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Naccarato A, Vommaro ML, Amico D, Sprovieri F, Pirrone N, Tagarelli A, Giglio A. Triazine Herbicide and NPK Fertilizer Exposure: Accumulation of Heavy Metals and Rare Earth Elements, Effects on Cuticle Melanization, and Immunocompetence in the Model Species Tenebrio molitor. TOXICS 2023; 11:499. [PMID: 37368599 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of agrochemicals, including fertilizers and herbicides, has led to worrying metal contamination of soils and waters and raises serious questions about the effects of their transfer to different levels of the trophic web. Accumulation and biomagnification of essential (K, Na, Mg, Zn, Ca), nonessential (Sr, Hg, Rb, Ba, Se, Cd, Cr, Pb, As), and rare earth elements (REEs) were investigated in newly emerged adults of Tenebrio molitor exposed to field-admitted concentrations of a metribuzin-based herbicide and an NPK blend fertilizer. Chemical analyses were performed using inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) supported by unsupervised pattern recognition techniques. Physiological parameters such as cuticle melanization, cellular (circulating hemocytes), and humoral (phenoloxidase enzyme activity) immune responses and mass loss were tested as exposure markers in both sexes. The results showed that NPK fertilizer application is the main cause of REE accumulation in beetles over time, besides toxic elements (Sr, Hg, Cr, Rb, Ba, Ni, Al, V, U) also present in the herbicide-treated beetles. The biomagnification of Cu and Zn suggested a high potential for food web transfer in agroecosystems. Gender differences in element concentrations suggested that males and females differ in element uptake and excretion. Differences in phenotypic traits show that exposure affects metabolic pathways involving sequestration and detoxification during the transition phase from immature-to-mature beetles, triggering a redistribution of resources between sexual maturation and immune responses. Our findings highlight the importance of setting limits for metals and REEs in herbicides and fertilizers to avoid adverse effects on species that provide ecosystem services and contribute to soil health in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attilio Naccarato
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria,87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Maria Luigia Vommaro
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Domenico Amico
- CNR-Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Pirrone
- CNR-Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Antonio Tagarelli
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria,87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Anita Giglio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
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Zinc causes the death of hypoxic astrocytes by inducing ROS production through mitochondria dysfunction. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41048-019-00098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia triggers a cascade of events that contribute to ischemic brain damages. Zinc release and accumulation has been shown to lead to brain cell death following cerebral ischemia. However, the mechanism underlying remains to be elucidated. Our recently published work showed that suppression of mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) production significantly reduced ischemic stroke related brain damage within 6 h. Herein, we investigated the relationship between zinc accumulation and mitochondrial-derived ROS production in astrocytes after 3-h hypoxia. We found that inhibition of mitochondrial-derived ROS significantly decreased total amount of ROS generation and cell death in primary astrocytes during hypoxia when zinc was overload. In contrast, the inhibition of NADPH oxidase-derived ROS had less of an effect. Our results also showed that zinc and mitochondria were colocalized in hypoxic astrocytes. Moreover, extracellular zinc addition caused zinc accumulation in the mitochondria and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to mitochondria dysfunction. These findings provide a novel mechanism that zinc accumulation contributes to hypoxia-induced astrocytes death by disrupting mitochondria function, following cerebral ischemia.
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Dorrah MA, Mohamed AA, Shaurub ESH. Immunosuppressive effects of the limonoid azadirachtin, insights on a nongenotoxic stress botanical, in flesh flies. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 153:55-66. [PMID: 30744897 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The tetranortriterpenoid azadirachtin (Aza) is a well-known insect growth disruptor of plant origin. Although its actions on insects have been extensively studied; fragmentary reports are available from the immunological point of view. Therefore, in the present study, total (THC) and differential hemocyte counts (DHC), nodulation, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, immune-reactive lysozymes and inducible nitric oxide (NO) were assessed, as measures of immune responses, in Sarcophaga argyrostoma 3rd instars challenged individually with M. luteus or Aza, or in combination with both compared to the control larvae. THC was significantly declined after 12 h and 24 h of treatment with Aza. DHC varied considerably; in particular, plasmatocytes were significantly decreased after 36 h and 48 h of treatment with Aza; whereas granulocytes were significantly increased. Nodulation was significantly increased with the increase of time after all treatments. Challenging with M. luteus significantly increased the activity of PO in hemocytes and plasma; whereas such activity was significantly decreased after treatment with Aza or combined Aza and M. luteus. Treatment with Aza or M. luteus alone or in couple significantly increased lysozyme activity of fat body, hemocytes and plasma. However, challenging with M. luteus significantly increased NO concentration in the same tissues. A hypothetical model of Aza as a potential mutagen is presented. However, no genotoxic effect was observed through tracking apoptosis-associated changes in Aza-treated hemocytes via flow cytometry-based apoptosis detection. Our study suggests that the integration of Aza, as an eco-friendly pesticide, with bacterial biopesticides may be a successful approach for controlling insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataza A Dorrah
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, PO Box 12613, Egypt
| | - Amr A Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, PO Box 12613, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed H Shaurub
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, PO Box 12613, Egypt.
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Jiang D, Yan S. Effects of Cd, Zn, or Pb Stress in Populus alba berolinensis on the Antioxidant, Detoxifying, and Digestive Enzymes of Lymantria dispar. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:1323-1328. [PMID: 29878092 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
For investigating the physiological responses of herbivores to the heavy metal-stressed woody host plants, the activities of antioxidant, detoxifying, and digestive enzymes in the gypsy moth larvae, Lymantria dispar, that were fed with different heavy metal-stressed poplar seedling (Populus alba berolinensis) leaves were studied. The heavy metal treatments included Cd-treated pot soil (1.5 mg/kg), Zn-treated pot soil (500 mg/kg), and Pb-treated pot soil (500 mg/kg), plus an untreated pot soil as the control. Our results showed that compared with the untreated control, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in Cd or Zn treatment group were gradually suppressed with the increases of larval ages, but Pb treatment had no significant effects on SOD activities and significantly increased the CAT activities in both fourth and fifth instar larvae; acid phosphatase (ACP) activities were gradually activated and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activities were gradually inhibited with the increases of larval ages in Cd or Pb treatment group, but Zn treatment significantly increased the activities of ACP and AKP both in fourth and in fifth instar larvae. All three heavy metals tested did not show any significant effects on the amylase and protease activity in the fourth instar larvae but increased their activities in fifth instar larvae. These results suggest that antioxidant, detoxifying, and digestive enzymes constituted the basic defense system for gypsy moth larvae to resist the toxicity originated from the accumulated Cd, Zn, or Pb in poplar leaves, but their defense level varied with metals investigated and larval developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun Jiang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shanchun Yan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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Host plant-derived allelochemicals and metal components are associated with oxidative predominance and antioxidant plasticity in the larval tissues of silkworm, Antheraea mylitta: Further evidence of joint effects hypothesis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 223:39-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Jiang D, Yan S. Effects of Cd, Zn or Pb stress in Populus alba berolinensis on the development and reproduction of Lymantria dispar. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:1305-1313. [PMID: 28951982 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of heavy metal stress on woody plant defense against phytophagous insects, we studied development and reproduction traits of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar that were separately fed with leaves plucked from poplar seedlings (Populus alba berolinensis) grown in either non-contaminated soil (control), Cd-contaminated soil (1.5 mg/kg), Zn-contaminated soil (500 mg/kg) or Pb-contaminated soil (500 mg/kg). The results showed that feeding on Cd or Pb stressed poplar leaves significantly decreased L. dispar larval weights, body lengths and head capsule widths, pupal weights and female fecundity, and delayed the duration of larval development. Similar effects from the Zn stressed poplar leaves were also observed on all the above mentioned variables except male pupal weight and larval development duration that showed no differences from the control. Cd, Zn, or Pb stressed poplar leaves had no significant effects on L. dispar larval survival, pupation and emergence rates; in fact, both larval survival and pupation rates reached 100%. These results suggest that Cd, Zn or Pb stress in P. alba berolinensis might help the trees defend against the defoliator, however; L. dispar may in turn have an effective detoxification mechanism for lessening the effects of plant-mediated defenses and heavy metals in leaves on larval survival, pupation and eclosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun Jiang
- Northeast Forestry University, School of Forestry, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shanchun Yan
- Northeast Forestry University, School of Forestry, Harbin, 150040, China.
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Nucleopolyhedrovirus infection and/or parasitism by Microplitis pallidipes Szepligeti affect hemocyte apoptosis of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 132:165-170. [PMID: 26470677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We determined the effects of parasitism by the endoparasitoid Microplitis pallidipes Szepligeti and/or nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) infection on hemocyte apoptosis of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) larvae. Compared to healthy (control) larvae, larvae that were parasitized, virus-infected, or both all showed a significant increase in hemocyte apoptosis during 48-h observation period. The peaks of hemocyte apoptosis in parasitized, virus-infected and parasitized+infected larvae were at 12, 24 and 48 h after treatment, and were 86.7±1.9, 87.4±3.6 and 76.5±1.6%, respectively. Meanwhile, compared to parasitized larvae, hemocyte apoptosis in jointly parasitized and infected larvae increased by 12.9%, 18.7% and 2.8% at 8, 36 and 48 h respectively, and decreased by 39.0% and 9.1% at 12 and 24h. Compared to virus-infected larvae, hemocyte apoptosis in jointly parasitized and infected larvae increased by 13.4%, 2.4% and 15.3% at 8, 36 and 48 h, respectively, and decreased by 4.0% and 29.9% at 12 and 24h. Our study found that joint and separate parasitism and SeNPV infection induced hemocyte apoptosis of S. exigua larvae. It also revealed that NPV infection promoted host hemocyte apoptosis induced by parasitism at early egg and larval stages of M. pallidipes in host larvae, but inhibited the same effect at late egg stage of M. pallidipes in host larvae, and that parasitism promoted host hemocyte apoptosis induced by NPV infection at early egg and larval stages of M. pallidipes in host larvae, but inhibited the same effect at late egg stage of M. pallidipes in host larvae.
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Mishra S, Kumar P, Malik A. The effect of Beauveria bassiana infection on cell mediated and humoral immune response in house fly, Musca domestica L. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:15171-15178. [PMID: 26233748 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi that manifest infections by overcoming insect's immune response could be a successful control agent for the house fly, Musca domestica L. which is a major domestic, medical, and veterinary pest. In this study, the immune response of house fly to Beauveria bassiana infection was investigated to reveal fundamental aspects of house fly hemocyte biology, such as hemocyte numbers and size, which is poorly understood. The total hemocyte counts (THCs) in B. bassiana-infected house fly showed an initial increase (from 6 to 9 h), followed by subsequent decrease (9 to 12 h) with increase in time of infection. The THCs was slightly greater in infected flies than the non-infected ones. Insight into relative hemocyte counts depicted a significant increase in prohemocyte (PR) and decrease in granulocyte (GR) in infected house flies compared to non-infected ones. The relative cell area of hemocyte cells showed a noticeable increase in PR and intermediate cells (ICs), while a considerable reduction was observed for plasmatocyte (PL) and GR. The considerable variation in relative cell number and cell area in the B. bassiana-infected house flies indicated stress development during infection. The present study highlights changes occurring during B. bassiana invasion to house fly leading to establishment of infection along with facilitation in understanding of basic hemocyte biology. The results of the study is expected to help in better understanding of house fly immune response during fungal infection, so as to assist production of more efficient mycoinsecticides for house fly control using B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Mishra
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110 016, India.
| | - Peeyush Kumar
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110 016, India
| | - Anushree Malik
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110 016, India
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Pan R, Chen C, Liu WL, Liu KJ. Zinc promotes the death of hypoxic astrocytes by upregulating hypoxia-induced hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha expression via poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:511-20. [PMID: 23582235 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Pathological release of excess zinc ions has been implicated in ischemic brain cell death. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In stroke, ischemia-induced zinc release and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) accumulation concurrently occur in the ischemic tissue. The present study tests the hypothesis that the presence of high intracellular zinc concentration is a major cause of modifications to PARP-1 and HIF-1α during hypoxia, which significantly contributes to cell death during ischemia. METHODS Primary cortical astrocytes and C8-D1A cells were exposed to different concentrations of zinc chloride. Cell death rate and protein expression of HIF-1 and Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 were examined after 3-h hypoxic treatment. RESULTS Although 3-h hypoxia or 100 μM of zinc alone did not induce noticeable cytotoxicity, their combination led to a dramatic increase in astrocytic cell death in a zinc-concentration-dependent manner. Exposure of astrocytes to hypoxia for 3 h remarkably increased the levels of intracellular zinc and HIF-1α protein, which was further augmented by added exogenous zinc. Notably, HIF-1α knockdown blocked zinc-induced astrocyte death. Moreover, knockdown of PARP-1, another important protein in the response of hypoxia, attenuated the overexpression of HIF-1α and reduced the cell death rate. CONCLUSIONS Our studies show that zinc promotes hypoxic cell death through overexpression of the hypoxia response factor HIF-1α via the cell fate determine factor PARP-1 modification, which provides a novel mechanism for zinc-mediated ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Mottin E, Caplat C, Latire T, Mottier A, Mahaut ML, Costil K, Barillier D, Lebel JM, Serpentini A. Effect of zinc sacrificial anode degradation on the defence system of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas: chronic and acute exposures. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:1911-1920. [PMID: 22770699 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two types of exposures were performed to assess the effects of zinc released from sacrificial anode degradation: a chronic exposure, in which oysters were exposed to 0.53±0.04 mg Zn L(-1) for 10 weeks, and an acute exposure, where oysters were exposed to 10.2±1.2 mg Zn L(-1) for 1 week. At the end of the acute exposure experiment, 81.8% mortality was recorded. In contrast, no mortality was detected after 10 weeks exposure. Moreover, all of the immune system biomarkers studied, except the number of circulating haemocytes, were stimulated by a moderate level of zinc and inhibited by a high level. Our exposure conditions did not induce SOD or MXR mRNA expression in gills and digestive gland. However, an increase of MT mRNA is observed in these tissues. The results indicate that oysters are sensitive to acute zinc toxicity but are only moderately affected by a mild zinc concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmina Mottin
- UMR 100 IFREMER Physiologie et Ecophysiologie des Mollusques Marins, IFR 146 ICORE - IBFA, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Campus 1, Bat M, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
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Filipiak M, Tylko G, Pyza E. Zinc induces caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway of the programmed cell death in haemocytes of Drosophila melanogaster. Biometals 2012; 25:507-16. [PMID: 22367497 PMCID: PMC3349848 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9530-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element in cells. However, its high level in cytoplasm promotes activation of stress signaling pathways and may lead to cell death. In the present study we used Drosophila melanogaster blood cells (haemocytes), obtained from the third instar larvae, to study the effects of high concentrations of Zn(2+) on programmed cell death (PCD). We analyzed the activity of caspases, the level of caspase inhibitor protein DIAP1 and metallothioneins, as well as calcium concentrations and activity of mitochondria in haemocytes exposed to 0.35 and 1.7 mM concentrations of Zn. The obtained results showed that rapid increase of [Zn(2+)]( i ) in the cytoplasm up-regulates metallothionein MtnB but not MtnA gene expression in cells treated with Zn(2+) in both concentrations. Excess of Zn(2+) also induced activation of the initiator caspase Dronc, associated with the mitochondrial pathway of PCD, and the effector caspase DrICE. In turn, the activity of receptor-regulated Dredd caspase was not changed. The level of DIAP1 decreased significantly in haemocytes in the presence of high Zn(2+) concentration in comparison to untreated cells. Moreover, mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly decreased after exposure to Zn ions. These results indicate that high concentration of Zn(2+) in the cytoplasm of haemocytes induces PCD via a mitochondrial pathway and that caspases play a pivotal role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Filipiak
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Tylko
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Borowska J, Pyza E. Effects of heavy metals on insect immunocompetent cells. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:760-770. [PMID: 21419130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the following heavy metals, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), on haemocytes of the house fly Musca domestica L. was studied under laboratory conditions. House fly larvae were exposed to low or high, semi-lethal concentrations of metals. These particular metals were selected because they are present in polluted environments in Poland. In addition, we studied expression of the stress proteins HSP70 and HSP72 in haemocytes collected from larvae that had been exposed to heavy metal. The obtained results showed changes in haemocytes morphology and phagocytotic plasticity in the experimental flies in comparison to control. The number of prohaemocytes, regarded as stem cells, increased, while granulocytes, responsible for phagocytosis, decreased. However, we have not detected any clear changes in expression of HSP70 or HSP72 in flies treated with low or high concentrations of the heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Borowska
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
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