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Dal Pos D, Mikó I, Talamas EJ, Vilhelmsen L, Sharanowski BJ. A revised terminology for male genitalia in Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a special emphasis on Ichneumonoidea. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15874. [PMID: 37868054 PMCID: PMC10588719 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Applying consistent terminology for morphological traits across different taxa is a highly pertinent task in the study of morphology and evolution. Different terminologies for the same traits can generate bias in phylogeny and prevent correct homology assessments. This situation is exacerbated in the male genitalia of Hymenoptera, and specifically in Ichneumonoidea, in which the terminology is not standardized and has not been fully aligned with the rest of Hymenoptera. In the current contribution, we review the terms used to describe the skeletal features of the male genitalia in Hymenoptera, and provide a list of authors associated with previously used terminology. We propose a unified terminology for the male genitalia that can be utilized across the order and a list of recommended terms. Further, we review and discuss the genital musculature for the superfamily Ichneumonoidea based on previous literature and novel observations and align the terms used for muscles across the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Dal Pos
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, United States of America
| | - István Mikó
- Don Chandler Entomological Collection, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States of America
| | - Elijah J Talamas
- Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Lars Vilhelmsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Barbara J Sharanowski
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, United States of America
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González-Moreno A, Bordera S, Ballina-Gómez H, Leirana-Alcocer J. Age matters: variations in parasitoid diversity along a successional gradient in a dry semi-deciduous tropical forest. Bull Entomol Res 2023; 113:604-614. [PMID: 37642193 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids are an important group of insects because their species number is among the highest. Multiple studies have addressed the relationships between forest successional age and insect diversity by focusing on herbivorous organisms, but changes in diversity of parasitoids are still poorly known. This work analyses the diversity of parasitoids in tropical forests representing three successional stages. A total of 30 traps were placed, ten in each forest successional stages. We estimated true diversity of Ichneumonidae species and guilds and explored the relationship between their diversity and the abundance of plant species using an Indicator Species Analysis; the relationship between parasitoid species and plant richness and abundance was tested using a Redundancy Analysis. A total of 1522 individuals and 168 morpho-species were captured in four months. Species richness showed no differences; however, parasitoid abundance was higher in young forest, while intermediate forest had the highest true diversity values (1D) with 71.6 effective species. According to insect guilds, richness, abundance, and diversity were similar in the three vegetation successional stages. This finding may be explained based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, which postulates that moderate disturbance levels favor the highest diversity. In conclusion, successional age matters, i.e., diversity is the highest in intermediate stages, while the old forests harbors guilds unique to that successional stage, such as parasitoids of melitophagous larvae of bees. Other successional stages were characterized by a single species of parasitoid, belonging to the genera Eiphosoma and Anomalon, which may indicate altered and preserved forests, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra González-Moreno
- División de estudios de posgrado e Investigación, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Conkal, Mexico
| | - Santiago Bordera
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Horacio Ballina-Gómez
- División de estudios de posgrado e Investigación, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Conkal, Mexico
| | - Jorge Leirana-Alcocer
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Yucatán, México
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Lin HY, Wang JJ, Mao XJ, Liao SK, Chen H. Eriogynapyretorum (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae) parasitoid species investigated in Fujian, China. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e108794. [PMID: 37693695 PMCID: PMC10483278 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e108794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Eriogynapyretorum Westwood is a notorious defoliator of Camphoraofficinarum Nees that causes large economic and ecological losses in planted forests. To understand the importance of suppressing the population of E.pyretorum on natural parasitoids, a four-years investigation was conducted in the field. Four egg parasitoid species Ooencyrtuskuvanae Howard, Trichogrammachionis Ishii, Telenomus sp. and Anastatusdexingensis Sheng & Wang were captured in the wild. One of these is the dominant endoparasitoid species T.chionis, which has a quicker developmental time (8.33 d), more offspring (8.39/egg) and a greater parasitism rate (89.54%). With different elevation distributions, the parasitism rates for Kriechbaumerellalongiscutellaris Qian & He, Gregopimplahimalayensis (Cameron), Theroniadepressa (Gupta) and Xanthopimplakonowi (Krieger) were 17.29%, 2.10%, 4.23% and 0.83%, respectively. Female longevity (47.75 d), offspring (13.36/pupa) and sex ratio (1.16:1) were compared in four pupal parasitoids and K.longiscutellaris was the most abundant species of E.pyretorum in Fujian Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu Lin
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, ChinaCollege of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jia Jin Wang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, ChinaCollege of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xin Jie Mao
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, ChinaCollege of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Song Kai Liao
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, ChinaCollege of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, ChinaCollege of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Quicke DLJ, Ghafouri Moghaddam M, Butcher BA. Dietary Challenges for Parasitoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea); Coping with Toxic Hosts, or Not? Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:424. [PMID: 37505693 PMCID: PMC10467097 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many insects defend themselves against predation by being distasteful or toxic. The chemicals involved may be sequestered from their diet or synthesized de novo in the insects' body tissues. Parasitoid wasps are a diverse group of insects that play a critical role in regulating their host insect populations such as lepidopteran caterpillars. The successful parasitization of caterpillars by parasitoid wasps is contingent upon their aptitude for locating and selecting suitable hosts, thereby determining their efficacy in parasitism. However, some hosts can be toxic to parasitoid wasps, which can pose challenges to their survival and reproduction. Caterpillars employ a varied array of defensive mechanisms to safeguard themselves against natural predators, particularly parasitoid wasps. These defenses are deployed pre-emptively, concurrently, or subsequently during encounters with such natural enemies. Caterpillars utilize a range of strategies to evade detection or deter and evade attackers. These tactics encompass both measures to prevent being noticed and mechanisms aimed at repelling or eluding potential threats. Post-attack strategies aim to eliminate or incapacitate the eggs or larvae of parasitoids. In this review, we investigate the dietary challenges faced by parasitoid wasps when encountering toxic hosts. We first summarize the known mechanisms through which insect hosts can be toxic to parasitoids and which protect caterpillars from parasitization. We then discuss the dietary adaptations and physiological mechanisms that parasitoid wasps have evolved to overcome these challenges, such as changes in feeding behavior, detoxification enzymes, and immune responses. We present new analyses of all published parasitoid-host records for the Ichneumonoidea that attack Lepidoptera caterpillars and show that classically toxic host groups are indeed hosts to significantly fewer species of parasitoid than most other lepidopteran groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Buntika A. Butcher
- Integrative Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (D.L.J.Q.); (M.G.M.)
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Shimizu S, Chen HP, Lin KT, Chen RJ, Fujie S, Hung SC, Lo ML, Tsai KH, Maeto K. Online citizen sciences reveal natural enemies and new occurrence data of Meteorusstellatus Fujie, Shimizu & Maeto, 2021 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Euphorinae). Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e103436. [PMID: 38327304 PMCID: PMC10848409 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e103436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Citizen science is a research approach that involves collaboration between professional scientists and non-professional volunteers. The utilisation of recent online citizen-science platforms (e.g. social networking services) has greatly revolutionised the accessibility of biodiversity data by providing opportunities for connecting professional and citizen scientists worldwide. Meteorusstellatus Fujie, Shimizu & Maeto, 2021 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Euphorinae) has been recorded from the Oriental Islands of Japan and known to be a gregarious endoparasitoid of two macro-sized sphingid moths of Macroglossum, Ma.passalus (Drury) and Ma.pyrrhosticta Butler. It constructs characteristic star-shaped communal cocoons, suspended by a long cable. Although M.stellatus has been reported only from the Oriental Islands of Japan, the authors recognise its occurrence and ecological data from Taiwan and the Palaearctic Island of Japan through posts on online citizen-science groups about Taiwanese Insects on Facebook and an article on a Japanese citizen-scientist's website. New information Through collaboration between professional and citizen scientists via social media (Facebook groups) and websites, the following new biodiversity and ecological data associated with M.stellatus are provided: Meteorusstellatus is recorded for the first time from Taiwan and the Palaearctic Region (Yakushima Is., Japan).Cechetraminor (Butler, 1875), Hippotioncelerio (Linnaeus, 1758) and Macroglossumsitiene (Walker, 1856) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) are recorded for the first time as hosts of M.stellatus and two of which (C.minor and H.celerio) represent the first genus-level host records for M.stellatus.Mesochorus sp. (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae), indeterminate species of Pteromalidae and Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera), are recognised as hyperparasitoid wasps of M.stellatus.Parapolybiavaria (Fabricius, 1787) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) is reported as a predator of pendulous communal cocoons of M.stellatus. The nature of suspended large-sized communal cocoons of M.stellatus and the importance and limitations of digital occurrence data and online citizen science are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Shimizu
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, JapanInstitute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NAROTsukubaJapan
- Laboratory of Insect Biodiversity and Ecosystem Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, JapanLaboratory of Insect Biodiversity and Ecosystem Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe UniversityKobeJapan
| | - Hsuan-Pu Chen
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, TaiwanDepartment of Entomology, National Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kai-Ti Lin
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, TaiwanDepartment of Entomology, National Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ren-Jye Chen
- Kaohsiung Association of Naturalists, Kaohsiung, TaiwanKaohsiung Association of NaturalistsKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Shunpei Fujie
- Osaka Museum of Natural History, Osaka, JapanOsaka Museum of Natural HistoryOsakaJapan
| | - Su-Chuan Hung
- Zhongzheng Community College, Taipei, TaiwanZhongzheng Community CollegeTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Lo
- Butterfly Conservation Society of Taiwan, Taipei, TaiwanButterfly Conservation Society of TaiwanTaipeiTaiwan
- The Society of Wilderness, Taoyuan Branch, Taoyuan, TaiwanThe Society of Wilderness, Taoyuan BranchTaoyuanTaiwan
- Wild Bird Society of Taoyuan, Taoyuan, TaiwanWild Bird Society of TaoyuanTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Ke-Hsiung Tsai
- Butterfly Conservation Society of Taiwan, Taipei, TaiwanButterfly Conservation Society of TaiwanTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kaoru Maeto
- Laboratory of Insect Biodiversity and Ecosystem Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, JapanLaboratory of Insect Biodiversity and Ecosystem Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe UniversityKobeJapan
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Loni A, Vanin S, Fornaciari A, Tomei PE, Giuffra V, Benelli G. Back to the Middle Ages: Entomological and Botanical Elements Reveal New Aspects of the Burial of Saint Davino of Armenia. Insects 2022; 13:1113. [PMID: 36555023 PMCID: PMC9786730 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The natural mummy of Saint Davino Armeno (11th century) is preserved in the church of Saint Michele in Foro in the city of Lucca (Tuscany, Central Italy). The body of Davino is one of the oldest Italian mummies of a Saint, and his paleopathological study was performed in 2018. In the present research, we investigated the arthropod fragments and botanical remains collected from the body, coffin, and fabrics of Saint Davino. Entomological analyses outlined the presence of 192 arthropod fragments. Among these, Diptera, Muscidae (Hydrotaea capensis and Muscina sp.), and Phoridae (Conicera sp.) puparia were the most abundant. Regarding Coleoptera, Ptinidae (Anobium punctatum) were the most frequent, followed by Cleridae (Necrobia sp.), Trogidae (Trox scaber), Curculionidae (Sitophilus granarius), and Histeridae (Gnathoncus). Cocoons of Tineidae and Pyralidae moths were found, along with a propodeum joined to the petiole and a mesopleuron of an Ichneumoninae parasitoid. Numerous metamera of Julida and three scorpion fragments were also found. Botanical samples indicated the presence of a quite broad botanical community, including gramineous species, olives, evergreen oaks, and grapevine. Overall, entomological data allow us to argue that Saint Davino was first buried into the soil, probably in a wooden coffin, thus supporting the historical-hagiographic tradition according to which he was buried sub divo in the cemetery of Saint Michele. The preservation of the body as a natural mummy may have been facilitated by burial in a coffin that prevented direct contact of the corpse with the earth. Botanical remains offer confirmation of a late medieval urban environment rich in horticultural areas and trees, giving us a landscape that is very different from the current Tuscan city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Loni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Vanin
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa, 26, 16132 Genova, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), 16128 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Fornaciari
- Division of Paleopathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Emilio Tomei
- Accademia Lucchese di Scienze, Lettere e Arti, Via V. Veneto, 1, 55100 Lucca, Italy
| | - Valentina Giuffra
- Division of Paleopathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Quicke DLJ, Butcher BA. Review of Venoms of Non-Polydnavirus Carrying Ichneumonoid Wasps. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:50. [PMID: 33445639 PMCID: PMC7828074 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parasitoids are predominantly insects that develop as larvae on or inside their host, also usually another insect, ultimately killing it after various periods of parasitism when both parasitoid larva and host are alive. The very large wasp superfamily Ichneumonoidea is composed of parasitoids of other insects and comprises a minimum of 100,000 species. The superfamily is dominated by two similarly sized families, Braconidae and Ichneumonidae, which are collectively divided into approximately 80 subfamilies. Of these, six have been shown to release DNA-containing virus-like particles, encoded within the wasp genome, classified in the virus family Polydnaviridae. Polydnaviruses infect and have profound effects on host physiology in conjunction with various venom and ovarial secretions, and have attracted an immense amount of research interest. Physiological interactions between the remaining ichneumonoids and their hosts result from adult venom gland secretions and in some cases, ovarian or larval secretions. Here we review the literature on the relatively few studies on the effects and chemistry of these ichneumonoid venoms and make suggestions for interesting future research areas. In particular, we highlight relatively or potentially easily culturable systems with features largely lacking in currently studied systems and whose study may lead to new insights into the roles of venom chemistry in host-parasitoid relationships as well as their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L. J. Quicke
- Integrative Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan 10330, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Entomology, Bee Biology, Diversity of Insects and Mites, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan 10330, Thailand
| | - Buntika A. Butcher
- Integrative Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan 10330, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Entomology, Bee Biology, Diversity of Insects and Mites, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan 10330, Thailand
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Benelli G, Ricciardi R, Romano D, Cosci F, Stefanini C, Lucchi A. Wing-fanning frequency as a releaser boosting male mating success-High-speed video analysis of courtship behavior in Campoplex capitator, a parasitoid of Lobesia botrana. Insect Sci 2020; 27:1298-1310. [PMID: 31789469 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Campoplex capitator is an ichneumonid parasitoid with a narrow host range, comprising grapevine moth pests. Despite being considered one of the possible candidates for biocontrol of Lobesia botrana, knowledge about its biology is limited and mass-rearing for commercial purposes is still lacking. This research provides a quantitative analysis of the C. capitator courtship and mating behavior. C. capitator mating sequence was analyzed by high-speed video recordings. Main behavioral parameters, with special reference to male wing fanning and antennal tapping, were quantified and linked with mating success. Furthermore, we analyzed the occurrence of population-level behavioral asymmetries during C. capitator sexual interactions and their impact on male success. Results showed that male wing fanning was crucial to successfully approach the female. Males achieving higher mating success performed wing-fanning at higher frequencies over unsuccessful ones. After wing fanning, most of males palpated the female's body with their antennae, before attempting copulation. The overall mating success was >70%, with a rather long copula duration (254.76 ± 14.21 s). Male wing-fanning was lateralized on the left at population level, while antennal tapping displays were right-biased. Side-biased male displays do not differ in terms of frequency and duration of their main features. This research adds basic knowledge to the C. capitator behavioral ecology. Since rearing protocols for C. capitator are being developed, male wing fanning frequency may represent a useful benchmark for monitoring mate quality over time, tackling mating success reductions due to prolonged mass-rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Renato Ricciardi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Donato Romano
- The BioRobotics Institute, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & A.I., Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Cosci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cesare Stefanini
- The BioRobotics Institute, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & A.I., Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
- HEIC Center, BME Department, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Andrea Lucchi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Sharanowski BJ, Ridenbaugh RD, Piekarski PK, Broad GR, Burke GR, Deans AR, Lemmon AR, Moriarty Lemmon EC, Diehl GJ, Whitfield JB, Hines HM. Phylogenomics of Ichneumonoidea (Hymenoptera) and implications for evolution of mode of parasitism and viral endogenization. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 156:107023. [PMID: 33253830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ichneumonoidea is one of the most diverse lineages of animals on the planet with >48,000 described species and many more undescribed. Parasitoid wasps of this superfamily are mostly beneficial insects that attack and kill other arthropods and are important for understanding diversification and the evolution of life history strategies related to parasitoidism. Further, some lineages of parasitoids within Ichneumonoidea have acquired endogenous virus elements (EVEs) that are permanently a part of the wasp's genome and benefit the wasp through host immune disruption and behavioral control. Unfortunately, understanding the evolution of viral acquisition, parasitism strategies, diversification, and host immune disruption mechanisms, is deeply limited by the lack of a robust phylogenetic framework for Ichneumonoidea. Here we design probes targeting 541 genes across 91 taxa to test phylogenetic relationships, the evolution of parasitoid strategies, and the utility of probes to capture polydnavirus genes across a diverse array of taxa. Phylogenetic relationships among Ichneumonoidea were largely well resolved with most higher-level relationships maximally supported. We noted codon use biases between the outgroups, Braconidae, and Ichneumonidae and within Pimplinae, which were largely solved through analyses of amino acids rather than nucleotide data. These biases may impact phylogenetic reconstruction and caution for outgroup selection is recommended. Ancestral state reconstructions were variable for Braconidae across analyses, but consistent for reconstruction of idiobiosis/koinobiosis in Ichneumonidae. The data suggest many transitions between parasitoid life history traits across the whole superfamily. The two subfamilies within Ichneumonidae that have polydnaviruses are supported as distantly related, providing strong evidence for two independent acquisitions of ichnoviruses. Polydnavirus capture using our designed probes was only partially successful and suggests that more targeted approaches would be needed for this strategy to be effective for surveying taxa for these viral genes. In total, these data provide a robust framework for the evolution of Ichneumonoidea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan D Ridenbaugh
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Patrick K Piekarski
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gavin R Broad
- Department of Life Sciences, the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Andrew R Deans
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802
| | - Alan R Lemmon
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | | | - Gloria J Diehl
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - James B Whitfield
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Heather M Hines
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802; Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802
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Oi CA, Brown RL, Stevens I, Wenseleers T. Hydrocarbon Signatures of the Ectoparasitoid Sphecophaga vesparum Shows Wasp Host Dependency. Insects 2020; 11:insects11050268. [PMID: 32353966 PMCID: PMC7290573 DOI: 10.3390/insects11050268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sphecophaga vesparum often parasitizes nests of vespid wasps such as Vespula vulgaris and Vespula germanica. Inside the colonies, the ectoparasitic larvae feed on the immature forms of the wasps. There are two adult forms of S. vesparum. The large, winged adults emerge from either rigid yellow cocoons or the orange cocoons used for overwintering. The small, brachypterous females emerge from soft, white cocoons. The species is facultative deuterotokous, producing mostly parthenogenic females and infrequently producing males. Here, we describe the production of chemical compounds related to the different developmental forms of the parasitoid S. vesparum (larvae, pupae and adults). We also compare the chemical profiles of the parasitoid wasp adults to those of their two main host species, Vespula vulgaris and Vespula germanica. The results show differences in hydrocarbon composition of larvae, pupae and adults of S. vesparum. Our results also suggest a partial mimicry of each of the two host species, mostly relating to linear alkanes present in both parasitoids and the host vespid wasp species. This matching is likely due to the recycling of the prey’s hydrocarbons, as has been found in other species of parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Akemi Oi
- Laboratory of Socioecology and Social Evolution, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-32-3015
| | - Robert L. Brown
- Manaaki Whenua—Landcare Research, P.O. Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
| | - Ian Stevens
- Laboratory of Socioecology and Social Evolution, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Wenseleers
- Laboratory of Socioecology and Social Evolution, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Hopkins T, Roininen H, van Noort S, Broad GR, Kaunisto K, Sääksjärvi IE. Extensive sampling and thorough taxonomic assessment of Afrotropical Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) reveals two new species and demonstrates the limitations of previous sampling efforts. Zookeys 2019; 878:33-71. [PMID: 31632176 PMCID: PMC6791898 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.878.37845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical forest invertebrates, such as the parasitoid wasp family Ichneumonidae, are poorly known. This work reports some of the first results of an extensive survey implemented in Kibale National Park, Uganda. A total of 456 individuals was caught of the subfamily Rhyssinae Morley, 1913, which in the Afrotropical region was previously known from only 30 specimens. Here, the six species found at the site are described and the Afrotropical Rhyssinae are reviewed. Two new species, Epirhyssa johanna Hopkins, sp. nov. and E. quagga sp. nov., are described and a key, diagnostic characters, and descriptions for all 13 known Afrotropical species are provided, including the first description of the male of Epirhyssa overlaeti Seyrig, 1937. Epirhyssa gavinbroadi Rousse & van Noort, 2014, syn. nov. is proposed to be a synonym of E. uelensis Benoit, 1951. Extensive sampling with Malaise traps gave an unprecedented sample size, and the method is recommended for other poorly known tropical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapani Hopkins
- Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Heikki Roininen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland University of Eastern Finland Joensuu Finland
| | - Simon van Noort
- Department of Research & Exhibitions, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa Iziko Museums of South Africa Cape Town South Africa.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Gavin R Broad
- Department of Life Sciences, the Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK Natural History Museum London United Kingdom
| | - Kari Kaunisto
- Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Ilari E Sääksjärvi
- Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland University of Turku Turku Finland
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12
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Hopkins T, Roininen H, Sääksjärvi IE. Extensive sampling reveals the phenology and habitat use of Afrotropical parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Rhyssinae). R Soc Open Sci 2019; 6:190913. [PMID: 31598258 PMCID: PMC6731719 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tropical invertebrates, such as the ichneumonids of tropical forests, are poorly known. Here, we report the first results of extensive sampling at Kibale National Park, Uganda, by providing some of the first tropical ecological data for the ichneumonid subfamily Rhyssinae. We sampled ichneumonids with 34 Malaise traps for a year in 10 sites, in habitats ranging from primary forest to farmland. We also gathered weather and vegetation data. The total sampling effort was 373 trap months and we caught 444 rhyssines in six species. We caught the most rhyssines in dry weather, and towards the end of the sampling year. The rhyssines showed a clear preference for decaying logs and for primary forest. We fitted a model which can be used to predict future catches at the site, and draw conclusions on when rhyssines emerge and on their adult lifespan. Sampling extensively gave us a wealth of ecological data on a poorly known parasitoid wasp subfamily. We recommend that future tropical sampling collect ecological data, and that existing data from previous large-scale surveys be used for ecological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapani Hopkins
- Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Roininen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
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13
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Abstract
Certain color patterns in insects show convergent evolution reflecting potentially important biological functions, for example, aposematism and mimicry. This phenomenon has been most frequently documented in Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, but has been less well investigated in Hymenoptera. It has long been recognized that many hymenopterans, especially scelionids (Platygastridae), show a recurring pattern of black head, orange/red mesosoma, and black metasoma (BOB coloration). However, the taxonomic distribution of this striking color pattern has never been documented across the entire order. The main objective of our research was to provide a preliminary tabulation of this color pattern in Hymenoptera, through examination of museum specimens and relevant literature. We included 11 variations of the typical BOB color pattern but did not include all possible variations. These color patterns were found in species belonging to 23 families of Hymenoptera, and was most frequently observed in scelionids, evaniids, and mutillids, but was relatively infrequent in Cynipoids, Diaprioids, Chalcidoids, and Apoids. The widespread occurrence of this color pattern in Hymenoptera strongly suggests convergent evolution and a potentially important function. The BOB color pattern was found in species from all biogeographic regions and within a species it was usually present in both sexes (with a few notable exceptions). In better studied tropical regions, such as Costa Rica, this color pattern was more common in species occurring at lower elevations (below 2,000 m). The biology of the tabulated taxa encompasses both ecto- and endoparasitoids, idiobionts and koinobionts, from a diversity of hosts, as well as phytophagous sawflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mora
- Universidad de Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular, Ciudad de la Investigación Postal, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, SJ, Costa Rica
- Universidad de Costa Rica, Escuela de Biología, Apartado Postal, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, SJ, Costa Rica
| | - P E Hanson
- Universidad de Costa Rica, Escuela de Biología, Apartado Postal, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, SJ, Costa Rica
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14
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Santos BF, Perrard A, Brady SG. Running in circles in phylomorphospace: host environment constrains morphological diversification in parasitic wasps. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182352. [PMID: 30963952 PMCID: PMC6364584 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding phenotypic diversification and the conditions that spur morphological novelty or constraint is a major theme in evolutionary biology. Unequal morphological diversity between sister clades can result from either differences in the rate of morphological change or in the ability of clades to explore novel phenotype ranges. We combine an existing phylogenetic framework with new phylogenomic data and geometric morphometrics to explore the relative roles of rate versus mode of morphological evolution for a hyperdiverse group: cryptine ichneumonid wasps. Data from genomic ultraconserved elements confirm that cryptines are divided into two large clades: one specialized in the use of hosts that are deeply concealed under hard substrates, and another with a much more diversified host range. Using a phylomorphospace approach, we show that both clades have experienced similar rates of morphological evolution. Nonetheless, the more specialized group is much more restricted in morphospace occupation, indicating that it repeatedly evolved morphological change through the same morphospace regions. This is in agreement with our prediction that host use imposes constraints in the morphospace available to lineages, and reinforces an important distinction between evolutionary stasis as opposed to a scenario of continual morphological change restricted to a certain range of morphotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo F. Santos
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20560-0165, USA
| | - Adrien Perrard
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (UMR7618), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Seán G. Brady
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20560-0165, USA
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15
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González-Moreno A, Bordera S, Leirana-Alcocer J, Delfín-González H, Ballina-Gómez HS. Explaining variations in the diversity of parasitoid assemblages in a biosphere reserve of Mexico: evidence from vegetation, land management and seasonality. Bull Entomol Res 2018; 108:602-615. [PMID: 29166979 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485317001134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Insect fauna biodiversity in natural protected areas has not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, the aim of this work was to assess whether and how vegetation types, land management and seasonality influence the diversity of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) in the Ría Lagartos Biosphere Reserve (Mexico). A sampling programme was conducted using Malaise traps from 2008 to 2009 in three vegetation types, each with two conservation zones (core and buffer zones). Three seasons were considered: rainy, dry and north-winds (isolated storms from November to February). A total of 336 species were identified. Rarefaction and Generalized Linear Model indicated higher species richness and abundance, respectively, in the buffer zone of the dry forest; possible explanations for this finding include the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, wherein diversity can be higher in sites where disturbance is not very frequent or very intense, and the 'enemies hypothesis', wherein structural complexity and high plant diversity favour increased predators or, in this case, parasitoids. Diversity was higher during the rainy season, which may have been due to the higher availability of resources. Vegetation and management had a positive impact on the Coc (attack cocoons and pupae) and Myc (attack concealed larvae living in the fruiting bodies of mushrooms) parasitoid guilds. Members of the Coc guild are generalist parasitoids, which may be favoured in complex vegetation with a high richness of potential hosts and non-hosts. The Myc guild requires certain environmental conditions that promote fungal growth, such as humidity, that is absent in the other vegetation types of savannah and coastal dune scrubland.
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Affiliation(s)
- A González-Moreno
- Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal,Avenida Tecnológico,s/n. C.P. 97345,Conkal,Yucatán,Mexico
| | - S Bordera
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales/Instituto de Investigación CIBIO (Centro Iberoamericano de Biodiversidad),Universidad de Alicante,Apdo. Corr. 99,03080,Alicante,Spain
| | - J Leirana-Alcocer
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias,Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán,97300,Mérida, Yucatán,México
| | - H Delfín-González
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias,Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán,97300,Mérida, Yucatán,México
| | - H S Ballina-Gómez
- Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal,Avenida Tecnológico,s/n. C.P. 97345,Conkal,Yucatán,Mexico
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Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are a mega-diverse, ecologically dominant, but poorly studied component of global biodiversity. In order to maximise the efficiency and reduce the cost of their collection, the application of optimal sampling techniques is necessary. Two sites in Auckland, New Zealand were sampled intensively to determine the relationship between sampling effort and observed species richness of parasitoid wasps from the family Ichneumonidae. Twenty traps were deployed at each site at three different times over the austral summer period, resulting in a total sampling effort of 840 Malaise-trap-days. Rarefaction techniques and non-parametric estimators were used to predict species richness and to evaluate the variation and completeness of sampling. Despite an intensive Malaise-trapping regime over the summer period, no asymptote of species richness was reached. At best, sampling captured two-thirds of parasitoid wasp species present. The estimated total number of species present depended on the month of sampling and the statistical estimator used. Consequently, the use of fewer traps would have caught only a small proportion of all species (one trap 7–21%; two traps 13–32%), and many traps contributed little to the overall number of individuals caught. However, variation in the catch of individual Malaise traps was not explained by seasonal turnover of species, vegetation or environmental conditions surrounding the trap, or distance of traps to one another. Overall the results demonstrate that even with an intense sampling effort the community is incompletely sampled. The use of only a few traps and/or for very short periods severely limits the estimates of richness because (i) fewer individuals are caught leading to a greater number of singletons; and (ii) the considerable variation of individual traps means some traps will contribute few or no individuals. Understanding how sampling effort affects the richness and diversity of parasitoid wasps is a useful foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Saunders
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Darren F Ward
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand
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17
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Rousse P, Broad GR, van Noort S. Review of the genus Genaemirum Heinrich (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae) with interactive identification keys to species. Zookeys 2016:77-105. [PMID: 27917066 PMCID: PMC5126518 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.636.10216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe Genaemirumphagocossorum Rousse, Broad & van Noort, sp. n., a new ichneumonine parasitoid wasp reared from Eucalyptusnitens logs infested by the cossid moth Coryphodematristis, which is considered a major pest of forestry and food crops in South Africa. This is the first plausible host association for the genus, and fits with the host association predictions of Heinrich. Two further undescribed species were found in the collections of the Natural History Museum in London and are described as Genaemirumphacochoerus Broad, Rousse & van Noort, sp. n. and Genaemirumfumosum Broad, Rousse & van Noort, sp. n. An identification key to the eight known species and a diagnosis for each species are provided, including photographs of all the primary type specimens. Online Lucid interactive identification keys are available at: http://www.waspweb.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Rousse
- Department of Natural History, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa; Department of Botany and Zoology, Evolutionary Genomics Group, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Gavin R Broad
- Department of Life Sciences, the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW75 BD, UK
| | - Simon van Noort
- Department of Natural History, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
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18
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Nuzhna A, Varga O. A review of the Anomaloninae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Anomaloninae) from the Ukrainian Carpathians. Biodivers Data J 2016:e6890. [PMID: 26752968 PMCID: PMC4698460 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.3.e6890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Ukrainian Anomaloninae fauna is relatively poorly known. The presence of large under-collected areas, such as the Carpathians, makes taxonomic and faunistic studies concerning these parasitoids from Ukraine urgently relevant. New information Based on our ongoing surveys on the Anomaloninae of the Ukrainian Carpathians, we report here the new distribution records for some species. In total 24 Anomaloninae species, belonging to 8 genera (Anomalon Panzer, 1804, Agrypon Förster, 1868, Aphanistes Förster, 1868, Barylypa Förster, 1868, Heteropelma Wesmael, 1849, Perisphincter Townes, 1961, Therion Curtis, 1829, and Trichomma Wesmael, 1849), were recorded from the studied region for the first time. Nine species, Agryponbatis Ratzeburg, 1955, A.scutellatum Hellén, 1926, Aphanistesgliscens Hartig, 1838, A.klugii Hartig, 1838, Heteropelmaamictum Fabricius, 1775, Perisphinctergracilicornis Schnee, 1978, Theriongiganteum Gravenhorst, 1829, Trichommafulvidens Wesmael, 1849 and T.occisor Habermehl, 1909 were recorded for the first time in Ukraine. Seasonal dynamics and high-altitude zone of Anomaloninae species' distribution are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nuzhna
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, NAS of Ukraine, Kiyv, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Varga
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, NAS of Ukraine, Kiyv, Ukraine
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19
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Abstract
The Ukrainian Xoridinae list containing 28 species is reviewed. Four species, Xorides flavotibialis Hilszczanski, 2000, X. hedwigi Clement, 1938, Xorides rufipes (Gravenhorst, 1829), and X. rusticus (Desvignes, 1856) are recorded in the Ukrainian fauna for the first time. Agrilus biguttatus F. is recorded as a host of Ischnoceros caligatus (Gravenhorst, 1829) for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Varga
- I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, NAS of Ukraine, Kiyv, Ukraine
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20
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Di Giovanni F, Cerretti P, Mason F, Minari E, Marini L. Vertical stratification of ichneumonid wasp communities: the effects of forest structure and life-history traits. Insect Sci 2015; 22:688-699. [PMID: 24996133 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasp communities of the canopy of temperate forests are still largely unexplored. Very little is known about the community composition of parasitoids between canopy and understory and how much of this difference is related to forest structure or parasitoid biological strategies. In this study we investigated upon the difference in the community composition of the parasitic wasps Ichneumonidae between canopy and understory in a lowland temperate forest in northern Italy. We used general linear models to test whether parasitic strategy modifies species vertical stratification and the effect of forest structure. We also tested differences in β-diversity between canopy and understory traps and over time within single forest layers. We found that stand basal area was positively related to species richness, suggesting that the presence of mature trees can influence local wasp diversity, providing a higher number of microhabitats and hosts. The ichneumonid community of the canopy was different from that of the understory, and the β-diversity analysis showed higher values for the canopy, due to a higher degree of species turnover between traps. In our analyses, the vertical stratification was different between groups of ichneumonids sharing different parasitic strategies. Idiobiont parasitoids of weakly or deeply concealed hosts were more diverse in the understory than in the canopy while parasitoids of spiders were equally distributed between the two layers. Even though the ichneumonid community was not particularly species-rich in the canopy of the temperate forests, the extension of sampling to that habitat significantly increased the number of species recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Di Giovanni
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, via Carlo Ederle 16/A, 37100, Verona, Italy
- DAFNAE, Università di Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Pierfilippo Cerretti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, via Carlo Ederle 16/A, 37100, Verona, Italy
- DAFNAE, Università di Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Franco Mason
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, via Carlo Ederle 16/A, 37100, Verona, Italy
| | - Emma Minari
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, via Carlo Ederle 16/A, 37100, Verona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marini
- DAFNAE, Università di Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
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21
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Di Giovanni F, Reshchikov A, Riedel M, Diller E, Schwarz M. New records of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) for the Italian fauna. Biodivers Data J 2015:e5057. [PMID: 26175609 PMCID: PMC4493350 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.3.e5057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
New distributional records on 55 ichneumonids (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from Italy are provided. Of these, 47 species are new for Italy, including representatives of the subfamily Diacritinae and of the tribes Zimmeriini (Ichneumoninae) and Pseudorhyssini (Poemeniinae); six species are new for Sardinia, one for Sicily and one for the Italian mainland. The hitherto unknown female of Baranisobashibericus Heinrich, 1972 (Ichneumoninae) is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erich Diller
- Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Munich, Germany
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22
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Schwarzfeld MD, Sperling FAH. Species delimitation using morphology, morphometrics, and molecules: definition of the Ophionscutellaris Thomson species group, with descriptions of six new species (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Zookeys 2014; 462:59-114. [PMID: 25589855 PMCID: PMC4284433 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.462.8229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse genus Ophion is almost entirely undescribed in the Nearctic region. In this paper we define the Ophionscutellaris species group. This species group is well-supported by analysis of DNA (ITS2, COI, and 28S D2-D3) and morphology. It includes the Palearctic species Ophionscutellaris and the Nearctic species Ophionidoneus. An integrative analysis of DNA, geometric wing morphometrics, classical morphometrics and qualitative morphology indicates that this species group contains a minimum of seven species in North America, although the full diversity of the group has likely not been sampled. Ophionclave Schwarzfeld, sp. n., Ophionaureus Schwarzfeld, sp. n., Ophionbrevipunctatus Schwarzfeld, sp. n., Ophiondombroskii Schwarzfeld, sp. n., Ophionkeala Schwarzfeld, sp. n. and Ophionimportunus Schwarzfeld, sp. n. are described, and a key to the known Nearctic species of the Ophionscutellaris group is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla D. Schwarzfeld
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW405, Biological Sciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9
- Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9
| | - Felix A. H. Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW405, Biological Sciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9
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23
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Humala AE, Reshchikov A. Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) species new to the fauna of Norway. Biodivers Data J 2014:e1047. [PMID: 24855440 PMCID: PMC4030249 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.2.e1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper contains new distributional records for 61 species of ichneumon wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) previously unknown for Norway, six of them are reported from Scandinavia for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei E Humala
- University of Oslo, Natural History Museum, Department of Research and Collections, Oslo, Norway ; Forest Research Institute KRC RAS, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Alexey Reshchikov
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden ; University of Oslo, Natural History Museum, Department of Research and Collections, Oslo, Norway
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24
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Andreadis SS, Spanoudis CG, Athanassiou CG, Savopoulou-Soultani M. Factors influencing supercooling capacity of the koinobiont endoparasitoid Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Pest Manag Sci 2014; 70:814-818. [PMID: 23913517 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venturia canescens is a parthenogenetic koinobiont endoparasitoid of several pyralid moth larvae that are major pests of stored products. Low temperatures have been extensively used to control stored-product insects as an alternative to the application of traditional pesticides. However, most studies have focused on the cold hardiness profile of the major stored-product pests. The objective of this study was to investigate how factors such as age, food, host availability and acclimation affect the cold tolerance of V. canescens by determining its supercooling capacity. RESULTS Young adults displayed significantly lower supercooling points (SCPs) than older adults, irrespective of the availability of a host. Host availability had a moderate effect on supercooling, whereas food consumption resulted in a significant enhancement of SCP. Acclimation to low temperatures increased the supercooling capacity considerably. Furthermore, an increase in the duration of exposure to acclimation temperature resulted in lower SCPs. CONCLUSION Adults of V. canescens displayed an enhanced ability to supercool, however, they appear to be less cold tolerant than their respective hosts. This information would be useful in determining the potential of using V. canescens as a biological agent in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, taking into consideration the adverse effects of low temperatures on its survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos S Andreadis
- Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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Górska-Drabik E, Kot I, Golan K, Kmieć K. Parasitoid complex associated with the overwintering generation of Swammerdamia pyrella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) in Poland. J Insect Sci 2014; 14:264. [PMID: 25480977 PMCID: PMC5634034 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The study was conducted on fruit trees where bands of corrugated cardboard were attached around the trunks of the trees, which were used to catch the larvae of overwintering generation of the rufous-tipped swammerdamia moth, Swammerdamia pyrella (Villers) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Twenty-five species of parasitic Hymenoptera have been described from S. pyrella in Poland including the report in this article of seven species belonging to the family of Ichneumonidae (three species) and superfamily Chalcidoidea (four species). The parasitoids Gelis agilis F. (Ichneumonidae), Chrysocharis aquilegiae (Erdös) (Eulophidae), Catolaccus ater (Ratzeburg) (Pteromalidae), and Eupelmus urozonus (Dalman) (Eupelmidae) had not been reported from the host before. Triclistus pallipes Holmgren (Ichneumonidae), Dibrachys cavus Walker (Pteromalidae) had the greatest effect on the natural regulation of S. pyrella population. Parasitization for the wintering cocoons of S. pyrella changed each year, but it was high throughout the study. The contribution of secondary parasitoids was much higher than primary parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Górska-Drabik
- Department of Entomology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland
| | - Izabela Kot
- Department of Entomology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Golan
- Department of Entomology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kmieć
- Department of Entomology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland
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Rousse P, van Noort S, Diller E. Revision of the Afrotropical Phaeogenini ( Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae), with description of a new genus and twelve new species. Zookeys 2013:1-85. [PMID: 24294101 PMCID: PMC3837403 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.354.5968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We revise the 10 genera and 23 species of the tribe Phaeogenini (Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae) known to occur in the Afrotropical region. We describe the following 13 new taxa: Kibalus Rousse, van Noort & Diller, gen. n.; K. toro Rousse, van Noort & Diller, sp. n.; K. mubfs Rousse & van Noort, sp. n.; Arearia oxymoron Rousse & van Noort, sp. n.; Chauvinia nyanga Rousse & van Noort, sp. n.; Dicaelotus asantesana Rousse & van Noort, sp. n.; D. hoerikwaggoensis Rousse & van Noort, sp. n.; D. tablemountainensis Rousse & van Noort, sp. n.; Heterischnus mfongosi Rousse & van Noort, sp. n.; H. mkomazi Rousse & van Noort, sp. n.; Lusius flummox Rousse & van Noort, sp. n.; Tycherus amatola Rousse & van Noort, sp. n.; and T. nardousberg Rousse & van Noort, sp. n. New distribution records: Heterischnus africanus (Heinrich, 1936) from South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda; H. krausi Schönitzer, 1999 from Rwanda; Lusius tenuissimus (Heinrich, 1938) from Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. A doubtful record of Aethecerus foveolatus Gregor, 1940 from Sao Tome is additionaly reported in the appendix. We provide illustrated diagnoses and identification notes. Online interactive dichotomous and matrix Lucid keys to genera and species are available at http://www.waspweb.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Rousse
- Natural History Department, Iziko South African Museum, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa ; Stellenbosch University, Department of Botany and Zoology, Evolutionary Genomics Group, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Ruiz-Guerra B, Hanson P, Guevara R, Dirzo R. Richness and Abundance of Ichneumonidae in a Fragmented Tropical Rain Forest. Neotrop Entomol 2013; 42:458-465. [PMID: 23949980 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-013-0143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Because of the magnitude of land use currently occurring in tropical regions, the local loss of animal species due to habitat fragmentation has been widely studied, particularly in the case of vertebrates. Many invertebrate groups and the ichneumonid wasps in particular, however, have been poorly studied in this context, despite the fact that they are one of the most species-rich groups and play an important role as regulators of other insect populations. Here, we recorded the taxonomic composition of ichneumonid parasitoids and assessed their species richness, abundance, similarity, and dominance in the Los Tuxtlas tropical rain forest, Mexico. We compared two forest types: a continuous forest (640 ha) and a forest fragment (19 ha). We sampled ichneumonids using four malaise traps in both forest types during the dry (September-October) and rainy (March-April) seasons. A total of 104 individuals of Ichneumonidae belonging to 11 subfamilies, 18 genera, and 42 species were collected in the continuous forest and 11 subfamilies, 15 genera, and 24 species were collected in the forest fragment. Species richness, abundance, and diversity of ichneumonids were greater in the continuous forest than in the forest fragment. We did not detect differences between seasons. Species rank/abundance curves showed that the ichneumonid community between the forest types was different. Species similarity between forest types was low. The most dominant species in continuous forest was Neotheronia sp., whereas in the forest fragment, it was Orthocentrus sp. Changes in the ichneumonid wasp community may compromise important tropical ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ruiz-Guerra
- Depto de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Univ Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, DF, Mexico.
- Depto de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología AC, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, 91070, México.
| | - P Hanson
- Escuela de Biología, Univ de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - R Guevara
- Depto de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología AC, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, 91070, México
| | - R Dirzo
- Depto de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Univ Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, DF, Mexico
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA, USA
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Petersen-Silva R, Pujade-Villar J, Naves P, Edmundo Sousa, Belokobylskij S. Parasitoids of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), vector of the pine wood nematode, with identification key for the Palaearctic region. Zookeys 2013:29-48. [PMID: 23378807 PMCID: PMC3536323 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.251.3986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasitoid complex associated with Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier), vector of the pine wood nematode, is discussed. Four species of the family Braconidae and one Ichneumonidae were found associated with Monochamus galloprovincialis in Portugal, namely Atanycolus denigrator (Linnaeus), Atanycolus ivanowi (Kokujev), Cyanopterus flavator (Fabricius), Doryctes striatellus (Nees) (Braconidae), and Xorides depressus (Holmgren) (Ichneumonidae). Atanycolus ivanowi, Atanycolus denigrator, Doryctes striatellus and Xorides depressus are new species for Portugal fauna, and Monochamus galloprovincialis is recorded as a new host of Xorides depressus. A key for determination of the ichneumonoid parasitoids of the pine sawyer is provided for the Palaearctic fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Petersen-Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal ; Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08026, Barcelona, Spain
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Varga A. A review of the subfamily Acaenitinae Förster, 1869 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from Ukrainian Carpathians. Biodivers Data J 2013:e1008. [PMID: 24723751 PMCID: PMC3964695 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.1.e1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ichneumonid wasps of the subfamily Acaenitinae Förster, 1869 are reviewed for the first time from the Ukrainian Carpathians. Two species, Coleocentrusexareolatus Kriechbaumer, 1894 and Coleocentrusheteropus Thomson, 1894 are new records for Ukraine. Arotesannulicornis Kriechbaumer, 1894 is considered to be a junior synonym of Arotesalbicinctus Gravenhorst, 1829 (syn. nov.). A key to species of Coleocentrus of the Carpathians is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Varga
- I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
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Alvarado M. Discovery of the genus Meggoleus Townes, 1971 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Tersilochinae) in Peru, with the description of two new species. Zookeys 2012:83-90. [PMID: 22303131 PMCID: PMC3253668 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.163.2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Meggoleus Townes, 1971 (Ichneumonidae, Tersilochinae) currently comprises two species, one from Brazil and one from Gabon. The genus is recorded from Peru for the first time, with a range extension of the type species, Meggoleus spirator Townes, 1971, and the discovery of two new species – Meggoleus fuscatussp. n. and Meggoleus pampahermosensissp. n. A key to the world’s species is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Alvarado
- Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 1501 Crestline Drive - Suite 140, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
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Abstract
The world species of Zambion Kasparyan (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Tryphoninae) are revised including re-descriptions of Zambion monodon Kasparyan and Zambion hirtum Delobel. Five new species are described: Zambion kasparyanisp. n., Zambion rogerisp. n., Zambion eileenaesp. n., Zambion wahlisp. n. andZambion broadisp. n. A key to species is provided. The genus is endemic to Africa (Angola to Kenya) and is one of only three genera of the tribe Tryphonini recorded from the Afrotropical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M R Bennett
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canadian National Collection of Insects, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6
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Sheng ML, Sun SP. A new genus and two new species of Phygadeuontini (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae) from China. Zookeys 2010:61-71. [PMID: 21594052 PMCID: PMC3088456 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.73.836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carinityla Sheng & Sun gen. n., Carinityla punctulata Sheng & Sun sp. n. and Carinityla pilosa Sheng & Sun sp. n. belonging to the tribe Phygadeuontini of the subfamily Cryptinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae), collected from Jiangxi Province, China, are described. A key to the species of the new genus, Carinityla Sheng & Sun, gen. n., is provided and the genus is placed in Townes’ key to genera of Endaseina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Ling Sheng
- General Station of Forest Pest Management, State Forestry Administration, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, China
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