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Yu N, Chen Y, Xu G, Yang Z, Wang S, Lu T, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Cuticular compounds inhibit cannibalism of early-instar spiderlings by pulli-carrying Pardosa pseudoannulata females. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:1461-1469. [PMID: 35032347 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cannibalism is common in spiders. Wolf spider (Lycosidae) females, which exhibit extensive maternal care, have been reported to cannibalize less when they are carrying egg sacs and juveniles. In a laboratory experiment, we demonstrated that cannibalism of early-instar spiderlings (EIS) by a wolf spider (Pardosa pseudoannulata) mother was almost completely inhibited when she was carrying spiderlings. Compared with virgin and mated-females, mother spiders tolerated more and predated fewer spiderlings, including gregarious pulli and newly dispersed spiderlings (NDS). Cannibalism of EIS by females during their reproductive period exhibited a V-shaped pattern, with a gradual decrease from the egg sac-carrying to pulli-carrying (PC) stage, and a recovery from the PC stage to post-reproductive (PR) stage. Notably, there was 0 cannibalism at the PC stage. PC females exhibited no interest in pulli, while PR females were attracted to and predated pulli and NDS as they did their natural prey, Nilaparvata lugens. Interestingly, PC females captured and released NDS in a foraging assay, although attraction was observed from olfactometer measurements. PC mothers possessed a cuticular volatile profile that was closer to that of pulli and NDS than to that of PR females. Moreover, NDS cuticular extract provoked an electrophysiological response in legs of PC females. Therefore, cuticular compound-mediated chemical communication may be involved in inhibiting cannibalism of EIS by spider mothers, and especially in eliminating cannibalism by PC mothers. Future studies will aim to characterize the specific cuticular compounds and chemoreception mechanism in females, which will facilitate our understanding of intraspecific recognition and cannibalism in spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunru Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Romero S, Laino A, Molina G, Cunningham M, Garcia CF. Embryonic and post-embryonic development of the spider Polybetes pythagoricus (Sparassidae): A biochemical point of view. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20210159. [PMID: 35976362 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220210159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of energy expense during development has achieved special interest through time on account of the crucial role of the consumption of resources required for offspring survival. Spider eggs have a fixed composition as well as some initial energy that is supplied by mothers. These resources are necessary to support the metabolic expense not only through the embryonic period but also during the post-embryonic period, as well as for post emerging activities before spiderlings become self-sustaining. Depletion of these resources would be critical for spiders since it could give rise to prey competition as well as filial cannibalism. Even though spiders represent a megadiverse order, information regarding the metabolic requirements during spiders development is very scarce. In this study, we analyse the changes in protein, lipid and carbohydrate content as well as the variation in lipovitellin reserves and hemocyanin content during Polybetes pythagoricus development. Our results show that lipovitellins and phospholipids represent the major energy source throughout embryonic and post-embryonic development. Lipovitellin apolipoproteins are gradually consumed but are later depleted after dispersion. Phosphatidylethanolamine is mainly consumed during the post-embryonic period, while triacylglycerides are consumed after juveniles' dispersion. Finally, hemocyanin concentration starts to increase in postembryonic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Romero
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (UNLP-CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner" (INIBIOLP), FCM, Calle 60 y 120, La Plata (1900), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aldana Laino
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (UNLP-CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner" (INIBIOLP), FCM, Calle 60 y 120, La Plata (1900), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Molina
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (UNLP-CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner" (INIBIOLP), FCM, Calle 60 y 120, La Plata (1900), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Monica Cunningham
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (UNLP-CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner" (INIBIOLP), FCM, Calle 60 y 120, La Plata (1900), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Fernando Garcia
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (UNLP-CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner" (INIBIOLP), FCM, Calle 60 y 120, La Plata (1900), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Cui Y, Wang Z, Zhang G, Zhao Y, Peng Y, Yun Y. Transmission of nanoplastics from Culex quinquefasciatus to Pardosa pseudoannulata and its impact on predators. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153331. [PMID: 35074384 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have explored the effects of plastic particles on aquatic organisms. To date, however, few studies have reported on the effects of plastic particles on terrestrial invertebrates. Here, Culex quinquefasciatus (southern house mosquito, prey) and Pardosa pseudoannulata (wolf spider, predator) were used to explore the transmission of nanoplastics (NPs) from aquatic to terrestrial invertebrates and to verify the effects of NPs in prey on predators. Mosquito larvae were exposed to 0, 200, and 1000 NPs mL-1 polystyrene, respectively, and then fed to spiders when they matured. Results showed that ingestion of NP-exposed mosquitoes affected the growth, development, and behavior of P. pseudoannulata, and the intestinal tissue structure, intestinal flora composition, and related enzymatic activities were also impacted. These results indicate that after spiders ingested NP-exposed mosquitoes, their growth, development, and predation ability were affected. This may prolong time to maturation and decrease the ability of spiders to survive and reproduce in the environment. Thus, plastic particles likely have a wide range of effects on organisms as well as the whole ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yueli Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.
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Identification of Cuticular and Web Lipids of the Spider Argiope bruennichi. J Chem Ecol 2022; 48:244-262. [PMID: 35006525 PMCID: PMC8934766 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows that the cuticular and silk lipids of spiders are structurally more diverse than those of insects, although only a relatively low number of species have been investigated so far. As in insects, such lipids might play a role as signals in various contexts. The wasp spider Argiope bruennichi has probably the best investigated chemical communication system within spiders, including the known structure of the female sex pheromone. Recently we showed that kin-recognition in A. bruennichi could be mediated through the cuticular compounds consisting of hydrocarbons and, to a much larger proportion, of wax esters. By use of mass spectrometry and various derivatization methods, these were identified as esters of 2,4-dimethylalkanoic acids and 1-alkanols of varying chain lengths, such as tetradecyl 2,4-dimethylheptadecanoate. A representative enantioselective synthesis of this compound was performed which proved the identifications and allowed us to postulate that the natural enantiomer likely has the (2R,4R)-configuration. Chemical profiles of the silk and cuticular lipids of females were similar, while male cuticular profiles differed from those of females. Major components of the male cuticular lipids were tridecyl 2,4-dimethyl-C17-19 alkanoates, whereas those of females were slightly longer, comprising tridecyl 2,4-dimethyl-C19-21 alkanoates. In addition, minor female-specific 4-methylalkyl esters were detected.
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Trabalon M, Garcia CF. Transport pathways of hydrocarbon and free fatty acids to the cuticle in arthropods and hypothetical models in spiders. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 252:110541. [PMID: 33285310 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cuticular lipids in terrestrial arthropods are not only essential for desiccation resistance; they also play an important role as chemical signals for intra- and interspecific communication (pheromones and kairomones, respectively). Most of the studies on cuticular lipid research was dedicated to one class of arthropods, the insects. This type of research on the class arachnids is poorly developed, and the majority of studies has listed the compounds present in cuticular extracts, and, in some cases, compared the lipid profiles of different life stages (juveniles, adults). Consequently, we reviewed in relation to lipids description, biosynthesis, and transport of spiders. To illustrate a novel concept of lipid transportation, a scheme is now presented to show the hypothetical transport pathways of hydrocarbon and free fatty acids to cuticle in spiders. These concepts are taken from the knowledge of different arachnids to obtain a general illustration on the biosynthesis and transport of hemolymphatic lipids to the cuticle in spider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Trabalon
- Universite Rennes 1, UMR 6552 CNRS EthoS, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - C Fernando Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquimicas de La Plata "Profesor Doctor Rodolfo R. Brenner", 60 y 120 s/n. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Laino A, Cunningham M, Garcia F, Trabalon M. Residual vitellus and energetic state of wolf spiderlings Pardosa saltans after emergence from egg-sac until first predation. J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:261-274. [PMID: 32078039 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate energetic source used by juveniles of a terrestrial oviparous invertebrate during the earliest periods of their life. Growth, behavioural activities and energy contents of Pardosa saltans spiderlings' residual vitellus were monitored during 8 days after their emergence from their egg-sac until they disperse autonomously. The life-cycle of juvenile after emergence can be divided into three periods: a gregarious while juveniles are aggregated on their mother, dismounting off their mother's back and dispersion. We present the first biochemical study of residual vitellus and energy expenditure during these three periods. At emergence, the mean weight of juveniles was 0.59 mg and energy stock from residual vitellus averaged 51 cal/g wet mass. During gregarious period, the weight of the juveniles aggregated on their mother did not vary significantly and juveniles utilized only 1 cal/day from their residual vitellus. During the period from dismounting until their first exogenous feed, juveniles lost weight and used 30% of their residual vitellus stock. Proteins from the residual vitellus contributed principally to their energy expenditure during this period: 1.5 µg protein/day. Juveniles' first exogenous feeding was observed 7-8 days after emergence, when 70% of residual vitellus energy had been utilized. Juveniles dispersed after eating, reconstituting an energy stock comparable to that observed at emergence from egg-sac (50 cal/g wet mass). This new energy stock contains mainly lipids unlike the energy stock from the residual vitellus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Laino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner" (INIBIOLP), CCT-La Plata CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Cunningham
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner" (INIBIOLP), CCT-La Plata CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - F Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner" (INIBIOLP), CCT-La Plata CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Trabalon
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR-6552 CNRS EthoS, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
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Copperi MS, Ferretti N, Peretti AV. The role of silk in courtship and communication in mygalomorph spiders: Do males regulate their courtship in response to female mating status? Behav Processes 2019; 167:103939. [PMID: 31421152 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.103939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In spiders, pheromones are known to be responsible for attracting the opposite sex, eliciting male searching and courtship behaviors, as well as for synchronizing potential mates in space and time. Most spiders are cannibalistic and aggressive. Thus, early recognition of a female as a possible mate is essential for males, who may suffer high energetic or reproductive costs to the extreme of losing all fitness opportunities. In Acanthogonatus centralis Goloboff 1995, a mygalomorph spider, what female signs might be triggering male courtship behavior remain unknown, as well as whether males can discriminate between females. The aims of the present work were (1) establishing whether males can detect the presence of females using airborne and silk-borne signals and (2) determining whether males can discriminate the reproductive status and body condition of females. We found no evidence that airborne pheromones play a role in the sexual communication of A. centralis, but silk-bound contact signals function as a female advertisement. Also, this is the first study that demonstrates that male mygalomorph spiders can discriminate between different signals on silk through direct contact, showing a preference for unmated females.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sofia Copperi
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Universidad Nacional del Sur, UNS-CONICET, San Juan 670, CP 800, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Nelson Ferretti
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Universidad Nacional del Sur, UNS-CONICET, San Juan 670, CP 800, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Alfredo V Peretti
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva & Evolución, Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), CONICET-UNC and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, CP 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
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Trabalon M, Ruhland F, Laino A, Cunningham M, Garcia F. Embryonic and post-embryonic development inside wolf spiders’ egg sac with special emphasis on the vitellus. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 188:211-224. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ruhland F, Pétillon J, Trabalon M. Physiological costs during the first maternal care in the wolf spider Pardosa saltans (Araneae, Lycosidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 95:42-50. [PMID: 27639941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many arachnids like other terrestrial arthropods, provide extensive maternal care. Few studies have quantified the underlying physiological costs of maternal care. We investigated how maternal care affects the free-moving wolf spider's (Pardosa saltans) energy requirements. We described in detail their basic reproduction biology (i.e. carrying cocoon and young) and we evaluated the variation in the females' energy reserves during maternal care. Our results show that mothers guard eggs until hatching and then guard their spiderlings for 27-30 more days. Laboratory observations indicated that spiderlings start leaving the maternal abdomen gradually 5-7days after hatching. Females carry an egg sac (cocoon) that can weigh up to 77% of their post-reproduction weight and carry young that weigh 87-100% of their body mass. Females lost weight over time despite regular food intake, while carrying cocoon and young; but their weights increased gradually during the dispersal of young. The contributions of proteins, glucose and triglycerides to maintain females' energy were calculated. Their energetic state varied during maternal care, in particular lipid levels declined, during the care of spiderlings when the females' predatory behaviour was inhibited. Our results show that the maternal care provided by P. saltans females is particularly costly physiologically, during the 30days following egg sac formation and development of spiderlings, even when food is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Ruhland
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR-6552 CNRS EthoS, Rennes, France.
| | - Julien Pétillon
- Université de Rennes 1, EA 7316 Biodiversité et Gestion des Territoires, Rennes, France
| | - Marie Trabalon
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR-6552 CNRS EthoS, Rennes, France
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Chinta SP, Goller S, Uhl G, Schulz S. Identification and Synthesis of Branched Wax-type Esters, Novel Surface Lipids from the Spider Argyrodes elevatus (Araneae: Theridiidae). Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:1202-1220. [PMID: 27447988 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of cuticular extracts from the kleptoparasitic spider Argyrodes elevatus revealed the presence of unusual esters, new for arthropods. These novel compounds proved to be methyl-branched long-chain fatty acid esters with methyl branches located either close or remote from the internally located ester group. The GC/MS analysis of the prosoma lipid blend from the male cuticle contained one major component, undecyl 2-methyltridecanoate (1). In contrast, four major wax-type esters, 2-methylundecyl 2,8-dimethylundecanoate (2), 2,8-dimethylundecyl 2,8-dimethylundecanoate (3), heptadecyl 4-methylheptanoate (4), and 14-methylheptadecyl 4-methylheptanoate (5), were identified in the lipid blend of female prosomata. Structure assignments were based on mass spectra, gas chromatographic retention indices, and microderivatization. Unambiguous proof of postulated structures was ensured by an independent synthesis of all five esters. Preferentially, odd-numbered carbon chains pointed to a distinct biosynthetic pathway, different from that of common fatty acids, because one or two C3 starter units are incorporated during the biosynthesis of all acid and alcohol building blocks present in the five esters. The striking sexual dimorphism together with the unique biosynthesis points to a function of the esters in chemical communication of the spiders, although no behavioral data are currently available to test this assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prabhakar Chinta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, DE-38106, Braunschweig
| | - Stephan Goller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, DE-38106, Braunschweig
| | - Gabriele Uhl
- General and Systematic Zoology, University of Greifswald, Anklamer Str. 20, DE-17489, Greifswald.
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, DE-38106, Braunschweig.
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Schulz S. Spider pheromones - a structural perspective. J Chem Ecol 2012; 39:1-14. [PMID: 23269451 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Spiders use pheromones for sexual communication, as do other animals such as insects. Nevertheless, knowledge about their chemical structure, function, and biosynthesis is only now being unraveled. Many studies have shown the existence of spider pheromones, but the responsible compounds have been elucidated in only a few cases. This review focuses on a structural approach because we need to know the involved chemistry if we are to understand fully the function of a pheromonal communication system. Pheromones from members of the spider families Pholcidae, Araneidae, Linyphiidae, Agenelidae, and Ctenidae are currently being identified and will be discussed in this review. Some of these compounds belong to compound classes not known from other arthropod pheromones, such as citric acid derivatives or acylated amino acids, whereas others originate from more common fatty acid metabolism. Their putative biosynthesis, their function, and the identification methods used will be discussed. Furthermore, other semiochemicals and the chemistry of apolar surface lipids that potentially might be used by spiders for communication are described briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schulz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Trabalon M, Blais C. Juvenile development, ecdysteroids and hemolymph level of metabolites in the spider Brachypelma albopilosum (Theraphosidae). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL GENETICS AND PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 317:236-47. [PMID: 22311802 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, juvenile development and physiological state of mygalomorph Brachypelma albopilosum were investigated by means of individual rearing under controlled conditions. Males required 4-5 years for development from first juvenile instar to adulthood, passing through 8 to 12 juvenile molts. Females developed to adults in 5-6 years with a variable juvenile molt number from 9 to 13. The development and growth of males and females took place in a similar way until the last juvenile molt leading to subadults. Ecdysteroids, total lipid, cholesterol, and protein concentrations increased along with the different development instars in both males and females. After the last juvenile molt, spiders presented morphological and biochemical sex differences. Subadult and adulthood males were smaller in size and weight than females; hemolymph levels of ecdysteroids, total lipids, cholesterol, and glucose were higher in males. These physiological and biochemical differences can be correlated to the different sexual development between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Trabalon
- Department of Biology, Université Rennes 1, UMR-6552 CNRS Ethologie, Rennes, France.
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