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Groot AT, Blankers T, Halfwerk W, Burdfield Steel E. The Evolutionary Importance of Intraspecific Variation in Sexual Communication Across Sensory Modalities. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:21-40. [PMID: 37562048 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-030223-111608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of sexual communication is critically important in the diversity of arthropods, which are declining at a fast pace worldwide. Their environments are rapidly changing, with increasing chemical, acoustic, and light pollution. To predict how arthropod species will respond to changing climates, habitats, and communities, we need to understand how sexual communication systems can evolve. In the past decades, intraspecific variation in sexual signals and responses across different modalities has been identified, but never in a comparative way. In this review, we identify and compare the level and extent of intraspecific variation in sexual signals and responses across three different modalities, chemical, acoustic, and visual, focusing mostly on insects. By comparing causes and possible consequences of intraspecific variation in sexual communication among these modalities, we identify shared and unique patterns, as well as knowledge needed to predict the evolution of sexual communication systems in arthropods in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid T Groot
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands; , ,
| | - Thomas Blankers
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands; , ,
| | - Wouter Halfwerk
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), VU Amsterdam, Netherlands;
| | - Emily Burdfield Steel
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands; , ,
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Chacón F, Muñoz-San Martín C, Bacigalupo A, Álvarez-Duhart B, Solís R, Cattan PE. Trypanosoma cruzi Parasite Load Modulates the Circadian Activity Pattern of Triatoma infestans. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13010076. [PMID: 35055920 PMCID: PMC8777832 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary We studied the locomotor activity of one of the kissing bug species that transmit the Chagas disease-causing parasite in humans, which usually bites during the night. To date, no other reports researching its behavior take into account the amount of parasites inside the kissing bug; however, some studies have demonstrated that the presence of parasites modifies the activity of some kissing bug species. We recorded their movements in light and dark conditions after part of the insects fed on mammals that had the parasite and others fed on those that did not have the parasite. Later, their amounts of parasites were quantified. We found that, compared with insects with no parasites, kissing bugs with higher parasite amounts increase the number of times they move and the distance they travel, especially during daylight hours. This could imply that the insect increases its time searching for a food source when it is infected with a higher number of parasites, and this could increase the risk of transmission of the parasite to people by the kissing bug. Abstract American trypanosomiasis is a disease caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted mainly in endemic areas by blood-sucking triatomine vectors. Triatoma infestans is the most important vector in the southern cone of South America, exhibiting a nocturnal host-seeking behavior. It has been previously documented that the parasite produces changes in some triatomine species, but this is the first time that the behavior of a vector has been evaluated in relation to its parasite load. After comparing the movement events and distance traveled of infected and non-infected T. infestans, we evaluated the change produced by different T. cruzi parasite loads on its circadian locomotor activity. We observed differences between infected and non-infected triatomines, and a significant relation between the parasite load and the increase in locomotor activity of T. infestans, which was accentuated during the photophase. This could have direct implications on the transmission of T. cruzi, as the increased movement and distance traveled could enhance the contact of the vector with the host, while increasing the predation risk for the vector, which could both constitute a risk for vectorial and oral transmission to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Chacón
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (F.C.); (C.M.-S.M.); (A.B.); (B.Á.-D.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Campus Sur, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8150215, Chile
| | - Catalina Muñoz-San Martín
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (F.C.); (C.M.-S.M.); (A.B.); (B.Á.-D.)
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Campus Providencia, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago 7500975, Chile
| | - Antonella Bacigalupo
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (F.C.); (C.M.-S.M.); (A.B.); (B.Á.-D.)
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Bárbara Álvarez-Duhart
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (F.C.); (C.M.-S.M.); (A.B.); (B.Á.-D.)
| | - Rigoberto Solís
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (F.C.); (C.M.-S.M.); (A.B.); (B.Á.-D.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (P.E.C.); Tel.: +562-2978-5527 (R.S.); +562-2978-5629 (P.E.C.)
| | - Pedro E. Cattan
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (F.C.); (C.M.-S.M.); (A.B.); (B.Á.-D.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (P.E.C.); Tel.: +562-2978-5527 (R.S.); +562-2978-5629 (P.E.C.)
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Traoré AS, Porciani A, Moiroux N, Dabiré RK, Simard F, Costantini C, Mouline K. Effects of insemination and blood-feeding on locomotor activity of wild-derived females of the malaria mosquito Anopheles coluzzii. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:457. [PMID: 34493324 PMCID: PMC8422633 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04967-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioural shifts in the canonical location and timing of biting have been reported in natural populations of anopheline malaria vectors following the implementation of insecticide-based indoor vector control interventions. These modifications increase the likelihood of human-vector contact and allow mosquitoes to avoid insecticides, both conditions being favourable to residual transmission of the malarial parasites. The biting behaviour of mosquitoes follows rhythms that are under the control of biological clocks and environmental conditions, modulated by physiological states. In this work we explore modifications of spontaneous locomotor activity expressed by mosquitoes in different physiological states to highlight phenotypic variability associated to circadian control that may contribute to explain residual transmission in the field. METHODS The F10 generation progeny of field-collected Anopheles coluzzii from southwestern Burkina Faso was tested using an automated recording apparatus (Locomotor Activity Monitor, TriKinetics Inc.) under LD 12:12 or DD light regimens in laboratory-controlled conditions. Activity recordings of each test were carried out for a week with 6-day-old females belonging to four experimental treatments, representing factorial combinations of two physiological variables: insemination status (virgin vs inseminated) and gonotrophic status (glucose fed vs blood fed). Chronobiological features of rhythmicity in locomotor activity were explored using periodograms, diversity indices, and generalized linear mixed modelling. RESULTS The average strength of activity, onset of activity, and acrophase were modulated by both nutritional and insemination status as well as by the light regimen. Inseminated females showed a significant excess of arrhythmic activity under DD. When rhythmicity was observed in DD, females displayed sustained activity also during the subjective day. CONCLUSIONS Insemination and gonotrophic status influence the underlying light and circadian control of chronobiological features of locomotor activity. Overrepresentation of arrhythmic chronotypes as well as the sustained activity of inseminated females during the subjective day under DD conditions suggests potential activity of natural populations of A. coluzzii during daytime under dim conditions, with implications for residual transmission of malarial parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadou S Traoré
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France.
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Agro Paris Tech, Institut Des Sciences Et Industries du Vivant Et de L'environnement, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
| | | | - Nicolas Moiroux
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Karine Mouline
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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Diversity and common themes in the organization of ocelli in Hymenoptera, Odonata and Diptera. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2018; 204:505-517. [PMID: 29582137 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-018-1258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We show in a comparative analysis that distinct retinal specializations in insect ocelli are much more common than previously realized and that the rhabdom organization of ocellar photoreceptors is extremely diverse. Hymenoptera, Odonata and Diptera show prominent equatorial fovea-like indentations of the ocellar retinae, where distal receptor endings are furthest removed from the lens surface and receptor densities are highest. In contrast, rhabdomere arrangements are very diverse across insect groups: in Hymenoptera, with some exceptions, pairs of ocellar retinular cells form sheet-like rhabdoms that form elongated rectangular shapes in cross-section, with highly aligned microvilli directions perpendicular to the long axis of cross-sections. This arrangement makes most ocellar retinular cells in Hymenoptera sensitive to the direction of polarized light. In dragonflies, triplets of retinular cells form a y-shaped fused rhabdom with microvilli directions oriented at 60° to each other. In Dipteran ocellar retinular cells microvilli directions are randomised, which destroys polarization sensitivity. We suggest that the differences in ocellar organization between insect groups may reflect the different head attitude control systems that have evolved in these insect groups, but possibly also differences in the mode of locomotion and in the need for celestial compass information.
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Barrozo RB, Reisenman CE, Guerenstein P, Lazzari CR, Lorenzo MG. An inside look at the sensory biology of triatomines. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 97:3-19. [PMID: 27840287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although kissing bugs (Triatominae: Reduviidae) are perhaps best known as vectors of Chagas disease, they are important experimental models in studies of insect sensory physiology, pioneered by the seminal studies of Wigglesworth and Gillet more than eighty years ago. Since then, many investigations have revealed that the thermal, hygric, visual and olfactory senses play critical roles in the orientation of these blood-sucking insects towards hosts. Here we review the current knowledge about the role of these sensory systems, focussing on relevant stimuli, sensory structures, receptor physiology and the molecular players involved in the complex and cryptic behavioural repertoire of these nocturnal insects. Odours are particularly relevant, as they are involved in host search and are used for sexual, aggregation and alarm communication. Tastants are critical for a proper recognition of hosts, food and conspecifics. Heat and relative humidity mediate orientation towards hosts and are also important for the selection of resting places. Vision, which mediates negative phototaxis and flight dispersion, is also critical for modulating shelter use and mediating escape responses. The molecular bases underlying the detection of sensory stimuli started to be uncovered by means of functional genetics due to both the recent publication of the genome sequence of Rhodnius prolixus and the availability of modern genome editing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina B Barrozo
- Grupo de Neuroetología de Insectos Vectores, Laboratorio Fisiología de Insectos, IBBEA, CONICET-UBA, DBBE, Facultad Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Carolina E Reisenman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California - Berkeley, USA
| | - Pablo Guerenstein
- Laboratorio de Estudio de la Biología de Insectos, CICyTTP-CONICET, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Claudio R Lazzari
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte UMR 7261 CNRS, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Marcelo G Lorenzo
- Grupo de Comportamento de Vetores e Interação com Patógenos-CNPq, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ, Brazil
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Böhm A, Pass G. The ocelli of Archaeognatha (Hexapoda): Functional morphology, pigment migration and chemical nature of the reflective tapetum. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:3039-3048. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.141275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The ocelli of Archaeognatha, or jumping bristletails, differ from typical insect ocelli in shape and field of view. While the shape of the lateral ocelli is highly variable among species, most Machiloidea have sole shaped lateral ocelli beneath the compound eyes and a median ocellus that is oriented downward. This study investigated morphological and physiological aspects of the ocelli of Machilis hrabei and Lepismachilis spp.
The light reflecting ocellar tapetum in Machilis hrabei is made up by xanthine nanocrystals, as demonstrated by confocal Raman spectroscopy. Pigment granules in the photoreceptor cells move behind the tapetum in the dark adapted state. Such a vertical pigment migration in combination with a tapetum has not been described for any insect ocellus so far. The pigment migration has a dynamic range of around 4 log units and is maximally sensitive to green light. Adaptation from darkness to bright light lasts over an hour, which is slow compared to the radial pupil mechanism in some dragonflies and locusts.
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Ribi WA, Zeil J. The visual system of the Australian 'Redeye' cicada (Psaltoda moerens). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2015; 44:574-586. [PMID: 26335848 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the functional anatomy of the visual system in the Australian 'Redeye' cicada Psaltoda moerens, including compound eyes and ocelli. The compound eyes have large visual fields, about 7500 ommatidia per eye and binocular overlaps of 10-15° in the frontal and of 50-60° in the dorsal visual field. The diameters of corneal facet lenses range between 22 and 34 μm and the lenses are unusually long with up to 100 μm in some eye regions. In the posterior part of the eyes, the hexagonal facet array changes to a square lattice. The compound eyes are of the eucone apposition type with 8 retinular cells contributing to a fused rhabdom in each ommatidium. The red eye colour is due to the pigment granules in the secondary pigment cells. We found a small Dorsal Rim Area (DRA), in which rhabdom cross-sections are rectangular rather than round. The cross-sections of DRA rhabdoms do not systematically change orientation along the length of the rhabdom, indicating that microvilli directions do not twist, which would make retinular cells in the DRA polarization sensitive. The three ocelli have unusual lenses with a champagne-cork shape in longitudinal sections. Retinular cells are short in the dorsal and ventral part of the retinae, and long in their equatorial part. Ocellar rhabdoms are short (<10 μm), positioned close to the corneagenous layer and are formed by pairs of retinular cells. In cross-section, the rhabdomeres are 2-5 μm long and straight. The red colour of ocelli is produced by screening pigments that form an iris around the base of the ocellar lens and by screening pigments between the ocellar retinular cells. We discuss the organization of the compound eye rhabdom, the organization of the ocelli and the presence of a DRA in the light of what is known about Hemipteran compound eyes. We note in particular that cicadas are the only Hemipteran group with fused rhabdoms, thus making Hemiptera an interesting case to study the evolution of open rhabdoms and neural superposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi A Ribi
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Bld 46, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Jochen Zeil
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Bld 46, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia.
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Vinauger C, Lazzari CR. Circadian modulation of learning abilities in a disease vector insect, Rhodnius prolixus. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:3110-7. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.119057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the drastic consequences it may have on the transmission of parasites, the ability of disease vectors to learn and retain information have just begun to be characterized. The kissing-bug Rhodnius prolixus, vectors of the Chagas disease, is an excellent model, particularly because conditioning the proboscis extension response (PER) constitutes a valuable paradigm to study their cognitive abilities under carefully controlled conditions. Another characteristic of these bugs is the temporal organisation of their different activities in a bimodal endogenous daily rhythm. This offers the opportunity to address the implication of the circadian system in learning and memory. Using aversive conditioning of the PER, we have tested whether the ability of kissing-bugs to learn and remember information varies during the day. We found that bugs perform well during the night, but not during the day: their ability to acquire information -but not that to retrieve it- is modulated in time. When keeping bugs under constant conditions to analyse the origin of this rhythm, the rhythm continues to freerun, showing its endogenous and truly circadian nature. These results are the first ones to evince the implication of the circadian system in the learning abilities of disease vectors and one of the few in insects in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Vinauger
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261 - Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Claudio R. Lazzari
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261 - Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
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Lazzari CR, Pereira MH, Lorenzo MG. Behavioural biology of Chagas disease vectors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108 Suppl 1:34-47. [PMID: 24473801 PMCID: PMC4109178 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many arthropod species have adopted vertebrate blood as their main food source. Blood
is rich in nutrients and, except for the presence of parasites, sterile. However,
this food source is not freely available, nor is obtaining it devoid of risk. It
circulates inside vessels hidden underneath the skin of mobile hosts that are able to
defend themselves and even predate the insects that try to feed on them. Thus, the
haematophagous lifestyle is associated with major morphological, physiological and
behavioural adaptations that have accumulated throughout the evolutionary history of
the various lineages of blood-sucking arthropods. These adaptations have significant
consequences for the evolution of parasites as well as for the epidemiology of
vector-transmitted diseases. In this review article, we analyse various aspects of
the behaviour of triatomine bugs to illustrate how each behavioural trait represents
a particular adaptation to their close association with their hosts, which may easily
turn into predators. Our aim is to offer to the reader an up-to-date integrative
perspective on the behaviour of Chagas disease vectors and to propose new research
avenues to encourage both young and experienced colleagues to explore this aspect of
triatomine biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Ricardo Lazzari
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7261, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, France, ToursIndre et Loire, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7261, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, Indre et Loire, France
| | - Marcos Horácio Pereira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil, Belo HorizonteMG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Gustavo Lorenzo
- Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fiocruz, Brasil, Belo HorizonteMG, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Fresquet N, Lazzari CR. Daily variation of the response to heat in Rhodnius prolixus: the roles of light and temperature as synchronisers. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 70:36-40. [PMID: 25200474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Triatominae are blood-sucking insects that localise their hosts with their multimodal host associated perceptive signals. Among that sensory information, one of the main short-range cue is heat which, even in isolation, is able to trigger the Proboscis Extension Response (PER) preceding the bite. Previous studies have demonstrated a rhythmic variation of the response to host signals compatible with the nocturnal habits of triatomine insects. This study was aimed at determining whether the PER to heat was also modulated by a daily variation and, if so, if it was an endogenous or exogenous rhythm. We also investigated what was used as a synchroniser between light and temperature. The results showed that alternation of light and darkness was required to ensure a high level of responsiveness to heat in early scotophase while the temperature cycle appeared with a weaker synchronisation power. We concluded that the responsiveness to heat was an exogenous rhythm synchronised by a complementary control of light and temperature cycles. The involvement of two synchronisers hierarchically organised might have increased the plasticity of the host-seeking behaviour to cope with environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Fresquet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.
| | - Claudio R Lazzari
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
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Stroppa MM, Carriazo CS, Gerez de Burgos NM, Garcia BA. Daily variations in the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isoforms expression in Triatoma infestans flight muscles. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:399-405. [PMID: 24914000 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Triatoma infestans, the main vector of Chagas disease, is a blood-sucking insect. Flight dispersal of adults is the most important mechanism for reinfestation of houses after insecticide spraying. Flight muscles have two glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) isoforms: GPDH-1 is involved in flight metabolism and GPDH-2 provides lipid precursors. In this study, we explored the profile of GPDH expression in females and males adult flight muscles under light/dark cycle, constant light, and constant dark conditions. Under constant dark conditions, GPDH-1 flight muscles of T. infestans showed a rhythmic pattern of transcription synchronous with a rhythmic profile of activity suggesting regulation by the endogenous circadian clock. Otherwise, the GPDH-2 expression analysis showed no regulation by the endogenous clock, but showed that an external factor, such as the dark/light period, was necessary for synchronization of GPDH-2 transcription and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Stroppa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carlota S Carriazo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nelia M Gerez de Burgos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Beatríz A Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Chen Q, Hua B. Ultrastructure of dorsal ocelli of the short-faced scorpionfly Panorpodes kuandianensis (Mecoptera: Panorpodidae). Micron 2014; 59:8-16. [PMID: 24530359 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dorsal ocelli are important visual organs of insects to perform a variety of behavioral functions. However, the fine structure of ocelli has not been studied in many groups of insects. In this paper the ocellar ultrastructure of the short-faced scorpionfly Panorpodes kuandianensis was investigated using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The adult of P. kuandianensis possesses one median and two lateral ocelli. Each ocellus comprises a cornea, a layer of corneagenous cells, a clear zone, a retina, and pigment cells. The cornea assumes a domed shape. Under the layer of corneagenous cells is a clear zone, which differs greatly between the median and lateral ocelli, implying they may be divergent in function. The retina comprises elongated retinula cells, which are divided into three regions: a distal rhabdomal region, a middle cytoplasmic region, and a proximal axonal region. In the distal rhabdomal region, most of the rhabdoms are formed by rhabdomeres of two adjacent retinula cells; some are formed by three or four retinula cells. The middle cytoplasmic region comprises the retinula cell segments with nuclei but free of rhabdom. Pigment granules are present among the retinula cells. In the proximal axonal region all retinula cells transform to axons, which synapse with the dendrites of second-order neurons at the base of the ocelli. The relationships among Panorpodidae, Panorpidae and Bittacidae are discussed based on ocellar structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Education Ministry, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Baozhen Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Education Ministry, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Insausti TC, Le Gall M, Lazzari CR. Oxidative stress, photodamage and the role of screening pigments in insect eyes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 216:3200-7. [PMID: 23661779 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.082818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using red-eyed mutant triatomine bugs (Hemiptera: Reduvidae), we tested the hypothesis of an alternative function of insect screening pigments against oxidative stress. To test our hypothesis, we studied the morphological and physiological changes associated with the mutation. We found that wild-type eyes possess a great amount of brown and red screening pigment inside the primary and secondary pigment cells as well as in the retinular cells. Red-eyed mutants, however, have only scarce red granules inside the pigmentary cells. We then compared the visual sensitivity of red-eyed mutants and wild types by measuring the photonegative responses of insects reared in light:dark cycles [12 h:12 h light:dark (LD)] or constant darkness (DD). Finally, we analyzed both the impact of oxidative stress associated with blood ingestion and photodamage of UV light on the eye retina. We found that red-eyed mutants reared in DD conditions were the most sensitive to the light intensities tested. Retinae of LD-reared mutants were gradually damaged over the life cycle, while for DD-reared insects retinae were conserved intact. No retinal damage was observed in non-fed mutants exposed to UV light for 2 weeks, whereas insects fed on blood prior to UV exposure showed clear signs of retinal damage. Wild-type insects exposed to UV light showed a marked increase in the amount and density of screening pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita C Insausti
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
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