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Chen Y, Wang P, Shu X, Wang Z, Chen X. Morphology and Ultrastructure of the Female Reproductive Apparatus of an Asexual Strain of the Endoparasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050713. [PMID: 37237527 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) is a solitary endoparasitoid of lepidopteran pests and a good candidate for the control of Spodoptera frugiperda. To elucidate the structure of the female reproductive apparatus, which may play a role in facilitating successful parasitism, we presented the description of the morphology and ultrastructure of the whole female reproductive system in a thelytokous strain of M. pulchricornis. Its reproductive system includes a pair of ovaries without specialized ovarian tissues, a branched venom gland, a venom reservoir, and a single Dufour gland. Each ovariole contains follicles and oocytes at different stages of maturation. A fibrous layer, possibly an egg surface protector, coats the surface of mature eggs. The venom gland consists of secretory units (including secretory cells and ducts) with abundant mitochondria, vesicles and end apparatuses in the cytoplasm, and a lumen. The venom reservoir is comprised of a muscular sheath, epidermal cells with few end apparatuses and mitochondria, and a large lumen. Furthermore, venosomes are produced by secretory cells and delivered into the lumen via the ducts. As a result, myriad venosomes are observed in the venom gland filaments and the venom reservoir, suggesting that they may function as a parasitic factor and have important roles in effective parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Chen
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pengzhan Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaohan Shu
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhizhi Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuexin Chen
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Shimizu S, Chen HP, Lin KT, Chen RJ, Fujie S, Hung SC, Lo ML, Tsai KH, Maeto K. Online citizen sciences reveal natural enemies and new occurrence data of Meteorusstellatus Fujie, Shimizu & Maeto, 2021 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Euphorinae). Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e103436. [PMID: 38327304 PMCID: PMC10848409 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e103436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Citizen science is a research approach that involves collaboration between professional scientists and non-professional volunteers. The utilisation of recent online citizen-science platforms (e.g. social networking services) has greatly revolutionised the accessibility of biodiversity data by providing opportunities for connecting professional and citizen scientists worldwide. Meteorusstellatus Fujie, Shimizu & Maeto, 2021 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Euphorinae) has been recorded from the Oriental Islands of Japan and known to be a gregarious endoparasitoid of two macro-sized sphingid moths of Macroglossum, Ma.passalus (Drury) and Ma.pyrrhosticta Butler. It constructs characteristic star-shaped communal cocoons, suspended by a long cable. Although M.stellatus has been reported only from the Oriental Islands of Japan, the authors recognise its occurrence and ecological data from Taiwan and the Palaearctic Island of Japan through posts on online citizen-science groups about Taiwanese Insects on Facebook and an article on a Japanese citizen-scientist's website. New information Through collaboration between professional and citizen scientists via social media (Facebook groups) and websites, the following new biodiversity and ecological data associated with M.stellatus are provided: Meteorusstellatus is recorded for the first time from Taiwan and the Palaearctic Region (Yakushima Is., Japan).Cechetraminor (Butler, 1875), Hippotioncelerio (Linnaeus, 1758) and Macroglossumsitiene (Walker, 1856) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) are recorded for the first time as hosts of M.stellatus and two of which (C.minor and H.celerio) represent the first genus-level host records for M.stellatus.Mesochorus sp. (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae), indeterminate species of Pteromalidae and Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera), are recognised as hyperparasitoid wasps of M.stellatus.Parapolybiavaria (Fabricius, 1787) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) is reported as a predator of pendulous communal cocoons of M.stellatus. The nature of suspended large-sized communal cocoons of M.stellatus and the importance and limitations of digital occurrence data and online citizen science are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Shimizu
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, JapanInstitute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NAROTsukubaJapan
- Laboratory of Insect Biodiversity and Ecosystem Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, JapanLaboratory of Insect Biodiversity and Ecosystem Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe UniversityKobeJapan
| | - Hsuan-Pu Chen
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, TaiwanDepartment of Entomology, National Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kai-Ti Lin
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, TaiwanDepartment of Entomology, National Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ren-Jye Chen
- Kaohsiung Association of Naturalists, Kaohsiung, TaiwanKaohsiung Association of NaturalistsKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Shunpei Fujie
- Osaka Museum of Natural History, Osaka, JapanOsaka Museum of Natural HistoryOsakaJapan
| | - Su-Chuan Hung
- Zhongzheng Community College, Taipei, TaiwanZhongzheng Community CollegeTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Lo
- Butterfly Conservation Society of Taiwan, Taipei, TaiwanButterfly Conservation Society of TaiwanTaipeiTaiwan
- The Society of Wilderness, Taoyuan Branch, Taoyuan, TaiwanThe Society of Wilderness, Taoyuan BranchTaoyuanTaiwan
- Wild Bird Society of Taoyuan, Taoyuan, TaiwanWild Bird Society of TaoyuanTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Ke-Hsiung Tsai
- Butterfly Conservation Society of Taiwan, Taipei, TaiwanButterfly Conservation Society of TaiwanTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kaoru Maeto
- Laboratory of Insect Biodiversity and Ecosystem Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, JapanLaboratory of Insect Biodiversity and Ecosystem Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe UniversityKobeJapan
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Yokoi K, Furukawa S, Zhou R, Jouraku A, Bono H. Reference Genome Sequences of the Oriental Armyworm, Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13121172. [PMID: 36555082 PMCID: PMC9853324 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran insects are an important group of animals, including those used as biochemical and physiological model species in the insect and silk industries as well as others that are major agricultural pests. Therefore, the genome sequences of several lepidopteran insects have been reported. The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata, is an agricultural pest commonly used to study insect immune reactions and interactions with parasitoid wasps as hosts. To improve our understanding of these research topics, reference genome sequences were constructed in the present study. Using long-read and short-read sequence data, de novo assembly and polishing were performed and haplotigs were purged. Subsequently, gene predictions and functional annotations were performed. To search for orthologs of the Toll and Immune Deficiency (IMD) pathways and for C-type lectins, annotation data analysis, BLASTp, and Hummer scans were performed. The M. separata genome is 682 Mbp; its contig N50 was 2.7 Mbp, with 21,970 genes and 24,452 coding sites predicted. All orthologs of the core components of the Toll and IMD pathways and 105 C-type lectins were identified. These results suggest that the genome data were of sufficient quality for use as reference genome data and could contribute to promoting M. separata and lepidopteran research at the molecular and genome levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakeru Yokoi
- Insect Design Technology Group, Division of Insect Advanced Technology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba 305-0901, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-838-6129
| | - Seiichi Furukawa
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan;
| | - Rui Zhou
- Degree Program in Agro-Bioresources Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan;
| | - Akiya Jouraku
- Insect Design Technology Group, Division of Insect Advanced Technology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba 305-0901, Japan;
| | - Hidemasa Bono
- Laboratory of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 3-10-23 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City 739-0046, Japan;
- Laboratory of BioDX, Genome Editing Innovation Center, Hiroshima University, 3-10-23 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City 739-0046, Japan
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Proteo-Trancriptomic Analyses Reveal a Large Expansion of Metalloprotease-Like Proteins in Atypical Venom Vesicles of the Wasp Meteorus pulchricornis (Braconidae). Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070502. [PMID: 34357975 PMCID: PMC8310156 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Meteorus pulchricornis (Ichneumonoidea, Braconidae) is an endoparasitoid wasp of lepidopteran caterpillars. Its parasitic success relies on vesicles (named M. pulchricornis Virus-Like Particles or MpVLPs) that are synthesized in the venom gland and injected into the parasitoid host along with the venom during oviposition. In order to define the content and understand the biogenesis of these atypical vesicles, we performed a transcriptome analysis of the venom gland and a proteomic analysis of the venom and purified MpVLPs. About half of the MpVLPs and soluble venom proteins identified were unknown and no similarity with any known viral sequence was found. However, MpVLPs contained a large number of proteins labelled as metalloproteinases while the most abundant protein family in the soluble venom was that of proteins containing the Domain of Unknown Function DUF-4803. The high number of these proteins identified suggests that a large expansion of these two protein families occurred in M. pulchricornis. Therefore, although the exact mechanism of MpVLPs formation remains to be elucidated, these vesicles appear to be “metalloproteinase bombs” that may have several physiological roles in the host including modifying the functions of its immune cells. The role of DUF4803 proteins, also present in the venom of other braconids, remains to be clarified.
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Quicke DLJ, Butcher BA. Review of Venoms of Non-Polydnavirus Carrying Ichneumonoid Wasps. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:50. [PMID: 33445639 PMCID: PMC7828074 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parasitoids are predominantly insects that develop as larvae on or inside their host, also usually another insect, ultimately killing it after various periods of parasitism when both parasitoid larva and host are alive. The very large wasp superfamily Ichneumonoidea is composed of parasitoids of other insects and comprises a minimum of 100,000 species. The superfamily is dominated by two similarly sized families, Braconidae and Ichneumonidae, which are collectively divided into approximately 80 subfamilies. Of these, six have been shown to release DNA-containing virus-like particles, encoded within the wasp genome, classified in the virus family Polydnaviridae. Polydnaviruses infect and have profound effects on host physiology in conjunction with various venom and ovarial secretions, and have attracted an immense amount of research interest. Physiological interactions between the remaining ichneumonoids and their hosts result from adult venom gland secretions and in some cases, ovarian or larval secretions. Here we review the literature on the relatively few studies on the effects and chemistry of these ichneumonoid venoms and make suggestions for interesting future research areas. In particular, we highlight relatively or potentially easily culturable systems with features largely lacking in currently studied systems and whose study may lead to new insights into the roles of venom chemistry in host-parasitoid relationships as well as their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L. J. Quicke
- Integrative Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan 10330, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Entomology, Bee Biology, Diversity of Insects and Mites, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan 10330, Thailand
| | - Buntika A. Butcher
- Integrative Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan 10330, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Entomology, Bee Biology, Diversity of Insects and Mites, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan 10330, Thailand
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Wan B, Yang L, Zhang J, Qiu L, Fang Q, Yao H, Poirié M, Gatti JL, Ye G. The Venom of the Ectoparasitoid Wasp Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Induces Apoptosis of Drosophila melanogaster Hemocytes. INSECTS 2020; 11:E363. [PMID: 32545289 PMCID: PMC7349765 DOI: 10.3390/insects11060363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pupal ectoparasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemiae injects venom into its fly hosts prior to oviposition. We have shown that this venom causes immune suppression in Drosophila melanogaster pupa but the mechanism involved remained unclear. Here, we show using transgenic D. melanogaster with fluorescent hemocytes that the in vivo number of plasmatocytes and lamellocytes decreases after envenomation while it has a limited effect on crystal cells. After in vitro incubation with venom, the cytoskeleton of plasmatocytes underwent rearrangement with actin aggregation around the internal vacuoles, which increased with incubation time and venom concentration. The venom also decreased the lamellocytes adhesion capacity and induced nucleus fragmentation. Electron microscopy observation revealed that the shape of the nucleus and mitochondria became irregular after in vivo incubation with venom and confirmed the increased vacuolization with the formation of autophagosomes-like structures. Almost all venom-treated hemocytes became positive for TUNEL assays, indicating massive induced apoptosis. In support, the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK attenuated the venom-induced morphological changes suggesting an involvement of caspases. Our data indicate that P. vindemiae venom inhibits D. melanogaster host immunity by inducing strong apoptosis in hemocytes. These assays will help identify the individual venom component(s) responsible and the precise mechanism(s)/pathway(s) involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (B.W.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.Q.); (Q.F.); (H.Y.)
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (B.W.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.Q.); (Q.F.); (H.Y.)
| | - Jiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (B.W.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.Q.); (Q.F.); (H.Y.)
| | - Liming Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (B.W.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.Q.); (Q.F.); (H.Y.)
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (B.W.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.Q.); (Q.F.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hongwei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (B.W.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.Q.); (Q.F.); (H.Y.)
| | - Marylène Poirié
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotec h (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d’Azur, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (M.P.); (J.-L.G.)
| | - Jean-Luc Gatti
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotec h (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d’Azur, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (M.P.); (J.-L.G.)
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (B.W.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.Q.); (Q.F.); (H.Y.)
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Lapointe JF, McCarthy CD, Dunphy GB, Mandato CA. Physiological evidence of integrin-antibody reactive proteins influencing the innate cellular immune responses of larval Galleria mellonella hemocytes. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:239-255. [PMID: 30328680 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Larval Galleria mellonella (L.) hemocytes form microaggregates in response to stimulation by Gram-positive bacteria. Hemocyte adhesion to foreign materials is mediated by the cAMP/ protein kinase A pathway and the β-subunit of cholera toxin using a cAMP-independent mechanism. Cholera toxin-induced microaggregation was inhibited by the integrin inhibitory RGDS peptide, implying integrins may be part of the mechanism. Based on the types of mammalian integrin-antibody reactive proteins affecting hemocyte adhesion and bacterial-induced responses α5 , αv , β1 , and β3 subunits occurred on both granular cell and plasmatocyte hemocyte subtypes. A fluorescent band representing the binding of rabbit α5 -integrin subunit antibodies occurred between adhering heterotypic hemocytes. The frequency of the bands was increased by cholera toxin. The α5 and β1 rabbit integrin subunit antibodies inhibited removal of Bacillus subtilis (Cohn) from the hemolymph in vivo. A α5 β1 -specific synthetic peptide blocker similarly diminished hemocyte function whereas the αv β3 -specific inhibitory peptide and the corresponding integrin subunit antibodies did not influence nonself hemocyte activities. Western blots revealed several proteins reacting with a given integrin-antibody subtype. Thus integrin-antibody reactive proteins (which may include integrins) with possible α5 and β1 epitopes modulate immediate hemocyte function. Confocal microscopy established plasmatocyte adhesion to and rosetting over substrata followed by granular cell microaggregate adhesion to plasmatocytes during early stage nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason F Lapointe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Connor D McCarthy
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Macdonald Campus, Ste. Anne De Bellevue, Canada
| | - Gary B Dunphy
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Macdonald Campus, Ste. Anne De Bellevue, Canada
| | - Craig A Mandato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Nucleopolyhedrovirus infection and/or parasitism by Microplitis pallidipes Szepligeti affect hemocyte apoptosis of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 132:165-170. [PMID: 26470677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We determined the effects of parasitism by the endoparasitoid Microplitis pallidipes Szepligeti and/or nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) infection on hemocyte apoptosis of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) larvae. Compared to healthy (control) larvae, larvae that were parasitized, virus-infected, or both all showed a significant increase in hemocyte apoptosis during 48-h observation period. The peaks of hemocyte apoptosis in parasitized, virus-infected and parasitized+infected larvae were at 12, 24 and 48 h after treatment, and were 86.7±1.9, 87.4±3.6 and 76.5±1.6%, respectively. Meanwhile, compared to parasitized larvae, hemocyte apoptosis in jointly parasitized and infected larvae increased by 12.9%, 18.7% and 2.8% at 8, 36 and 48 h respectively, and decreased by 39.0% and 9.1% at 12 and 24h. Compared to virus-infected larvae, hemocyte apoptosis in jointly parasitized and infected larvae increased by 13.4%, 2.4% and 15.3% at 8, 36 and 48 h, respectively, and decreased by 4.0% and 29.9% at 12 and 24h. Our study found that joint and separate parasitism and SeNPV infection induced hemocyte apoptosis of S. exigua larvae. It also revealed that NPV infection promoted host hemocyte apoptosis induced by parasitism at early egg and larval stages of M. pallidipes in host larvae, but inhibited the same effect at late egg stage of M. pallidipes in host larvae, and that parasitism promoted host hemocyte apoptosis induced by NPV infection at early egg and larval stages of M. pallidipes in host larvae, but inhibited the same effect at late egg stage of M. pallidipes in host larvae.
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Chen WT, Hwang SY. Interspecific competition between Snellenius manilae and Meteorus pulchricornis, larval parasitoids of Spodoptera litura. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 105:583-588. [PMID: 26152459 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315000516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Snellenius manilae (Ashmead) and Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are larval endoparasitoids of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Both species preferentially parasitize early-instar S. litura and occupy similar ecological niches. Therefore, competition between the two species may occur. In this study, intrinsic competition and cage experiments were conducted to discuss the interactions between S. manilae and M. pulchricornis. The results indicated that in intrinsic competition, M. pulchricornis was always the dominant species. In cage experiments, when the total number of parasitoids was four, the parasitism rates following the release of one species were significantly higher than the release of two species simultaneously. In addition, parasitism rate of eight M. pulchricornis was also significantly higher than the parasitism rate of the treatment released four S. manilae and four M. pulchricornis simultaneously. Therefore, competition occurs between S. manilae and M. pulchricornis, and M. pulchricornis is typically the superior of the two species. The use of M. pulchricornis as a biological agent for S. litura should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-T Chen
- Department of Entomology,National Chung Hsing University,Taichung,Taiwan
| | - S-Y Hwang
- Department of Entomology,National Chung Hsing University,Taichung,Taiwan
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Formesyn EM, Heyninck K, de Graaf DC. The role of serine- and metalloproteases in Nasonia vitripennis venom in cell death related processes towards a Spodoptera frugiperda Sf21 cell line. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:795-803. [PMID: 23684740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are predominant venom components of the ectoparasitoid Nasonia vitripennis. Two protease families, serine proteases and metalloproteases were examined for their possible cytotoxic functions in the Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21) cell line using protease inhibitors that inactivate one or both protease families. Viability assays on adherent cells indicated that both protease families are among the main cytotoxic compounds of N. vitripennis venom. However, viability assays and flow cytometry performed on suspension cells 24h after envenomation revealed that inactivation of metalloproteases did not improve cell survival. These results indicate that both protease families may have tissue specific functions. Time course experiments indicate that serine proteases of N. vitripennis venom are responsible for inducing apoptosis in the Sf21 cell line. However, other venom compounds could also be involved in this process and different cell death pathways may take over when a specific type of cell death is inhibited. During parasitation of their natural hosts, both protease families may possibly function in immune related processes and tissue destruction, enabling venom distribution. Overall, this study provides important insights into the functions of serine and metalloproteases in the venom of N. vitripennis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Formesyn
- Laboratory of Zoophysiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Moreau SJM. "It stings a bit but it cleans well": venoms of Hymenoptera and their antimicrobial potential. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:186-204. [PMID: 23073394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Venoms from Hymenoptera display a wide range of functions and biological roles. These notably include manipulation of the host, capture of prey and defense against competitors and predators thanks to endocrine and immune systems disruptors, neurotoxic, cytolytic and pain-inducing venom components. Recent works indicate that many hymenopteran species, whatever their life style, have also evolved a venom with properties which enable it to regulate microbial infections, both in stinging and stung animals. In contrast to biting insects and their salivary glands, stinging Hymenoptera seem to constitute an under-exploited ecological niche for agents of vector-borne disease. Few parasitic or mutualistic microorganisms have been reported to be hosted by venom-producing organs or to be transmitted to stung animals. This may result from the presence of potent antimicrobial molecules in venoms, histological features of venom apparatuses and selective effects of venoms on immune defenses of targeted organisms. The present paper reviews for the first time the venom antimicrobial potential of solitary and social Hymenoptera in molecular, ecological, and evolutionary perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien J M Moreau
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France.
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Colinet D, Mathé-Hubert H, Allemand R, Gatti JL, Poirié M. Variability of venom components in immune suppressive parasitoid wasps: from a phylogenetic to a population approach. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:205-212. [PMID: 23103980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Endoparasitoid wasps develop at the expense of other insects, leading to their death. Eggs deposited inside the host body induce an immune response, which results in the formation of a melanized cellular capsule around the egg. To evade or counteract this response, endoparasitoids have evolved different strategies, the most often reported being injection into the host of immunosuppressive factors, notably venom proteins, along with the egg. The analysis of venom components has been performed independently in species of different taxa, but the present picture is far from complete. Intriguingly, the question of the level of venom variability inside species has been neglected, although it may partly determine the potential for parasitoid adaptation. Here, we present a short review of our present knowledge of venom components in endoparasitoids, as well as of the only well-known example of intraspecific variability in a venom immune suppressive protein being responsible for variation in parasitoid virulence. We then present data evidencing inter-individual variation of venom protein profiles, using a gel electrophoresis approach, both in laboratory strains and field populations of a figitid and a braconid species. Whether occurrence of such variability may permit a selection of parasitoid venom components driven by the host remains to be tested, notably in the context of the production and use of biological control auxiliaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Colinet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Evolution and Specificity of Multitrophic Interactions (ESIM), UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Sophia Antipolis, France
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Asgari S, Rivers DB. Venom proteins from endoparasitoid wasps and their role in host-parasite interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 56:313-335. [PMID: 20822448 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Endoparasitoids introduce a variety of factors into their host during oviposition to ensure successful parasitism. These include ovarian and venom fluids that may be accompanied by viruses and virus-like particles. An overwhelming number of venom components are enzymes with similarities to insect metabolic enzymes, suggesting their recruitment for expression in venom glands with modified functions. Other components include protease inhibitors, paralytic factors, and constituents that facilitate/enhance entry and expression of genes from symbiotic viruses or virus-like particles. In addition, the venom gland may itself support replication/production of some viruses or virus-like entities. Overlapping functions and structural similarities of some venom, ovarian, and virus-encoded proteins suggest coevolution of molecules recruited by endoparasitoids to maintain their fitness relative to their host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sassan Asgari
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072.
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Kaeslin M, Reinhard M, Bühler D, Roth T, Pfister-Wilhelm R, Lanzrein B. Venom of the egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus inanitus is a complex mixture and has multiple biological effects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:686-694. [PMID: 20006617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus inanitus injects bracoviruses (BVs) and venom along with the egg into the host egg; both components are essential for successful parasitoid development. All stages of eggs of its natural host, Spodoptera littoralis, can be successfully parasitized, i.e. from mainly a yolk sphere to a fully developed embryo. Here, we show that the venom contains at least 25 proteins with masses from 14kDa to over 300kDa ranging from acidic to basic. The majority is glycosylated and their persistence in the host is short when old eggs are parasitized and much longer when young eggs are parasitized. Physiological experiments indicated three different functions. (1) Venom synergized the effect of BVs in disrupting host development when injected into third instar larvae. (2) Venom had a transient paralytic effect when injected into sixth instar larvae. (3) In vitro experiments with haemocytes of fourth instar larvae suggested that venom alters cell membrane permeability. We propose that venom promotes entry of BVs into host cells and facilitates placement of the egg in the embryo's haemocoel when old eggs are parasitized. The multifunctionality of the venom might thus be essential in enabling parasitization of all stages of host eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Kaeslin
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Berne, Baltzerstrasse 4, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
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Mabiala-Moundoungou ADN, Doury G, Eslin P, Cherqui A, Prévost G. Deadly venom of Asobara japonica parasitoid needs ovarian antidote to regulate host physiology. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:35-41. [PMID: 19769980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Asobara japonica (Braconidae) is an endophagous parasitoid developing in Drosophila larvae. The present study shows that A. japonica was never encapsulated in Drosophila melanogaster, and that it caused an overall inhibition of the host encapsulation reaction since injected foreign bodies were never encapsulated in parasitized hosts. Both the number of circulating hemocytes and the phenoloxidase activity decreased in parasitized larvae, and the hematopoietic organ appeared highly disrupted. We also found that A. japonica venom secretions had atypical effects on hosts compared to other braconid wasps. A. japonica venom secretions induced permanent paralysis followed by death of D. melanogaster larvae, whether injected by the female wasp during an interrupted oviposition, or manually injected into unparasitized larvae. More remarkably, these effects could be reversed by injection of ovarian extracts from female wasps. This is the first report that the venom of an endophagous braconid parasitoid can have a deadly effect on hosts, and moreover, that ovarian extracts can act as an antidote to reverse the effects of the wasp's venom. These results also demonstrate that A. japonica secretions from both venom gland and ovary are required to regulate synergistically the host physiology for the success of the parasitoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D N Mabiala-Moundoungou
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Entomophages, EA 3900 BioPI, Université de Picardie-Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens cedex, France
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