Interaction of zinc(II) with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug niflumic acid

Environmentally friendly catalyst- and solvent-free synthesis of 2-anilino nicotinic acids derivatives as potential lead COX inhibitors

In this study, an environmentally friendly, solvent- and catalyst-free synthesis of 2-anilino nicotinic acids derivatives is reported. This operationally simple and green procedure was applied to a selection of primary aromatic amines giving rise to 23 derivatives of 2-anilino nicotinic acids in a very short reaction time (15-120 min) with good to excellent yield. Next, similarity searches were executed on these derivatives to find the possible biological target. These products were screened for inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 by molecular docking and dynamic studies. In silico studies revealed that among these derivatives, the structure 10 bearing meta-chlorine substitutions could act as COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors. These results can be used in designing important lead compounds for further development as potential anti-inflammatory drugs.

In vitro biological activity of copper(II) complexes with NSAIDs and nicotinamide: Characterization, DNA- and BSA-interaction study and anticancer activity

Through the reaction of copper(II) acetate with nicotinamide (pyridine-3-carboxylic acid amide, niacinamide) and some derivatives of N-phenylanthranilic acid (fenamates), seven new mixed-ligand copper(II) compounds were isolated: [Cu(tolf-O)(tolf-O,O')nia-N)₂(EtOH)] (1), [Cu(tolf-O)(tolf-O,O')(nia-N)₂(MeOH)] (2), [Cu(meclf-O)(meclf-O,O')(nia-N)₂(EtOH)] (3), [Cu(meclf-O)(meclf-O,O')(nia-N)₂(MeOH)] (4), [Cu(meclf-O)(meclf-O,O')(nia-N)₂(ACN)] (5), [Cu(mef-O)(mef-O,O')(nia-N)₂(EtOH)] (6) and [Cu(mef-O)(mef-O,O')(nia-N)₂(ACN)] (7) containing a molecule of relevant solvent as ligand in their primary crystal structure (tolf = tolfenamate, meclf = meclofenamate, mef = mefenamate, nia = nicotinamide, EtOH = ethanol, MeOH = methanol, ACN = acetonitrile). The structures of the complexes were determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The intermolecular interactions were studied by Hirshfeld surface analysis. The complexes were characterized by IR, UV-vis and EPR spectroscopy and their redox properties were determined by cyclic voltammetry. The interaction of the complexes with bovine serum albumin was studied by fluorescence emission spectroscopy and the albumin-binding constants of the compounds were calculated. The interaction of the complexes with calf-thymus DNA was monitored by diverse techniques (UV-vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, viscosity measurements) suggesting intercalation as the most possible mode of binding. DNA-competitive studies of the complexes with ethidium bromide were monitored by fluorescence emission spectroscopy. The cytotoxic effects of copper(II) complexes on lung carcinoma cells and healthy cells were determined by the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] colorimetric technique.

In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Novel Co(II) and Ni(II) Complexes of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Niflumic Acid Against Human Breast Adenocarcinoma MCF-7 Cells

Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization and anticancer activity of six novel complexes of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug niflumic acid with Co(II) and Ni(II). In vitro cytotoxicity screening in MCF-7, HepG2 and HT-29 cancer cell lines showed that the complex 3 [Co(nif)₂(met)(4-pic)] and complex 6 [Ni(nif)₂(met)(4-pic)] among all the complexes exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells with IC₅₀ values of 11.14 µM and, 41.47 µM, respectively. Besides, all the complexes exhibited significantly higher selectivity towards mouse fibroblast 3T3L1 cells. Further mechanistic studies with both complexes on MCF-7 cells revealed their cytotoxic action through the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway causing an increase oxidative/nitrosative stress, decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), inducing the multicaspase activation and arresting the cell cycle at S phase. q-PCR analysis resulted in an increase in the expression of the apoptotic marker proteins bax, p53 and caspase-3 and -8 in MCF-7 cells, but a decrease in the expression of antiapoptotic bcl-2 gene. Moreover, both complexes induced the apoptosis through the inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by decreasing the expression of PI3K and increasing dephosphorylation form of Akt protein. These results provide a significant contribution to the explanation of the anticancer mechanisms of these complexes in MCF-7 cells.

Novel copper(ii) complexes with fenamates and isonicotinamide: structure and properties, and interactions with DNA and serum albumin

Reactions of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs tolfenamic, meclofenamic, mefenamic, clonixic and niflumic acids with isonicotinamide and copper(ii) acetate resulted in the formation of five novel mixed-ligand Cu(ii) coordination compounds.