Oliveira L, Coelho Dos Santos Junior M, Sarmento da Silva TM, Curcino Vieira IJ, Braz-Filho R, Romanelli MM, Amaral M, Tempone AG, Ghilardi Lago JH, Branco A. In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of the Leishmanicidal and Trypanocidal Activities of Lignan Methylpiperitol Isolated from Persea Fulva. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400678. [PMID: 39086087 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Neglected Tropical Diseases are a significant concern as they encompass various infections caused by pathogens prevalent in tropical regions. The limited and often highly toxic treatment options for these diseases necessitate the exploration of new therapeutic candidates. In the present study, the lignan methylpiperitol was isolated after several chromatographic steps from Persea fulva L. E. Koop (Lauraceae) and its leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activities were evaluated using in vitro and in silico approaches. The chemical structure of methylpiperitol was defined by NMR and MS spectral data analysis. The antiprotozoal activity of methylpiperitol was determined in vitro and indicated potency against trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi (EC50 of 4.5±1.1 mM) and amastigote forms of Leishmania infantum (EC50 of 4.1±0.5 mM), with no mammalian cytotoxicity against NCTC cells (CC50>200 mM). Molecular docking studies were conducted using six T. cruzi and four Leishmania. The results indicate that for the molecular target hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase in T. cruzi and piteridine reductase 1 of L. infatum, the methylpiperitol obtained better results than the crystallographic ligand. Therefore, the lignan methylpiperitol, isolated from P. fulva holds potential for the development of new prototypes for the treatment of Neglected Tropical Diseases, especially leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Mary Alves Reis
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica, Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - Girliane Regina da Silva
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção Fitoquímica, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Larissa de Mattos Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica, Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Tania Maria Sarmento da Silva
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção Fitoquímica, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ivo José Curcino Vieira
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense - Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raimundo Braz-Filho
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense - Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
- PVE-FAPERJ/DEQUIM-ICE - Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 23894-374, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Maiara Amaral
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexsandro Branco
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica, Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
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3
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González-Matos M, Aguado ME, Izquierdo M, Monzote L, González-Bacerio J. Compounds with potentialities as novel chemotherapeutic agents in leishmaniasis at preclinical level. Exp Parasitol 2024; 260:108747. [PMID: 38518969 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis are neglected infectious diseases caused by kinetoplastid protozoan parasites from the genus Leishmania. These sicknesses are present mainly in tropical regions and almost 1 million new cases are reported each year. The absence of vaccines, as well as the high cost, toxicity or resistance to the current drugs determines the necessity of new treatments against these pathologies. In this review, several compounds with potentialities as new antileishmanial drugs are presented. The discussion is restricted to the preclinical level and molecules are organized according to their chemical nature, source and molecular targets. In this manner, we present antimicrobial peptides, flavonoids, withanolides, 8-aminoquinolines, compounds from Leish-Box, pyrazolopyrimidines, and inhibitors of tubulin polymerization/depolymerization, topoisomerase IB, proteases, pteridine reductase, N-myristoyltransferase, as well as enzymes involved in polyamine metabolism, response against oxidative stress, signaling pathways, and sterol biosynthesis. This work is a contribution to the general knowledge of these compounds as antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel González-Matos
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Mirtha Elisa Aguado
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maikel Izquierdo
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Lianet Monzote
- Department of Parasitology, Center for Research, Diagnosis and Reference, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia Del Mediodía Km 6½, La Lisa, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Jorge González-Bacerio
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba.
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4
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Corman HN, McNamara CW, Bakowski MA. Drug Discovery for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Review of Developments in the Past 15 Years. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2845. [PMID: 38137989 PMCID: PMC10745741 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of vector-borne, parasitic diseases caused by over 20 species of the protozoan Leishmania spp. The three major disease classifications, cutaneous, visceral, and mucocutaneous, have a range of clinical manifestations from self-healing skin lesions to hepatosplenomegaly and mucosal membrane damage to fatality. As a neglected tropical disease, leishmaniasis represents a major international health challenge, with nearly 350 million people living at risk of infection a year. The current chemotherapeutics used to treat leishmaniasis have harsh side effects, prolonged and costly treatment regimens, as well as emerging drug resistance, and are predominantly used for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. There is an undeniable need for the identification and development of novel chemotherapeutics targeting cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), largely ignored by concerted drug development efforts. CL is mostly non-lethal and the most common presentation of this disease, with nearly 1 million new cases reported annually. Recognizing this unaddressed need, substantial yet fragmented progress in early drug discovery efforts for CL has occurred in the past 15 years and was outlined in this review. However, further work needs to be carried out to advance early discovery candidates towards the clinic. Importantly, there is a paucity of investment in the translation and development of therapies for CL, limiting the emergence of viable solutions to deal with this serious and complex international health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah N. Corman
- Calibr at Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (C.W.M.); (M.A.B.)
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5
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Martín-Montes Á, Jimenez-Falcao S, Gómez-Ruiz S, Marín C, Mendez-Arriaga JM. First-Row Transition 7-Oxo-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine Metal Complexes: Antiparasitic Activity and Release Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1380. [PMID: 37895851 PMCID: PMC10610057 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease are still considered neglected illnesses due to the lack of investment in research, despite the fact that almost one million new cases are reported every year. Four 7-oxo-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (HftpO) first-row transition complexes (Cu, Co, Ni, Zn) have been studied for the first time in vitro against five different species of Leishmania spp. (L. infantum, L. braziliensis, L. donovani, L. peruviana and L. mexicana) as well as Trypanosoma cruzi, showing higher efficacy than the reference commercial drugs. UV and luminescence properties were also evaluated. As a proof of concept, anchoring of a model high-effective-metal complex as an antiparasitic agent on silica nanoparticles was carried out for the first time, and drug-release behaviour was evaluated, assessing this new approach for drug vehiculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Martín-Montes
- Departamento De Parasitología, Universidad De Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Sandra Jimenez-Falcao
- Organic Nanotechnology Lab, Departamento De Materiales Y Producción Aeroespacial E.T.S.I Aeronáutica Y Del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica De Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Santiago Gómez-Ruiz
- COMET-NANO Group, Departamento De Biología y Geología, Física Y Química Inorgánica, E.S.C.E.T., Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain;
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Departamento De Parasitología, Universidad De Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - José M. Mendez-Arriaga
- COMET-NANO Group, Departamento De Biología y Geología, Física Y Química Inorgánica, E.S.C.E.T., Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain;
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Britten NS, Butler JA. Ruthenium metallotherapeutics: novel approaches to combatting parasitic infections. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5159-5178. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220401105444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human parasitic infections cause a combined global mortality rate of over one million people per annum and represent some of the most challenging diseases for medical intervention. Current chemotherapeutic strategies often require prolonged treatment, coupled with subsequent drug-induced cytotoxic morbidity to the host, while resistance generation is also a major concern. Metals have been used extensively throughout the history of medicine, with more recent applications as anticancer and antimicrobial agents. Ruthenium metallotherapeutic antiparasitic agents are highly effective at targeting a range of key parasites, including the causative agents of malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, toxoplasmosis and other orphan diseases, while demonstrating lower cytotoxicity profiles than current treatment strategies. Generally, such compounds also demonstrate activity against multiple cellular target sites within parasites, including inhibition of enzyme function, cell membrane perturbation, and alterations to metabolic pathways, therefore reducing the opportunity for resistance generation. This review provides a comprehensive and subjective analysis of the rapidly developing area of ruthenium metal-based antiparasitic chemotherapeutics, in the context of rational drug design and potential clinical approaches to combatting human parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Britten
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan A. Butler
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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7
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Scarim CB, de Farias RL, Chiba DE, Chin CM. Insight into Recent Drug Discoveries against Trypanosomatids and Plasmodium spp Parasites: New Metal-based Compounds. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2334-2381. [PMID: 34533436 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210917114912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolds of metal-based compounds can act as pharmacophore groups in several ligands to treat various diseases, including tropical infectious diseases (TID). In this review article, we investigate the contribution of these moieties to medicinal inorganic chemistry in the last seven years against TID, including American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease), human African trypanosomiasis (HAT, sleeping sickness), leishmania, and malaria. The most potent metal-based complexes are displayed and highlighted in figures, tables and graphics; according to their pharmacological activities (IC50 > 10µM) against Trypanosomatids and Plasmodium spp parasites. We highlight the current progresses and viewpoints of these metal-based complexes, with a specific focus on drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Renan Lira de Farias
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, 14800-060, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Eidy Chiba
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Chung Man Chin
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
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8
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Méndez-Arriaga JM, Rubio-Mirallas E, Quirós M, Sánchez-Moreno M. Zinc 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine complexes: synthesis, structural characterization and their effect against Chagas disease. Med Chem 2021; 18:444-451. [PMID: 34387166 DOI: 10.2174/1573406417666210812162500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization catalogues illnesses such as Chagas disease as neglected diseases, due the low investment in new drugs to fight them. The search for novel and non-side effects anti-parasitic compounds is one of the urgent needs of the Third World. The use of triazolopyrimidines and their metal complexes have demonstrated hopeful results in this field. OBJECTIVE This work studies the antiparasitic efficacy against Trypanosoma cruzi strains of a series of zinc triazolopyrimidine complexes. METHOD A series of Zn complexes has been synthesized by the reaction between the triazolopyrimidine derivatives 7-amino-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (7atp) and 5,7-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (dmtp) with Zn(SO4) • 7H2O, ZnCl2, and Zn(NO3)2 • 6H2O salts. The complexes have been analyzed by spectroscopic and thermal assays and X-ray diffraction methods have been used to dilucidate the crystalline structure of one of them. The antiparasitic efficacy was tested in vitro against Trypanosoma cruzi to compare the trypanocidal effect of different ligands and counteranions to fight Chagas disease. RESULTS The efficacy of these compounds against Trypanosoma cruzi has also been tested to compare the influence of different ligands and counteranions on the trypanocidal effect against Chagas disease. CONCLUSION Antiproliferative tests corroborate the synergistic trypanocidal effect of the triazolopyrimidine coordination complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Méndez-Arriaga
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorganica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n 28933, Móstoles, Madrid. Spain
| | - Erika Rubio-Mirallas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada. Spain
| | - Miguel Quirós
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada. Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada. Spain
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9
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Navarro M, Justo RMS, Delgado GYS, Visbal G. Metallodrugs for the Treatment of Trypanosomatid Diseases: Recent Advances and New Insights. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1763-1789. [PMID: 33185155 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201113104633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomatid parasites are responsible for many Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). NTDs are a group of illnesses that prevail in low-income populations, such as in tropical and subtropical areas of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The three major human diseases caused by trypanosomatids are African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. There are known drugs for the treatment of these diseases that are used extensively and are affordable; however, the use of these medicines is limited by several drawbacks such as the development of chemo-resistance, side effects such as cardiotoxicity, low selectivity, and others. Therefore, there is a need to develop new chemotherapeutic against these tropical parasitic diseases. Metal-based drugs against NTDs have been discussed over the years as alternative ways to overcome the difficulties presented by approved antiparasitic agents. The study of late transition metal-based drugs as chemotherapeutics is an exciting research field in chemistry, biology, and medicine due to the ability to develop multitarget antiparasitic agents. The evaluation of the late transition metal complexes for the treatment of trypanosomatid diseases is provided here, as well as some insights about their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Navarro
- Departamento de Quimica, Instituto de Ciencias Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M S Justo
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Giset Y Sánchez Delgado
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Visbal
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Brazil
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10
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Fandzloch M, Jędrzejewski T, Dobrzańska L, Esteban-Parra GM, Wiśniewska J, Paneth A, Paneth P, Sitkowski J. New organometallic ruthenium(ii) complexes with purine analogs - a wide perspective on their biological application. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:5557-5573. [PMID: 33908935 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03974h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three half-sandwich organometallic ruthenium(ii) complexes containing purine analogs such as triazolopyrimidines of general formula [(η6-p-cym)Ru(L)Cl2], where p-cym represents p-cymene and L is 5,6,7-trimethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (tmtp for 1), 5,7-diethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (detp for 2) and 5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one (HmtpO for 3), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared, multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques (1H, 13C, 15N), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (for 1 and 2). All these complexes have been thoroughly screened for their in vitro cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines as well as L929 murine fibroblast cells, indicating [(η6-p-cym)Ru(HmtpO)Cl2] (3) as the most active representative against the HeLa cell line and simultaneously being 64-fold less toxic to normal L929 murine fibroblast cells than cisplatin. At the same time, 3 has shown antimetastatic activity comparable to NAMI-A against HeLa cells both after 24 and 48 h of treatment in a wound healing assay. In order to better understand the mechanism of anticancer action and differences in the cytotoxic activity of 1-3, the studies were expanded to determining their lipophilicity, the kinetic stability at pH 6.5-8, the effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HeLa cells and interactions with significant biomolecules (DNA and albumin) by using molecular docking and circular dichroism (CD) experiments. Furthermore, antiparasitic studies against L. braziliensis, L. infantum and T. cruzi reveal that the newly synthesized complexes 1-3 are very promising candidates which can compete with commercial antiparasitic drugs. Complex 3 in particular, on top of exhibiting a high antiparasitic effect (IC50 < 1 μM against two strains), reaches a selectivity index >1000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Fandzloch
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland.
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11
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da Silva CFN, Chrispim PBH, Possato B, Portapilla GB, Rohrabaugh TN, Ramos LCB, Santana da Silva R, de Albuquerque S, Turro C, Nikolaou S. Anticancer and antitrypanosomal activities of trinuclear ruthenium compounds with orthometalated phenazine ligands. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16440-16452. [PMID: 32776028 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01035a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trinuclear ruthenium complexes with orthometalated phenazines of general formula [Ru3(μ3-O)(μ2-OAc)5(L)(py)2]PF6 (L = dppn, benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, 1; dppz, dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, 2; CH3-dppz, 7-methyldipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, 3; Cl-dppz, 7-chlorodipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, 4) were investigated for their cytotoxic activity toward the B16F10 murine melanoma and the L929 non-cancer cell lines and against Trypanosoma cruzi (2-4). This study also reports a multi-technique investigation into how complexes 1-4 interact with DNA and human serum albumin, HSA. At concentrations ranging from 2 to 50 μM, all the complexes reduced B16F10 murine melanoma cell viability by over 50%. Complex 4 had the highest cytotoxic effect in the series, diminishing B16F10 cell viability to 38% at 2 μM, with an overall order for anticancer activity of 4 > 2 > 3 > 1. Complexes 2-4 showed remarkable activity in inhibiting epimastigote and amastigote forms of T. cruzi. Complex 2 showed better antitrypanosomal activity than the reference drug (IC50 = 1.19 μM and IC50 = 0.25 μM for epimastigote and amastigotes forms, respectivily). Ethidium bromide (EB) displacement assays showed that DNA intercalation progressively increases with the extension of the π-conjugation of the cyclometalating ligand and the presence of substituents in the phenazinic portion (1 > 4-3 > 2), showing that complex 1 is a stronger intercalator than EB itself (Kapp > 107 M-1). Viscosity measurements followed the same trend. Cytotoxicity against cancer cells and antitrypanosomal activity follow the same order, which is different to the tendency of DNA intercalation, suggesting DNA is not the main target of these complexes. Compound 1-4 showed very high affinity with HSA (Kb ∼109 M-1). Circular dichroism results also showed that the complexes alter significantly the secondary structure of the HSA, lowering the α-helix % from 86.2 (pure protein) to less than 5% for compounds 1, 2 and 4 at 2.8 μM. These findings demonstrated the important role of phenazines for the biological activity of triruthenium compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Fontes Neves da Silva
- LABIQSC2 (Laboratório de Atividade Biológica e Química Supramolecular de Compostos de Coordenação), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Costa MS, Gonçalves YG, Borges BC, Silva MJB, Amstalden MK, Costa TR, Antunes LMG, Rodrigues RS, Rodrigues VDM, de Faria Franca E, Zoia MAP, de Araújo TG, Goulart LR, Von Poelhsitz G, Yoneyama KAG. Ruthenium (II) complex cis-[Ru II(ŋ 2-O 2CC 7H 7O 2)(dppm) 2]PF 6-hmxbato induces ROS-mediated apoptosis in lung tumor cells producing selective cytotoxicity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15410. [PMID: 32958783 PMCID: PMC7506019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes have been extensively explored as potential molecules for cancer treatment. Considering our previous findings on the remarkable cytotoxic activity exhibited by the ruthenium (II) complex 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoate (hmxbato)-cis-[RuII(ŋ2-O2CC7H7O2)(dppm)2]PF6 against Leishmania promastigotes and also the similar metabolic characteristics between trypanosomatids and tumor cells, the present study aimed to analyze the anticancer potential of hmxbato against lung tumor cells, as well as the partial death mechanisms involved. Hmxbato demonstrated selective cytotoxicity against A549 lung tumor cells. In addition, this complex at a concentration of 3.8 µM was able to expressively increase the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumor cells, causing an oxidative stress that may culminate in: (1) reduction in cellular proliferation; (2) changes in cell morphology and organization patterns of the actin cytoskeleton; (3) cell arrest in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle; (4) apoptosis; (5) changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential and (6) initial DNA damage. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the induction of programmed cell death can occur by the intrinsic apoptotic pathway through the activation of caspases. It is also worth highlighting that hmxbato exhibited predominant actions on A549 tumor cells in comparison to BEAS-2B normal bronchial epithelium cells, which makes this complex an interesting candidate for the design of new drugs against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Soares Costa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Pará avenue, 1720, Uberlândia, MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil.
| | | | - Bruna Cristina Borges
- Laboratório de Osteoimunologia e Imunologia dos Tumores, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo José Barbosa Silva
- Laboratório de Osteoimunologia e Imunologia dos Tumores, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Martin Krähenbühl Amstalden
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicologia e Ciências Alimentares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, CEP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Tássia Rafaella Costa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Pará avenue, 1720, Uberlândia, MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Lusânia Maria Greggi Antunes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicologia e Ciências Alimentares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, CEP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Renata Santos Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Pará avenue, 1720, Uberlândia, MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Pará avenue, 1720, Uberlândia, MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Eduardo de Faria Franca
- Laboratório de Cristalografia e Química Computacional, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana Alves Pereira Zoia
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Thaise Gonçalves de Araújo
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Von Poelhsitz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Kelly Aparecida Geraldo Yoneyama
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Pará avenue, 1720, Uberlândia, MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil.
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Pinheiro S, Pinheiro EMC, Muri EMF, Pessôa JC, Cadorini MA, Greco SJ. Biological activities of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines and analogs. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Silva GL, Dias JSM, Silva HVR, Teixeira JDS, De Souza IRB, Guimarães ET, de Magalhães Moreira DR, Soares MBP, Barbosa MIF, Doriguetto AC. Synthesis, crystal structure and leishmanicidal activity of new trimethoprim Ru(III), Cu(II) and Pt(II) metal complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 205:111002. [PMID: 32007697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, which has very limited treatment options and affects poor and underdeveloped populations. The current treatment is plagued by many complications, such as high toxicity, high cost and resistance to parasites; therefore, novel therapeutic agents are urgently needed. Herein, the synthesis, characterization and in vitro leishmanicidal potential of new complexes with the general formula [RuCl3(TMP)(dppb)] (1), [PtCl(TMP)(PPh3)2]PF6 (2) and [Cu(CH3COO)2(TMP)2]·DMF (3) (dppb = 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, PPH3 = triphenylphosphine and TMP = trimethoprim) were evaluated. The complexes were characterized by infrared, UV-vis, cyclic voltammetry, molar conductance measurements, elemental analysis and NMR experiments. Also, the geometry of (2) and (3) were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Despite being less potent against promastigote L. amazonensis proliferation than amphotericin B reference drug (IC50 = 0.09 ± 0.02 μM), complex (2) (IC50 = 3.6 ± 1.5 μM) was several times less cytotoxic (CC50 = 17.8 μM, SI = 4.9) in comparison with amphotericin B (CC50 = 3.3 μM, SI = 36.6) and gentian violet control (CC50 = 0.8 μM). Additionally, complex (2) inhibited J774 macrophage infection and amastigote number by macrophages (IC50 = 6.6 and SI = 2.7). Outstandingly, complex (2) was shown to be a promising candidate for a new leishmanicidal therapeutic agent, considering its biological power combined with low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovani Lindolfo Silva
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, CEP: 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jessica Da Silva Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, CEP: 41150-000 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Elisalva Teixeira Guimarães
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, CEP: 41150-000 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, CEP: 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Fandzloch M, Jaromin A, Zaremba-Czogalla M, Wojtczak A, Lewińska A, Sitkowski J, Wiśniewska J, Łakomska I, Gubernator J. Nanoencapsulation of a ruthenium(ii) complex with triazolopyrimidine in liposomes as a tool for improving its anticancer activity against melanoma cell lines. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:1207-1219. [PMID: 31903475 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03464a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Two types of ruthenium(ii) complexes containing 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines of the general formulas [RuCl2(dmso)3(L)] ((1)-(3)) and [RuCl2(dmso)2(L)2] ((4)-(6)), where L represents 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (tp for (1)), 5,7-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (dmtp for (2)), 7-isobutyl-5-methyl-1,2,4-trizolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (ibmtp for (3)), 5,7-diethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (detp for (4)), 5,7-ditertbutyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (dbtp for (5)) and 5,7-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (dptp for (6)), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared, multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques (1H, 13C, and 15N), and X-ray (for (3), (4), and (5)). All these complexes have been thoroughly screened for their in vitro cytotoxicity against melanoma cell lines A375 and Hs294T, indicating cis,cis,cis-[RuCl2(dbtp)2(dmso)2] (5) as the most active representative, in addition to being non-toxic to normal human fibroblasts (NHDF) and not inducing hemolysis of human erythrocytes. In order to develop an intravenous formulation for (5), liposomes composed of soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC), cholesterol (Chol) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG2000) were prepared and subsequently characterized. (5)-Loaded liposomes, with spherical morphology, assessed by transmission electron microscope (TEM), exhibited satisfactory encapsulation efficiency and stability. In in vitro experiments, PEG-modified (5)-loaded liposomes were more effective (10-fold) than free (5) for growth inhibition of both human melanoma cell lines. Furthermore, such an approach resulted in the reduction of cancer cell viability that was even 10-fold greater than that observed for free cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Fandzloch
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland and Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, PAS, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Jaromin
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Zaremba-Czogalla
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Wojtczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Lewińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sitkowski
- National Institutes of Medicines, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warszawa, Poland and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Joanna Wiśniewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Iwona Łakomska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Jerzy Gubernator
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Méndez-Arriaga JM, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Sánchez-Moreno M. In vitro leishmanicidal activity of copper (II) 5,7-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine complex and analogous transition metal series. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.114272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Mielcarek A, Bieńko A, Saramak P, Jezierska J, Dołęga A. A Cu/Zn heterometallic complex with solvent-binding cavity, catalytic activity for the oxidation of 1-phenylethanol and unusual magnetic properties. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:17780-17791. [PMID: 31746872 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03304a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mononuclear and polymeric complexes of zinc(ii) and copper(ii) have been synthesized using two isomers of the hemi-salen ligand with a different mutual orientation of donor atoms. The heterometallic Cu/Zn metallocycle features a catalytic niche filled with the molecule of water and molecules of methanol. This unusual compound exhibits both pronounced catalytic activity in the reaction of oxidation of a secondary alcohol to ketone and field induced slow magnetic relaxation, which is a very rare phenomenon among Cu(ii) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Mielcarek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicz, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Alina Bieńko
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Paulina Saramak
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicz, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Julia Jezierska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Dołęga
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicz, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Esteban-Parra GM, Méndez-Arriaga JM, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Quirós M, Salas JM, Sánchez-Moreno M. High antiparasitic activity of silver complexes of 5,7-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5 a]pyrimidine. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 201:110810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Synthesis, structure and biological evaluation of ruthenium(III) complexes of triazolopyrimidines with anticancer properties. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 25:109-124. [PMID: 31741123 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Six novel ruthenium(III) complexes of general formula [RuCl3(L)3] (1,3,5) and [RuCl3(H2O)(L)2] (2,4,6), where L stands for three different triazolopyrimidine-derived ligands, are reported. The compounds have been structurally characterized (IR, EPR, SCXRD), and their magnetic moments have been determined. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction study revealed a slightly distorted octahedral geometry of the Ru(III) complexes with mer configuration in 1 and 5, and fac configuration in 3. In 2 and 4, three chloride ions are in mer configuration and the two triazolopyrimidines are oriented trans mutually with the water molecule playing the role of the sixth ligand. All complexes have been thoroughly screened for their in vitro cytotoxicity against human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, human cervical cancer cell line HeLa, and L929 murine fibroblast cells, uncovering among others that the most lipophilic complexes 5 and 6, containing the bulky ligand dptp (5,7-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine), display high cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, and HeLa cells. Moreover, it was also revealed that during the interaction of the complexes 1-6 with the cancer MCF-7 cell line, reactive oxygen species are released intracellularly, which could indicate that they are involved in cell apoptosis. Furthermore, extensive studies have been carried out to reveal the mechanism by which complexes 1-6 interact with DNA, albumin, and apotransferrin. The biological studies were complemented by detailed kinetic studies of the hydrolysis of the complexes in the pH range 5-8, to determine the stability of the complexes in solution. Six novel ruthenium(III) complexes with triazolopyrimidine derivatives demonstrated the potential for use as anticancer agents by maintaining the toxic effect on MCF-7 and HeLa cells.
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Méndez-Arriaga JM, Oyarzabal I, Martín-Montes Á, García-Rodríguez J, Quirós M, Sánchez-Moreno M. First Example of Antiparasitic Activity Influenced by Thermochromism: Leishmanicidal Evaluation of 5,7-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine Metal Complexes. Med Chem 2019; 16:422-430. [PMID: 30931864 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666190401120607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization catalogues illnesses such as Leishmaniasis as neglected diseases, due to low investment in new drugs to fight them. The search of novel and non-side effects anti-parasitic compounds is one of the urgent needs for the Third World. The use of triazolopyrimidines and their metallic complexes has demonstrated hopeful results in this field. OBJECTIVE This work studies the antiparasitic efficacy of a series of 5,7-dimethyl-1,2,4- triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine first row transition metal complexes against three leishmania spp. strains. METHODS The in vitro antiproliferation of promastigote forms of different strains of leishmania spp. (L. infantum, L. braziliensis and L donovani) and the cytotoxicity in macrophage host cells are reported here. The antiparasitic assays have been complemented with enzymatic tests to elucidate the mechanisms of action. New crystal structure description, thermal analysis, magnetic susceptibility and magnetization experiments have also been carried out in order to present a whole characterization of the studied compounds and interesting physical properties besides the biological tests. RESULTS The results of antiproliferation screening and cytotoxicity show great antiparasitic efficacy in the studied complexes. The superoxide dismutase enzymatic assays exhibit a different behaviour according to the thermochromic triazolopyrimidine form tested. CONCLUSION Antiproliferative assays and enzymatic tests corroborate the synergetic leishmanicidal effect present in coordination triazolopyrimidine complexes. The changes in coordination sphere derived from thermochromism affect the physical properties as well as the biological efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Méndez-Arriaga
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada Avda. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Itziar Oyarzabal
- CNRS, CRPP, UMR 5031, 33600 Pessac, France.,University of Bordeaux, CRPP, UMR 5031, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Álvaro Martín-Montes
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada Avda. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Judith García-Rodríguez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Quirós
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada Avda. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Costa MS, Gonçalves YG, Teixeira SC, Nunes DCDO, Lopes DS, da Silva CV, da Silva MS, Borges BC, Silva MJB, Rodrigues RS, Rodrigues VDM, Von Poelhsitz G, Yoneyama KAG. Increased ROS generation causes apoptosis-like death: Mechanistic insights into the anti-Leishmania activity of a potent ruthenium(II) complex. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 195:1-12. [PMID: 30861423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Some metallodrugs that exhibit interesting biological activity contain transition metals such as ruthenium, and have been extensively exploited because of their antiparasitic potential. In previous study, we reported the remarkable anti-Leishmania activity of precursor cis-[RuIICl2(dppm)2], where dppm = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, and new ruthenium(II) complexes, cis-[RuII(η2-O2CC10H13)(dppm)2]PF6 (bbato), cis-[RuII(η2-O2CC7H7S)(dppm)2]PF6 (mtbato) and cis-[RuII(η2-O2CC7H7O2)(dppm)2]PF6 (hmxbato) against some Leishmania species. In view of the promising activity of the hmxbato complex against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes, the present work investigated the possible parasite death mechanism involved in the action of this hmxbato and its precursor. We report, for the first time, that hmxbato and precursor promoted an increase in reactive oxygen species production, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, DNA fragmentation, formation of a pre-apoptotic peak, alterations in parasite morphology and formation of autophagic vacuoles. Taken together, our results suggest that these ruthenium complexes cause parasite death by apoptosis. Thus, this work provides relevant knowledge on the activity of ruthenium(II) complexes against L. (L.) amazonensis. Such information will be essential for the exploitation of these complexes as future candidates for cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Soares Costa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina de Oliveira Nunes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Lopes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Claudio Vieira da Silva
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Santos da Silva
- Laboratório Especial de Ciclo Celular (LECC), Centro de Toxinas, Resposta imune e Sinalização Celular (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cristina Borges
- Laboratório de Osteoimunologia e Imunologia dos Tumores, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo José Barbosa Silva
- Laboratório de Osteoimunologia e Imunologia dos Tumores, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Renata Santos Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Von Poelhsitz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Kelly Aparecida Geraldo Yoneyama
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Wiśniewska J, Fandzloch M, Łakomska I. The reduction of ruthenium(III) complexes with triazolopyrimidine ligands by ascorbic acid and mechanistic insight into their action in anticancer therapy. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Fischer G. Recent advances in 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine chemistry. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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In vitro leishmanicidal activity and theoretical insights into biological action of ruthenium(II) organometallic complexes containing anti-inflammatories. Biometals 2018; 31:1003-1017. [PMID: 30284643 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by protozoans of the genus Leishmania, kills around 20-30 thousand people in Africa, Asia, and Latin America annually and, despite its potential lethality, it can be treated and eventually cured. However, the current treatments are limited owing to severe side effects and resistance development by some Leishmania. These factors make it urgent to develop new leishmanicidal drugs. In the present study, three ruthenium(II) organometallic complexes containing as ligands the commercially available anti-inflammatories diclofenac (dic), ibuprofen (ibu), and naproxen (nap) were synthesized, characterized, and subjected to in vitro leishmanicidal activity. The in vitro cytotoxicity assays against Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and Leishmania (L.) infantum promastigotes have shown that complexes [RuCl(dic)(η6-p-cymene)] (1) and [RuCl(nap)(η6-p-cymene)] (3) were active against both Leishmania species. Complex [RuCl(ibu)(η6-p-cymene)] (2) has exhibited no activity. The IC50 values for the two active complexes were respectively 7.42 and 23.55 μM, for L. (L.) amazonensis, and 8.57 and 42.25 μM, for L. (L.) infantum. Based on the toxicological results and computational analysis, we proposed a correlation between the complexes and their activity. Our results suggest both complexation to ruthenium(II) and ligands structure are key elements to leishmanicidal activity.
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In vitro leishmanicidal and trypanocidal evaluation and magnetic properties of 7-amino-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine Cu(II) complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 180:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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