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Daly E, Defourneaux M, Legrand C, Renault D. The consequences of heatwaves for the reproductive success and physiology of the wingless sub-Antarctic fly Anatalanta aptera. J Therm Biol 2024; 123:103910. [PMID: 38981304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Sub-lethal effects of warming temperatures are an important, yet sometimes overlooked impact of climate change that may threaten the long-term survival of numerous species. This, like many other effects of climate change, is especially concerning for cold-adapted ectotherms living in rapidly warming polar regions. This study examines the effects of warmer temperatures on cold-adapted Diptera, using the long-lived sub-Antarctic sphaerocerid fly, Anatalanta aptera, as a focal species. We conducted two experiments to assess heat stress in adult flies, one varying the intensity of the heat stress (daily heating from 4 °C to 8 °C, 20 °C, or 24 °C) and one varying the frequency of heat stress exposure (heating from 4 °C to 12 °C every one, two, or three days) and examined consequences for reproductive success and metabolic responses. We found that more heat stress reduced reproductive output, but not timing of reproduction. Surprisingly, individuals sampled at different times during heat stress exposure were undifferentiable when all metabolite concentrations were analysed with redundancy analysis, however some individual metabolites did exhibit significant differences. Overall, our findings suggest that warmer temperatures in the sub-Antarctic may put this species at greater risk, especially when combined with other concurrent threats from biological invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Daly
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, évolution)], Université Rennes, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Mathilde Defourneaux
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, évolution)], Université Rennes, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Camille Legrand
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, évolution)], Université Rennes, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - David Renault
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, évolution)], Université Rennes, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
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2
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Ratz T, Chechi TS, Dimopoulou AI, Sedlmair SD, Tuni C. Heatwaves inflict reproductive but not survival costs to male insects. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246698. [PMID: 38436413 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is having a dramatic effect on the environment, with rising global temperatures and more frequent extreme climatic events, such as heatwaves, that can hamper organisms' biological functions. Although it is clear that sudden and extreme temperatures can damage reproductive processes, there is limited understanding of the effects of heatwaves on male mating behaviour and reproductive success. We tested for the effects of heat stress induced by ecologically relevant heatwaves (33°C and 39°C for five consecutive days) on the mating behaviour, reproductive success, body mass and survival of male field crickets Gryllus bimaculatus, paired with untreated females. We predicted life-history and reproductive costs would increase with increasing heatwave intensity. Consistent with our expectations, males exposed to the highest heatwave temperature produced the fewest offspring, while having to increase courtship effort to successfully mate. Males also gained relatively more weight following heatwave exposure. Given that we found no difference in lifetime survival, our results suggest a potential trade-off in resource allocation between somatic maintenance and reproductive investment. Taken together, our findings indicate that sublethal effects of heatwaves could reduce the growth and persistence of animal populations by negatively impacting reproductive rates. These findings highlight the need for considering thermal ecologies, life history and behaviour to better understand the consequences of extreme climatic events on individuals and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Ratz
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstraße 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tejinder Singh Chechi
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Aliki-Ioanna Dimopoulou
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stephanie Daniela Sedlmair
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Cristina Tuni
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
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3
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Zapata-Hernández G, Gajardo-Rojas M, Calderón-Seguel M, Muñoz AA, Yáñez KP, Requier F, Fontúrbel FE, Ormeño-Arriagada PI, Arrieta H. Advances and knowledge gaps on climate change impacts on honey bees and beekeeping: A systematic review. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17219. [PMID: 38450832 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The Western honey bee Apis mellifera is a managed species that provides diverse hive products and contributing to wild plant pollination, as well as being a critical component of crop pollination systems worldwide. High mortality rates have been reported in different continents attributed to different factors, including pesticides, pests, diseases, and lack of floral resources. Furthermore, climate change has been identified as a potential driver negatively impacting pollinators, but it is still unclear how it could affect honey bee populations. In this context, we carried out a systematic review to synthesize the effects of climate change on honey bees and beekeeping activities. A total of 90 articles were identified, providing insight into potential impacts (negative, neutral, and positive) on honey bees and beekeeping. Interest in climate change's impact on honey bees has increased in the last decade, with studies mainly focusing on honey bee individuals, using empirical and experimental approaches, and performed at short-spatial (<10 km) and temporal (<5 years) scales. Moreover, environmental analyses were mainly based on short-term data (weather) and concentrated on only a few countries. Environmental variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind were widely studied and had generalized negative effects on different biological and ecological aspects of honey bees. Food reserves, plant-pollinator networks, mortality, gene expression, and metabolism were negatively impacted. Knowledge gaps included a lack of studies at the apiary and beekeeper level, a limited number of predictive and perception studies, poor representation of large-spatial and mid-term scales, a lack of climate analysis, and a poor understanding of the potential impacts of pests and diseases. Finally, climate change's impacts on global beekeeping are still an emergent issue. This is mainly due to their diverse effects on honey bees and the potential necessity of implementing adaptation measures to sustain this activity under complex environmental scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Zapata-Hernández
- Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro de Acción Climática, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Martina Gajardo-Rojas
- Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro de Acción Climática, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Matías Calderón-Seguel
- Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Tarapacá, Iquique, Chile
| | - Ariel A Muñoz
- Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro de Acción Climática, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen P Yáñez
- Centro de Biotecnología Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Fabrice Requier
- CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Francisco E Fontúrbel
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Pablo I Ormeño-Arriagada
- Centro de Acción Climática, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Departamento de Informática, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Héctor Arrieta
- Centro de Acción Climática, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Dalbosco Dell'Aglio D, Rivas-Sánchez DF, Wright DS, Merrill RM, Montgomery SH. The Sensory Ecology of Speciation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041428. [PMID: 38052495 PMCID: PMC10759811 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we explore the potential influence of sensory ecology on speciation, including but not limited to the concept of sensory drive, which concerns the coevolution of signals and sensory systems with the local environment. The sensory environment can influence individual fitness in a variety of ways, thereby affecting the evolution of both pre- and postmating reproductive isolation. Previous work focused on sensory drive has undoubtedly advanced the field, but we argue that it may have also narrowed our understanding of the broader influence of the sensory ecology on speciation. Moreover, the clearest examples of sensory drive are largely limited to aquatic organisms, which may skew the influence of contributing factors. We review the evidence for sensory drive across environmental conditions, and in this context discuss the importance of more generalized effects of sensory ecology on adaptive behavioral divergence. Finally, we consider the potential of rapid environmental change to influence reproductive barriers related to sensory ecologies. Our synthesis shows the importance of sensory conditions for local adaptation and divergence in a range of behavioral contexts and extends our understanding of the interplay between sensory ecology and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Dalbosco Dell'Aglio
- School of Biological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa 0843-03092, Panama
| | - David F Rivas-Sánchez
- School of Biological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Shane Wright
- Faculty of Biology, Division of Evolutionary Biology, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Richard M Merrill
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa 0843-03092, Panama
- Faculty of Biology, Division of Evolutionary Biology, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stephen H Montgomery
- School of Biological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa 0843-03092, Panama
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Earls KN, Campbell JB, Rinehart JP, Greenlee KJ. Effects of temperature on metabolic rate during metamorphosis in the alfalfa leafcutting bee. Biol Open 2023; 12:bio060213. [PMID: 38156711 PMCID: PMC10805150 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Spring conditions, especially in temperate regions, may fluctuate abruptly and drastically. Environmental variability can expose organisms to temperatures outside of their optimal thermal ranges. For ectotherms, sudden changes in temperature may cause short- and long-term physiological effects, including changes in respiration, morphology, and reproduction. Exposure to variable temperatures during active development, which is likely to occur for insects developing in spring, can cause detrimental effects. Using the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata, we aimed to determine if oxygen consumption could be measured using a new system and to test the hypothesis that female and male M. rotundata have a thermal performance curve with a wide optimal range. Oxygen consumption of M. rotundata pupae was measured across a large range of temperatures (6-48°C) using an optical oxygen sensor in a closed respirometry system. Absolute and mass-specific metabolic rates were calculated and compared between bees that were extracted from their brood cells and those remaining in the brood cell to determine whether pupae could be accurately measured inside their brood cells. The metabolic response to temperature was non-linear, which is an assumption of a thermal performance curve; however, the predicted negative slope at higher temperatures was not observed. Despite sexual dimorphism in body mass, sex differences only occurred in mass-specific metabolic rates. Higher metabolic rates in males may be attributed to faster development times, which could explain why there were no differences in absolute metabolic rate measurements. Understanding the physiological and ecological effects of thermal environmental variability on M. rotundata will help to better predict their response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla N. Earls
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Jacob B. Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Joseph P. Rinehart
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Station, Fargo, ND 58102,USA
| | - Kendra J. Greenlee
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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6
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Mak KW, Price TAR, Dougherty LR. The effect of short-term exposure to high temperatures on male courtship behaviour and mating success in the fruit fly Drosophila virilis. J Therm Biol 2023; 117:103701. [PMID: 37683356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Human-induced climate change is leading to higher average global temperatures and increasingly extreme weather events. High temperatures can have obvious effects on animal survival, particularly in ectotherms. However, the temperature at which organisms become sterile may be significantly lower than the temperature at which other biological functions are impaired. In the fruit fly Drosophila virilis, males are sterilized at temperatures above 34 °C, but are still active and able to mate normally. We investigated the male behavioural changes associated with high-temperature fertility loss. We exposed males to a warming treatment of 34.4 °C or 36.6 °C for 4 h, and then recorded their mating behaviour after being allowed to recover for 24 h. Previous work in this species suggests that males exposed to 34.4 °C lose the ability to produce new sperm, but can utilize mature sperm produced before the heat shock. We therefore predicted that these males would increases their courtship rate, and reduce their choosiness, in order to try to ensure a mating before their remaining mature sperm die. In contrast, over two-thirds of males exposed to 36.6 °C are completely sterile. In standard mating trials, earlier exposure to 34.4 °C or 36.6 °C did not affect male courtship behaviour when compared to control males kept at 23 °C. Exposure to high temperatures also did not alter the extent to which males directed courtship toward females of the same species. However, males exposed to 36.6 °C were significantly slower to mate, and had a reduced likelihood of mating, when compared to control males. Overall, exposure to high temperatures did not alter male courtship behaviour, but did lower their likelihood of mating. This suggests that females can distinguish between normal and heat-sterilized males before mating, and that female mate choice may at least partly mitigate the population-level consequences of high-temperature induced male sterility in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Wai Mak
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7RB, UK
| | - Tom A R Price
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7RB, UK
| | - Liam R Dougherty
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7RB, UK.
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7
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Benoit JB, Finch G, Ankrum AL, Niemantsverdriet J, Paul B, Kelley M, Gantz JD, Matter SF, Lee RE, Denlinger DL. Reduced male fertility of an Antarctic mite following extreme heat stress could prompt localized population declines. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:541-549. [PMID: 37392307 PMCID: PMC10468472 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-023-01359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is leading to substantial global thermal changes, which are particularly pronounced in polar regions. Therefore, it is important to examine the impact of heat stress on the reproduction of polar terrestrial arthropods, specifically, how brief extreme events may alter survival. We observed that sublethal heat stress reduces male fecundity in an Antarctic mite, yielding females that produced fewer viable eggs. Females and males collected from microhabitats with high temperatures showed a similar reduction in fertility. This impact is temporary, as indicated by recovery of male fecundity following return to cooler, stable conditions. The diminished fecundity is likely due to a drastic reduction in the expression of male-associated factors that occur in tandem with a substantial increase in the expression of heat shock proteins. Cross-mating between mites from different sites confirmed that heat-exposed populations have impaired male fertility. However, the negative impacts are transient as the effect on fertility declines with recovery time under less stressful conditions. Modeling indicated that heat stress is likely to reduce population growth and that short bouts of non-lethal heat stress could have substantial reproductive effects on local populations of Antarctic arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Geoffrey Finch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andrea L Ankrum
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Bidisha Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Melissa Kelley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - J D Gantz
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Biology and Health Science, Hendrix College, Conway, AR, USA
| | - Stephen F Matter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Richard E Lee
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - David L Denlinger
- Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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8
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Lawhorn KA, Yanoviak SP. Variation in Larval Thermal Tolerance of Three Saproxylic Beetle Species. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:1218-1223. [PMID: 36346643 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is a key abiotic condition that limits the distributions of organisms, and forest insects are particularly sensitive to thermal extremes. Whereas winged adult insects generally are able to escape unfavorable temperatures, other less-vagile insects (e.g., larvae) must withstand local microclimatic conditions to survive. Here, we measured the thermal tolerance of the larvae of three saproxylic beetle species that are common inhabitants of coarse woody debris (CWD) in temperate forests of eastern North America: Lucanus elaphus Fabricius (Lucanidae), Dendroides canadensis Latreille (Pyrochroidae), and Odontotaenius disjunctus Illiger (Passalidae). We determined how their critical thermal maxima (CTmax) vary with body size (mass), and measured the thermal profiles of CWD representing the range of microhabitats occupied by these species. Average CTmax differed among the three species and increased with mass intraspecifically. However, mass was not a good predictor of thermal tolerance among species. Temperature ramp rate and time in captivity also influenced larval CTmax, but only for D. canadensis and L. elaphus respectively. Heating profiles within relatively dry CWD sometimes exceeded the CTmax of the beetle larvae, and deeper portions of CWD were generally cooler. Interspecific differences in CTmax were not fully explained by microhabitat association, but the results suggest that the distribution of some species within a forest can be affected by local thermal extremes. Understanding the responses of saproxylic beetle larvae to warming habitats will help predict shifts in community structure and ecosystem functioning in light of climate change and increasing habitat fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kane A Lawhorn
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 139 Life Sciences Building, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Stephen P Yanoviak
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 139 Life Sciences Building, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Xie L, Slotsbo S, Holmstrup M. Tolerance of high temperature and associated effects on reproduction in euedaphic Collembola. J Therm Biol 2022; 113:103439. [PMID: 37055140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies show that tropical and mid-latitude terrestrial ectotherms are more vulnerable to global warming than species from high latitudes. However, thermal tolerance studies from these regions still lack soil invertebrates. In the present study, we investigated six euedaphic species of Collembola (of the genera Onychiurus and Protaphorura) sampled across latitudes ranging from 31° N to 64° N and determined their upper thermal limit (UTL) by static assays. In another experiment, we submitted springtails to high temperatures for exposure times, causing 5% to 30% mortality within each species. Survivors from this series of increasing heat injuries were used to determine the time-to-first-oviposition and the number of eggs produced following heat exposure. Two hypotheses are tested in this study: 1) heat tolerance of species correlates positively with the environmental temperature of their habitat; 2) the most heat-tolerant species require less time to regain reproduction and produce more eggs than the least heat-tolerant species. Results showed that the UTL positively correlates to the soil temperature of the sampling site. The sequence of UTL60 (the temperature causing 50% mortality after 60 min of exposure) from highest to least was O. yodai > P. fimata > P. armata ≈ P. tricampata > P. macfadyeni > P. pseudovanderdrifti. Heat stress inflicted on springtails can delay reproduction in all species, and two species showed a reduced egg production rate after heat exposure. For heat stress causing up to 30% mortality, the most heat-tolerant species did not have advantages over the least heat-tolerant species for what concerns the recovery of reproduction. The relation between UTL and recovery from heat stress is not linear. Our study provides evidence for a potential long-term effect of high-temperature exposure on euedaphic species of Collembola and highlights the need for further studies on the effects of global warming on soil-living organisms.
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Augustin J, Bourgeois G, Brodeur J, Boivin G. Low and high temperatures decrease the mating success of an egg parasitoid and the proportion of females in the population. J Therm Biol 2022; 110:103382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Beet CR, Hogg ID, Cary SC, McDonald IR, Sinclair BJ. The Resilience of Polar Collembola (Springtails) in a Changing Climate. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:100046. [PMID: 36683955 PMCID: PMC9846479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2022.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the resilience of polar biota to climate change is essential for predicting the effects of changing environmental conditions for ecosystems. Collembola are abundant in terrestrial polar ecosystems and are integral to food-webs and soil nutrient cycling. Using available literature, we consider resistance (genetic diversity; behavioural avoidance and physiological tolerances; biotic interactions) and recovery potential for polar Collembola. Polar Collembola have high levels of genetic diversity, considerable capacity for behavioural avoidance, wide thermal tolerance ranges, physiological plasticity, generalist-opportunistic feeding habits and broad ecological niches. The biggest threats to the ongoing resistance of polar Collembola are increasing levels of dispersal (gene flow), increased mean and extreme temperatures, drought, changing biotic interactions, and the arrival and spread of invasive species. If resistance capacities are insufficient, numerous studies have highlighted that while some species can recover from disturbances quickly, complete community-level recovery is exceedingly slow. Species dwelling deeper in the soil profile may be less able to resist climate change and may not recover in ecologically realistic timescales given the current rate of climate change. Ultimately, diverse communities are more likely to have species or populations that are able to resist or recover from disturbances. While much of the Arctic has comparatively high levels of diversity and phenotypic plasticity; areas of Antarctica have extremely low levels of diversity and are potentially much more vulnerable to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare R. Beet
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato - University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Ian D. Hogg
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato - University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Canadian High Arctic Research Station, Polar Knowledge Canada, Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, Canada
| | - S. Craig Cary
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato - University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Ian R. McDonald
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato - University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Brent J. Sinclair
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Pipoly I, Preiszner B, Sándor K, Sinkovics C, Seress G, Vincze E, Bókony V, Liker A. Extreme Hot Weather Has Stronger Impacts on Avian Reproduction in Forests Than in Cities. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.825410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change and urbanisation are among the most salient human-induced changes affecting Earth’s biota. Extreme weather events can have high biological impacts and are becoming more frequent recently. In cities, the urban heat island can amplify the intensity and frequency of hot weather events. However, the joint effects of heat events and urban microclimate on wildlife are unclear, as urban populations may either suffer more from increased heat stress or may adapt to tolerate warmer temperatures. Here, we test whether the effects of hot weather on reproductive success of great tits (Parus major) are exacerbated or dampened in urban environments compared to forest habitats. By studying 760 broods from two urban and two forest populations over 6 years, we show that 14–16 days-old nestlings have smaller body mass and tarsus length, and suffer increased mortality when they experience a higher number of hot days during the nestling period. The negative effects of hot weather on body mass and survival are significantly stronger in forests than in urban areas, where these effects are dampened or even reversed. These results suggest that urban nestlings are less vulnerable to extreme hot weather conditions than their non-urban conspecifics. This difference might be the result of adaptations that facilitate heat dissipation, including smaller body size, altered plumage and reduced brood size. Alternatively or additionally, parental provisioning and food availability may be less affected by heat in urban areas. Our findings suggest that adaptation to heat stress may help birds cope with the joint challenges of climate change and urbanisation.
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Nasehi SF, Fathipour Y, Asgari S, Mehrabadi M. Environmental Temperature, but Not Male Age, Affects Wolbachia and Prophage WO Thereby Modulating Cytoplasmic Incompatibility in the Parasitoid Wasp, Habrobracon Hebetor. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 83:482-491. [PMID: 33969432 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wolbachia is an endosymbiotic bacterium found in many species of arthropods and manipulates its host reproduction. Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is one of the most common manipulations that is induced when an uninfected female mates with a Wolbachia-infected male. The CI factors (cifA and cifB genes) are encoded by phage WO that naturally infects Wolbachia. Here, we questioned whether an environmental factor (temperature) or host factor (male age) affected the strength of the CI phenotype in the ectoparasitoid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor. We found that temperature, but not male age, results in reduced CI penetrance. Consistent with these results, we also found that the expression of the cif CI factors decreased in temperature-exposed males but was consistent across aging male wasps. Similar to studies of other insect systems, cifA showed a higher expression level than cifB, and male hosts showed increased cif expression relative to females. Our results suggest that prophage WO is present in the Wolbachia-infected wasps and expression of cif genes contributes to the induction of CI in this insect. It seems that male aging has no effect on the intensity of CI; however, temperature affects Wolbachia and prophage WO titers as well as expression levels of cif genes, which modulate the CI level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyede Fatemeh Nasehi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Fathipour
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sassan Asgari
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mohammad Mehrabadi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Fisher DN, Kilgour RJ, Siracusa ER, Foote JR, Hobson EA, Montiglio PO, Saltz JB, Wey TW, Wice EW. Anticipated effects of abiotic environmental change on intraspecific social interactions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2661-2693. [PMID: 34212487 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Social interactions are ubiquitous across the animal kingdom. A variety of ecological and evolutionary processes are dependent on social interactions, such as movement, disease spread, information transmission, and density-dependent reproduction and survival. Social interactions, like any behaviour, are context dependent, varying with environmental conditions. Currently, environments are changing rapidly across multiple dimensions, becoming warmer and more variable, while habitats are increasingly fragmented and contaminated with pollutants. Social interactions are expected to change in response to these stressors and to continue to change into the future. However, a comprehensive understanding of the form and magnitude of the effects of these environmental changes on social interactions is currently lacking. Focusing on four major forms of rapid environmental change currently occurring, we review how these changing environmental gradients are expected to have immediate effects on social interactions such as communication, agonistic behaviours, and group formation, which will thereby induce changes in social organisation including mating systems, dominance hierarchies, and collective behaviour. Our review covers intraspecific variation in social interactions across environments, including studies in both the wild and in laboratory settings, and across a range of taxa. The expected responses of social behaviour to environmental change are diverse, but we identify several general themes. First, very dry, variable, fragmented, or polluted environments are likely to destabilise existing social systems. This occurs as these conditions limit the energy available for complex social interactions and affect dissimilar phenotypes differently. Second, a given environmental change can lead to opposite responses in social behaviour, and the direction of the response often hinges on the natural history of the organism in question. Third, our review highlights the fact that changes in environmental factors are not occurring in isolation: multiple factors are changing simultaneously, which may have antagonistic or synergistic effects, and more work should be done to understand these combined effects. We close by identifying methodological and analytical techniques that might help to study the response of social interactions to changing environments, highlight consistent patterns among taxa, and predict subsequent evolutionary change. We expect that the changes in social interactions that we document here will have consequences for individuals, groups, and for the ecology and evolution of populations, and therefore warrant a central place in the study of animal populations, particularly in an era of rapid environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Fisher
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, U.K
| | - R Julia Kilgour
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, U.S.A
| | - Erin R Siracusa
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4PY, U.K
| | - Jennifer R Foote
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, 1520 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Hobson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, 318 College Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, U.S.A
| | - Pierre-Olivier Montiglio
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, 141 Avenue Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, H2X 3X8, Canada
| | - Julia B Saltz
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005-1827, U.S.A
| | - Tina W Wey
- Maelstrom Research, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montréal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Eric W Wice
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005-1827, U.S.A
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15
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Bahrndorff S, Lauritzen JMS, Sørensen MH, Noer NK, Kristensen TN. Responses of terrestrial polar arthropods to high and increasing temperatures. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:238094. [PMID: 34424971 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.230797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial arthropods in the Arctic and Antarctic are exposed to extreme and variable temperatures, and climate change is predicted to be especially pronounced in these regions. Available ecophysiological studies on terrestrial ectotherms from the Arctic and Antarctic typically focus on the ability of species to tolerate the extreme low temperatures that can occur in these regions, whereas studies investigating species plasticity and the importance of evolutionary adaptation to periodically high and increasing temperatures are limited. Here, we provide an overview of current knowledge on thermal adaptation to high temperatures of terrestrial arthropods in Arctic and Antarctic regions. Firstly, we summarize the literature on heat tolerance for terrestrial arthropods in these regions, and discuss variation in heat tolerance across species, habitats and polar regions. Secondly, we discuss the potential for species to cope with increasing and more variable temperatures through thermal plasticity and evolutionary adaptation. Thirdly, we summarize our current knowledge of the underlying physiological adjustments to heat stress in arthropods from polar regions. It is clear that very little data are available on the heat tolerance of arthropods in polar regions, but that large variation in arthropod thermal tolerance exists across polar regions, habitats and species. Further, the species investigated show unique physiological adjustments to heat stress, such as their ability to respond quickly to increasing or extreme temperatures. To understand the consequences of climate change on terrestrial arthropods in polar regions, we suggest that more studies on the ability of species to cope with stressful high and variable temperatures are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bahrndorff
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jannik M S Lauritzen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mathias H Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Natasja K Noer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Torsten N Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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16
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Sales K, Vasudeva R, Gage MJG. Fertility and mortality impacts of thermal stress from experimental heatwaves on different life stages and their recovery in a model insect. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:201717. [PMID: 33959335 PMCID: PMC8074959 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
With climate change creating a more volatile atmosphere, heatwaves that create thermal stress for living systems will become stronger and more frequent. Using the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, we measure the impacts of thermal stress from experimental heatwaves in the laboratory on reproduction and survival across different insect life stages, and the extent and pace of any recovery. We exposed larvae, pupae, juvenile and mature adult male beetles to 5-day periods of heat stress where temperatures were maintained at either 40°C or 42°C, a few degrees above the 35°C optimum for this species' population productivity, and then measured survival and reproduction compared with controls at 30°C. Mortality due to thermal stress was greatest among juvenile life stages. Male reproductive function was specifically damaged by high temperatures, especially if experienced through pupal or immature life stages when complete sterility was shown at reproductive maturity; larval exposure did not damage adult male fertility. High temperatures impaired testis development and the production of viable sperm, with damage being strongest when experienced during pupal or juvenile adult stages. Despite this disruption, males recovered from heat stress and, depending on the stage of exposure, testis size, sperm production and fertility returned to normal 15-28 days after exposure. Our experiments reveal how thermal stress from heatwave conditions could impact on insect survival and reproduction across different life stages, and the potential and timescales of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Sales
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Ramakrishnan Vasudeva
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Matthew J. G. Gage
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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17
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Chevrier C, Nguyen TM, Bressac C. Heat shock sensitivity of adult male fertility in the parasitoid wasp Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae). J Therm Biol 2019; 85:102419. [PMID: 31657760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In insects, decreased reproduction is a sublethal consequence of high temperatures, with males being more sensitive to this in many species. In hymenoptera, arrhenotokous parthenogenesis means that female offspring are produced using sperm and are thus diploid, while males are haploid. Consequently, sperm stocks in males and females (after copulation) are a key regulator of the sex ratio. Anisopteromalus calandrae is a parasitoid wasp in which males can suffer from subfertility due to a drastic decrease in sperm count after exposure to high temperatures during a critical early pupal stage. However, in this species spermatogenesis continues during adulthood, therefore the heat sensitivity of adult males remains to be studied. Laboratory studies were conducted on virgin and previously mated young adult males under control (30 °C) and heat shock (10 min at 48 °C) conditions to exhaust their initial sperm stock. After heat shock, in both virgin and already mated males, the individual sperm potential was half that of controls. Both groups continuously produced sperm, but sperm stock of heat shocked males' never reached that of the controls. Heat shock reduced survival at 10 days only in previously experienced males but had no impact on the mating ability in competition for a female compared to controls. Despite a reduced sperm count, heat shocked males had fully fertile spermatozoa. Such a physiological response to heat shock in a species with continuous sperm production could be of major interest for both wild populations in a context of temperature variations and parasitoid wasps introduced for agronomical purposes.
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18
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Gu X, Zhao Y, Su Y, Wu J, Wang Z, Hu J, Liu L, Zhao Z, Hoffmann AA, Chen B, Li Z. A transcriptional and functional analysis of heat hardening in two invasive fruit fly species, Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera correcta. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1147-1163. [PMID: 31293628 PMCID: PMC6597872 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many insects have the capacity to increase their resistance to high temperatures by undergoing heat hardening at nonlethal temperatures. Although this response is well established, its molecular underpinnings have only been investigated in a few species where it seems to relate at least partly to the expression of heat shock protein (Hsp) genes. Here, we studied the mechanism of hardening and associated transcription responses in larvae of two invasive fruit fly species in China, Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera correcta. Both species showed hardening which increased resistance to 45°C, although the more widespread B. dorsalis hardened better at higher temperatures compared to B. correcta which hardened better at lower temperatures. Transcriptional analyses highlighted expression changes in a number of genes representing different biochemical pathways, but these changes and pathways were inconsistent between the two species. Overall B. dorsalis showed expression changes in more genes than B. correcta. Hsp genes tended to be upregulated at a hardening temperature of 38°C in both species, while at 35°C many Hsp genes tended to be upregulated in B. correcta but not B. dorsalis. One candidate gene (the small heat shock protein gene, Hsp23) with a particularly high level of upregulation was investigated functionally using RNA interference (RNAi). We found that RNAi may be more efficient in B. dorsalis, in which suppression of the expression of this gene removed the hardening response, whereas in B. correcta RNAi did not decrease the hardening response. The different patterns of gene expression in these two species at the two hardening temperatures highlight the diverse mechanisms underlying hardening even in closely related species. These results may provide target genes for future control efforts against such pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Gu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yun Su
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiajiao Wu
- Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Ziya Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Juntao Hu
- Redpath MuseumMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zihua Zhao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 InstituteUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Present address:
College of Life SciencesHebei UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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19
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Kirk Green C, Moore PJ, Sial AA. Impact of heat stress on development and fertility of Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 114:45-52. [PMID: 30796949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii is a globally invasive fruit pest that costs millions in yield losses and increased pest management costs. Management practices for D. suzukii currently rely heavily on calendar-based applications of broad-spectrum insecticides, but decision-based applications are theoretically possible with refined population modeling and monitoring. Temperature conditions are strongly deterministic of insect growth rates, fecundity, fertility, and resulting population densities. Therefore, information about the effects of temperature can be incorporated into population modeling to accurately predict D. suzukii population densities in the field which is crucial to maximize pesticide application efficiency and improve sustainability. Here, we investigated the effects of chronic heat stress during all of juvenile development on egg-to-adult viability and fertility. We also investigated egg-to-adult viability under heat stress after heat shock of the maternal parent. We found that heat stress during development results in lower egg-to-adult viability, and reduced lifespan and fertility for surviving adults. However, heat-shock treatment of females prior to egg laying increased the egg-to-adult viability of their eggs under heat stress. Female flies that developed at 30 °C had smaller ovaries than the untreated group and male flies had less sperm in their testes, and no sperm in their seminal vesicles. We conclude that heat stress during development is likely to have negative effect on D. suzukii population dynamics in the field. However, the intensity of such negative impact will depend on the phenotypic state of their maternal parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kirk Green
- Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, 413 Biological Sciences, Athens, GA 30602-2603, USA
| | - Patricia J Moore
- Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, 413 Biological Sciences, Athens, GA 30602-2603, USA
| | - Ashfaq A Sial
- Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, 413 Biological Sciences, Athens, GA 30602-2603, USA.
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20
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Ashbrook AR, Scharf ME, Bennett GW, Gondhalekar AD. Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) exhibit limited ability to develop heat resistance. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211677. [PMID: 30731005 PMCID: PMC6366730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The global population growth of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius (L.), is attributed to their cryptic behavior, diverse insecticide resistance mechanisms, and lack of public awareness. Bed bug control can be challenging and typically requires chemical and non-chemical treatments. One common non-chemical method for bed bug management is thermal remediation. However, in certain instances, bed bugs are known to survive heat treatments. Bed bugs may be present after a heat treatment due to (i) abiotic factors associated with the inability to achieve lethal temperatures in harborage areas for a sufficient time period, (ii) re-infestation from insects that escaped to cooler areas during a heat treatment or (iii) development of physiological resistance that allows them to survive heat exposure. Previous research has investigated the optimal temperature and exposure time required for either achieving complete mortality or sublethally affecting their growth and development. However, no research has examined bed bug populations for their ability to develop resistance to heat exposure and variation in thermo-tolerance between different bed bug strains. The goals of this study were: i) to determine if bed bugs could be selected for heat resistance under a laboratory selection regime, and ii) to determine if bed bug populations with various heat exposure histories, insecticide resistance profiles, and geographic origins have differential temperature tolerances using two heat exposure techniques (step-function and ramp-function). Selection experiments found an initial increase in bed bug survivorship; however, survivorship did not increase past the fourth generation. Sublethal exposure to heat significantly reduced bed bug feeding and, in some cases, inhibited development. The step-function exposure technique revealed non-significant variation in heat tolerance between populations and the ramp-function exposure technique provided similar results. Based on these study outcomes, the ability of bed bugs to develop heat resistance appears to be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R. Ashbrook
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Scharf
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Gary W. Bennett
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ameya D. Gondhalekar
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Experimental heatwaves compromise sperm function and cause transgenerational damage in a model insect. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4771. [PMID: 30425248 PMCID: PMC6233181 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is affecting biodiversity, but proximate drivers remain poorly understood. Here, we examine how experimental heatwaves impact on reproduction in an insect system. Male sensitivity to heat is recognised in endotherms, but ectotherms have received limited attention, despite comprising most of biodiversity and being more influenced by temperature variation. Using a flour beetle model system, we find that heatwave conditions (5 to 7 °C above optimum for 5 days) damaged male, but not female, reproduction. Heatwaves reduce male fertility and sperm competitiveness, and successive heatwaves almost sterilise males. Heatwaves reduce sperm production, viability, and migration through the female. Inseminated sperm in female storage are also damaged by heatwaves. Finally, we discover transgenerational impacts, with reduced reproductive potential and lifespan of offspring when fathered by males, or sperm, that had experienced heatwaves. This male reproductive damage under heatwave conditions provides one potential driver behind biodiversity declines and contractions through global warming.
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22
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De Souza AR, Barbosa LR, Passos JRDS, Castro BMDCE, Zanuncio JC, Wilcken CF. Longevity and survival of Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), an invasive gall inducer on Eucalyptus, with different diets and temperatures. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5265. [PMID: 30065874 PMCID: PMC6064202 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The blue gum chalcid, Leptocybe invasa Fisher & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), causes galls on Eucalyptus spp. leaf midribs, petioles and stems. Biological aspects need to be studied to assist in developing management strategies and to maintain this insect in the laboratory to rear the parasitoid Selitrichodes neseri Kelly & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) that depends on having a supply of Eucalyptus seedlings infested by L. invasa. We evaluated the longevity and survival of L. invasa individual non reproductive females fed with six different diets (pure honey, 50% honey solution, pure honey plus eucalyptus leaves, eucalyptus leaves, distilled water, or no food) and seven different temperatures (10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30 and 34 °C). Leptocybe invasa fed with 50% honey solution and reared at 14 or 18 °C showed the greatest longevity and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rodrigues De Souza
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Departamento de Proteção Vegetal, UNESP (São Paulo State University), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Raimundo de Souza Passos
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Bioestatística, UNESP (São Paulo State University), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia/ BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Frederico Wilcken
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Departamento de Proteção Vegetal, UNESP (São Paulo State University), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Basal resistance enhances warming tolerance of alien over indigenous species across latitude. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:145-150. [PMID: 29255020 PMCID: PMC5776815 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715598115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How climate change and biological invasions interact to affect biodiversity is of major concern to conservation. Quantitative evidence for the nature of climate change–invasion interactions is, however, limited. For the soil ecosystem fauna, such evidence is nonexistent. Yet across the globe, soil-dwelling animals regulate belowground functioning and have pronounced influences on aboveground dynamics. Using springtails as an exemplar taxon, widely known to have species-specific effects on below- and aboveground dynamics, we show that across a wide latitudinal span (16–54°S), alien species have greater ability to tolerate climate change-associated warming than do their indigenous counterparts. The consequences of such consistent differences are profound given globally significant invasions of soil systems by springtails. Soil systems are being increasingly exposed to the interactive effects of biological invasions and climate change, with rising temperatures expected to benefit alien over indigenous species. We assessed this expectation for an important soil-dwelling group, the springtails, by determining whether alien species show broader thermal tolerance limits and greater tolerance to climate warming than their indigenous counterparts. We found that, from the tropics to the sub-Antarctic, alien species have the broadest thermal tolerances and greatest tolerance to environmental warming. Both groups of species show little phenotypic plasticity or potential for evolutionary change in tolerance to high temperature. These trait differences between alien and indigenous species suggest that biological invasions will exacerbate the impacts of climate change on soil systems, with profound implications for terrestrial ecosystem functioning.
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Alemu T, Alemneh T, Pertoldi C, Ambelu A, Bahrndorff S. Costs and benefits of heat and cold hardening in a soil arthropod. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Zizzari ZV, Engl T, Lorenz S, van Straalen NM, Ellers J, Groot AT. Love at first sniff: a spermatophore-associated pheromone mediates partner attraction in a collembolan species. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Singh K, Prasad NG. Evolution of pre- and post-copulatory traits in female Drosophila melanogaster as a correlated response to selection for resistance to cold stress. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 91-92:26-33. [PMID: 27317621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to low temperatures reduces gamete viability and fecundity in females of insect species like Drosophila. Hence, adaptation to cold stress can in principle involve modifications in reproductive traits in females. Studies on resistance to cold stress have mostly addressed the evolution of adult survivorship post cold shock. Very few studies have addressed the evolution of reproductive traits in females in response to cold stress. We have successfully selected replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster for resistance to cold shock. After 50 generations of selection, we investigated pre- and post-copulatory traits i.e. mating latency, copulation duration, mating frequency and progeny production in female flies exposed to cold shock or control conditions. Post cold shock, females from the selected populations were better at recovery in terms of mating latency, mating success, and progeny production relative to females from the control populations. Performance of the two types of females was not different under control conditions. These findings clearly indicate that adaptation to cold stress involves rapid modification of the reproductive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Singh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, PO Manauli, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Nagaraj Guru Prasad
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, PO Manauli, Punjab 140306, India.
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Singh K, Samant MA, Tom MT, Prasad NG. Evolution of Pre- and Post-Copulatory Traits in Male Drosophila melanogaster as a Correlated Response to Selection for Resistance to Cold Stress. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153629. [PMID: 27093599 PMCID: PMC4836659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Drosophila melanogaster the fitness of males depends on a broad array of reproductive traits classified as pre- and post-copulatory traits. Exposure to cold stress, can reduce sperm number, male mating ability and courtship behavior. Therefore, it is expected that the adaptation to cold stress will involve changes in pre- and post-copulatory traits. Such evolution of reproductive traits in response to cold stress is not well studied. METHODS We selected replicate populations of D. melanogaster for resistance to cold shock. Over 37-46 generations of selection, we investigated pre- and post-copulatory traits such as mating latency, copulation duration, mating frequency, male fertility, fitness (progeny production) and sperm competitive ability in male flies subjected to cold shock and those not subjected to cold shock. RESULTS We found that post cold shock, the males from the selected populations had a significantly lower mating latency along with, higher mating frequency, fertility, sperm competitive ability and number of progeny relative to the control populations. CONCLUSION While most studies of experimental evolution of cold stress resistance have documented the evolution of survivorship in response to selection, our study clearly shows that adaptation to cold stress involves rapid changes in the pre- and post-copulatory traits. Additionally, improved performances under stressful conditions need not necessarily trade-off with performance under benign conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Singh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, PO Manauli, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Manas Arun Samant
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, PO Manauli, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Megha Treesa Tom
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, PO Manauli, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Nagaraj Guru Prasad
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, PO Manauli, Punjab, 140306, India
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Egg Viability, Mating Frequency and Male Mating Ability Evolve in Populations of Drosophila melanogaster Selected for Resistance to Cold Shock. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129992. [PMID: 26065704 PMCID: PMC4466231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ability to resist temperature shock is an important component of fitness of insects and other ectotherms. Increased resistance to temperature shock is known to affect life-history traits. Temperature shock is also known to affect reproductive traits such as mating ability and viability of gametes. Therefore selection for increased temperature shock resistance can affect the evolution of reproductive traits. Methods We selected replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster for resistance to cold shock. We then investigated the evolution of reproductive behavior along with other components of fitness- larval survivorship, adult mortality, fecundity, egg viability in these populations. Results We found that larval survivorship, adult mortality and fecundity post cold shock were not significantly different between selected and control populations. However, compared to the control populations, the selected populations laid significantly higher percentage of fertile eggs (egg viability) 24 hours post cold shock. The selected populations had higher mating frequency both with and without cold shock. After being subjected to cold shock, males from the selected populations successfully mated with significantly more non-virgin females and sired significantly more progeny compared to control males. Conclusions A number of studies have reported the evolution of survivorship in response to selection for temperature shock resistance. Our results clearly indicate that adaptation to cold shock can involve changes in components of reproductive fitness. Our results have important implications for our understanding of how reproductive behavior can evolve in response to thermal stress.
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Ma G, Hoffmann AA, Ma CS. Daily temperature extremes play an important role in predicting thermal effects. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:2289-96. [PMID: 26026043 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.122127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Organisms in natural environments experience diel temperature fluctuations rather than constant temperatures, including sporadic extreme conditions. Studies based mainly on model organisms have tended to focus on responses to average temperatures or short-term heat stress, which overlooks the potential impact of daily fluctuations including stressful daytime periods and milder nighttime periods. Here we focus on daily maximum temperatures, while holding nighttime temperatures constant, to specifically investigate high temperature effects on demographic parameters and fitness in the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius). We then compared the observed effects of different daily maximum temperatures with predictions from constant temperature-performance expectations. Moderate daily maximum temperatures depressed aphid performance while extreme conditions had dramatic effects even when mean temperatures were below the critical maximum. Predictions based on daily average temperature underestimated negative effects of temperature on performance by ignoring daily maximum temperature, while predictions based on daytime maximum temperatures overestimated detrimental impacts by ignoring recovery under mild nighttime temperatures. Our findings suggest that daily maximum temperature will play an important role in regulating natural population dynamics and should be considered in predictions. These findings have implications for natural population dynamics particularly when considering the expected increase in extreme temperature events under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- Departments of Zoology and Genetics, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chun-Sen Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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Liang LN, Zhang W, Ma G, Hoffmann AA, Ma CS. A single hot event stimulates adult performance but reduces egg survival in the oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116339. [PMID: 25551751 PMCID: PMC4281249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate warming is expected to increase the exposure of insects to hot events (involving a few hours at extreme high temperatures). These events are unlikely to cause widespread mortality but may modify population dynamics via impacting life history traits such as adult fecundity and egg hatching. These effects and their potential impact on population predictions are still largely unknown. In this study, we simulated a single hot event (maximum of 38°C lasting for 4 h) of a magnitude increasingly found under field conditions and examined its effect in the oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta. This hot event had no impact on the survival of G. molesta adults, copulation periods or male longevity. However, the event increased female lifespan and the length of the oviposition period, leading to a potential increase in lifetime fecundity and suggesting hormesis. In contrast, exposure of males to this event markedly reduced the net reproductive value. Male heat treatment delayed the onset of oviposition in the females they mated with, as well as causing a decrease in the duration of oviposition period and lifetime fecundity. Both male and female stress also reduced egg hatch. Our findings of hormetic effects on female performance but concurrent detrimental effects on egg hatch suggest that hot events have unpredictable consequences on the population dynamics of this pest species with implications for likely effects associated with climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Liang
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, Departments of Zoology and Genetics, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chun-Sen Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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31
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Liao HJ, Qian Q, Liu XD. Heat shock suppresses mating and sperm transfer in the rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:383-392. [PMID: 24702985 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485314000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is a key environmental factor in determining the population size of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in summer. High temperatures inhibit survival, development and fecundity of this insect. However, biological responses of female and male adults to heat shock, and physiological mechanism of high temperature suppressing population development are still ambiguous. We experimentally tested the impact of heat shock (5 h day-1) on biological traits, spermatogenesis and sperm transfer of adults of C. medinalis. The result showed that heat exposure to 39 and 40 °C for 5 h reduced longevity and copulation frequency of adults, and hatchability of eggs. Immediate survival rate of males was lower than that of females after 3 days of exposure to 41 °C. The oviposition period, copulation frequency, fecundity of adults and hatchability of eggs were significantly lower when male adults were exposed to 40 or 41 °C for 3 days. Heat shock decreased frequency and success rate of mating when males were exposed, and it also resulted in postponement of mating behaviour and prolongation of mating duration as both the female and male adults were exposed. Heat shock did not affect spermatogenesis, but significantly inhibited sperms maturation. Moreover, males could not ejaculate sperm into females during copulation when these male moths received heat shock. Heat shock remarkably suppressed mating behaviour and sperm transfer, which led to a dramatic decline of rice leaf folder populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Liao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Q Qian
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - X D Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Zizzari ZV, Ellers J. Rapid shift in thermal resistance between generations through maternal heat exposure. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Valentina Zizzari
- Dept of Ecological Science - Animal Ecology; VU Univ. Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1085 NL-1081 HV Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Dept of Ecological Science - Animal Ecology; VU Univ. Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1085 NL-1081 HV Amsterdam the Netherlands
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Fitness costs associated with different frequencies and magnitudes of temperature change in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. J Therm Biol 2014; 41:88-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zizzari ZV, van Straalen NM, Ellers J. Male-male competition leads to less abundant but more attractive sperm. Biol Lett 2013; 9:20130762. [PMID: 24307528 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Males employ complex strategies to optimize their reproductive success when faced with male-male competition; for instance, they can adjust the ejaculate characteristics. In copulating species, a male may also strategically adjust his ejaculate expenditure according to female quality. Quantifying the relative contribution of ejaculate plasticity in male reproductive success is often difficult, especially when females exert postcopulatory cryptic choice. One way to quantify the functional significance of ejaculate plasticity is offered by mating systems in which the reproductive partners do not meet each other during insemination. In the collembolan Orchesella cincta, males deposit their ejaculates (spermatophores) irrespective of the presence of females. We tested whether Orchesella males adjust spermatophore number when exposed to the presence of another male and whether changes in spermatophore production influence female choice. We found that Orchesella males display plasticity in spermatophore allocation. Males decreased the spermatophore number when exposed to a rival male. Moreover, females preferentially took up spermatophores of males that were exposed to a competitor. The reduction in spermatophore number suggests, besides an adaptive response to the risk of ejaculate removal by rival males, an optimization strategy owing to the costs of more attractive spermatophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Valentina Zizzari
- Department of Ecological Science, Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, , De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Dick CA, Rank NE, McCarthy M, McWeeney S, Hollis D, Dahlhoff EP. Effects of temperature variation on male behavior and mating success in a montane beetle. Physiol Biochem Zool 2013; 86:432-40. [PMID: 23799837 DOI: 10.1086/671462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Locomotion and mating ability are crucial for male reproductive success yet are energetically costly and susceptible to physiological stress. In the Sierra willow beetle Chrysomela aeneicollis, male mating success depends on locating and mating with as many females as possible. Variation at the glycolytic enzyme locus phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) is concordant with a latitudinal temperature gradient in these populations, with Pgi-1 frequent in the cooler north, Pgi-4 in the warmer south, and alleles 1 and 4 in relatively equal frequency in areas intermediate in geography and climate. Beetles experience elevated air temperatures during a mating season that causes differential physiological stress among Pgi genotypes, and running speeds of individuals homozygous for Pgi-4 are more tolerant of repeated thermal stress than individuals possessing Pgi-1. Here the importance of running behavior for male mating activity was examined, and differential effects of thermal stress among Pgi genotypes on male mating activity were measured. In nature, males run more than females, and nearly half of males mate or fight for a mate after running. In the laboratory, mating activity was positively correlated with running speed, and repeated mating did not reduce running speed or subsequent mating activity. Males homozygous for Pgi-4 mated longer and more frequently after heat treatment than 1-1 and 1-4 males. All heat-treated males had lower mating frequencies and higher heat shock protein expression than control males; however, mating frequency of recovering 4-4 males increased throughout mating trials, while treated 1-1 and 1-4 males remained low. These results suggest that effects of stress on mating activity differ between Pgi genotypes, implying a critical role for energy metabolism in organisms' response to stressful temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Dick
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
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36
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Nguyen TM, Bressac C, Chevrier C. Heat stress affects male reproduction in a parasitoid wasp. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:248-254. [PMID: 23262365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In insects, reproductive success and survival are affected by temperature. Reproduction is more sensitive than other physiological traits. While the effects of heat stress on females are well known, the effects on males are less clear. Hymenopteran parasitoids are valuable for studying the consequences of heat stress on male reproduction. In these species, through arrhenotoquous parthenogenesis, the sex ratio of the offspring is directly dependent on the sperm stock acquired by females during copulation. In the lab, heat temperature treatments (32-44°C) were applied for 3 days in the pupal stage of Anisopteromalus calandrae males, and development was completed at 30°C. Three different effects were observed depending on the temperature: mortality above 42°C, sterility of emerging males at 40°C, and sub-fertility at 38°C. This sub-fertility is characterized by a dramatic decrease in male sperm supplies, of up to 7% compared to control males. In the course of ageing, the sperm stock of sub-fertile males increases but never reaches the level of control males. Survival was significantly higher in control (30°C) males than those treated at 38°C. Male mating ability was similar whatever the treatment (control and 38°C), but females mated with 38°C-treated males stored 100 times less sperm on average than those mated with control males. The offspring sex ratio of females mated with 38°C-treated males was strongly male biased. The physiological mechanisms are as yet unknown. The relationship between temperature, sperm stock and sex ratio should be taken into account in the management of parasitoids for integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Manh Nguyen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, F-37200 Tours, France
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Ju RT, Gao L, Zhou XH, Li B. Tolerance to high temperature extremes in an invasive lace bug, Corythucha ciliata (Hemiptera: Tingidae), in subtropical China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54372. [PMID: 23365664 PMCID: PMC3554765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions are predicted to be more frequent as climate change is increasing its positive impact on the prevalence of invasive exotic species. Success of insect invaders in different temperature zones is closely related to their tolerance to temperature extremes. In this study, we used an exotic lace bug (Corythucha ciliata) as the study organism to address the hypotheses that an insect species invading a subtropical zone from temperate regions has a high capacity to survive and adapt to high temperatures, and that its thermal tolerance plays an important role in determining its seasonal abundance and geographic distribution. To test these hypotheses, the effects of heat shock on the survival and reproduction of C. ciliata adults were assessed in the laboratory. Adults were exposed to 26 (control), 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, and 45°C for 2 h, and then were transferred to 26°C. Heat-shock temperatures ranging from 35 to 41°C did not significantly affect survival pattern, longevity, and fecundity of adults, but heat shock at 43 and 45°C significantly reduced these traits. Exposing parent females to heat-shock treatments from 35 to 41°C did not significantly affect the hatching rate of their eggs, survival of the nymphs, and the proportion of female F(1) progeny, while no progeny were produced with treatments of 43 and 45°C. The results indicate that C. ciliata can tolerate high temperatures less than 41°C, which may contribute to its expansion into the lower latitudes in China where its hosts (Platanus trees) are widely planted. Our findings have important implications for predicting seasonal abundance and understanding invasion mechanisms of this important urban invader under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ting Ju
- Department of Plant Protection, Shanghai Institute of Landscape Gardening Science, Shanghai, China
- Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Plant Protection, Shanghai Institute of Landscape Gardening Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Hui Zhou
- Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Li
- Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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