New insight into the role of glutathione reductase in glutathione peroxidase-like activity determination by coupled reductase assay: Molecular Docking Study

Flavan-Benzofurans from Artocarpus lacucha: Their Intracellular Antioxidant Activity and Molecular Docking to Glutathione Reductase

Phytochemical investigation of Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham (Moraceae) leaves led to the identification of three of the rarely found flavan-benzofuranes named artocarpinol C (1), 3-epi-artocarpinol C (2), and artocarpinol D (6) along with six known flavan derivatives. Thus, a total of six artocarpinols are now described. All their chemical structures and absolute configurations were established by one dimensional (1D)- and two-dimensional (2D) NMR, infrared (IR), electronic circular dichroism (ECD), high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), and optical rotation (OR). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations based on the B3LYP theory level were conducted to determine the stereochemistry at positions 2 and 3 in the C-ring. All compounds exhibited in vitro radical scavenging activities, and compounds 3 and 5 demonstrated pronounced intracellular antioxidative effects in colon carcinoma cells (SW480), as determined by the DCFH-DA assay. Compounds 3 and 5 exhibited further high affinities for binding to the active site of human glutathione reductase. These molecular properties are discussed with regard to possible applications.

Real-time sensitive detection of Cr (VI) in industrial wastewater and living cells using carbon dot decorated natural kyanite nanoparticles

This article reports a facile strategy to detect hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) using a naturally formed mineral (kyanite) based fluorometric sensor. Nitrogenous carbon dots have been incorporated into natural kyanite (KYCD) nanoparticles causing a stable bright blue fluorescence compared to its pristine counterpart. This sensing probe structurally stabilizes and resists the agglomeration of carbon dots, thus retaining fluorescence quality for a longer period. The promising bright blue fluorescence has been utilized further to detect Cr (VI) in wastewater and living cells. Ease of synthesis, low cost, and stability of the system offers the benefit for large-scale production, which is convenient for industrial production the sensing probe. The sensor shows high selectivity and sensitivity (LOD and LOQ of 0.11 µM and 0.36 µM respectively in case of linear fitting, whereas 0.26 µM and 0.88 µM respectively for full range plot) towards hexavalent chromium in presence of other interfering elements. A detailed study of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mediated rapid 'turn off' sensing mechanism was carried out using Time-Dependent Density functional (TDDFT) calculations. The sensing efficacy of the probe remains unaltered under a wide range of pH and can be effective in various water types. Onsite sampling and probing of Cr (VI) in tannery wastewater has been performed to validate its real-life efficiency that yields excellent results. The sensor can effectively detect chromium at a cellular level (HeLa cells) in a similar way as the bright blue fluorescence diminishes in presence of the quenching ion. Experimental in vitro studies along with theoretical docking analysis has been conducted to substantiate such issues and a higher possibility of fluorophore binding was found for Isoleucine (2.9 Å), Serine (2.96 Å), and Glycine (3.16 Å). This biocompatible sensor rapidly senses hexavalent chromium in living cells, which makes this efficient probe a true heavy metal-induced carcinogen sensor.

Lycopene Ameliorates Liver Inflammation and Redox Status in Mice Exposed to Long-Term Cigarette Smoke

Cigarette smoke (CS) is the major cause of preventable death worldwide, and it can also cause damage to extrapulmonary organs, such as the liver, mainly due the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The liver is an essential organ for human survival since it is mainly responsible for the body metabolism and among other things and it is the place where many endogenous and exogenous substances undergo biological transformation. Lycopene is a nonprovitamin A carotenoid found in red fruits and vegetables, and its role as a potent antioxidant is well known. In this study, we hypothesized that lycopene could protect mouse liver against long-term CS exposure. Thirty C57BL/6 mice were exposed to twelve cigarette smoke (12 cigarettes per day) for 60 days and pretreated with 25 mg/kg/day or 50 mg/kg/day of lycopene via orogastric gavage. After euthanasia, the hepatic tissue was collected for histopathological, antioxidant defense, oxidative stress, inflammatory, and collagen deposition analysis. Our analysis demonstrated that lycopene results in a suitable outcome to ameliorate the pathological changes, inflammatory and antioxidant profile in a mouse model of long-term CS exposure, and collagen accumulation in the hepatic extracellular matrix. This study demonstrates for the first time that supplementation of lycopene can be a possible pharmacological tool for the treatment of hepatic damage caused by exposure to long-term CS.