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Cui Y, Bardin J, Wipfler B, Demers-Potvin A, Bai M, Tong YJ, Chen GN, Chen H, Zhao ZY, Ren D, Béthoux O. A winged relative of ice-crawlers in amber bridges the cryptic extant Xenonomia and a rich fossil record. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38454304 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Until the advent of phylogenomics, the atypical morphology of extant representatives of the insect orders Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) and Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) had confounding effects on efforts to resolve their placement within Polyneoptera. This recent research has unequivocally shown that these species-poor groups are closely related and form the clade Xenonomia. Nonetheless, divergence dates of these groups remain poorly constrained, and their evolutionary history debated, as the few well-identified fossils, characterized by a suite of morphological features similar to that of extant forms, are comparatively young. Notably, the extant forms of both groups are wingless, whereas most of the pre-Cretaceous insect fossil record is composed of winged insects, which represents a major shortcoming of the taxonomy. Here, we present new specimens embedded in mid-Cretaceous amber from Myanmar and belonging to the recently described species Aristovia daniili. The abundant material and pristine preservation allowed a detailed documentation of the morphology of the species, including critical head features. Combined with a morphological data set encompassing all Polyneoptera, these new data unequivocally demonstrate that A. daniili is a winged stem Grylloblattodea. This discovery demonstrates that winglessness was acquired independently in Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea. Concurrently, wing apomorphic traits shared by the new fossil and earlier fossils demonstrate that a large subset of the former "Protorthoptera" assemblage, representing a third of all known insect species in some Permian localities, are genuine representatives of Xenonomia. Data from the fossil record depict a distinctive evolutionary trajectory, with the group being both highly diverse and abundant during the Permian but experiencing a severe decline from the Triassic onwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cui
- College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jérémie Bardin
- CR2P (Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris), MNHN - CNRS - Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Wipfler
- MorphoLab, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of the Biodiversity Change, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Jie Tong
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Grace Nuoxi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Huarong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Ya Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Olivier Béthoux
- CR2P (Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris), MNHN - CNRS - Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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2
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Golding D, Rupp KL, Sustar A, Pratt B, Tuthill JC. Snow flies self-amputate freezing limbs to sustain behavior at sub-zero temperatures. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4549-4556.e3. [PMID: 37757830 PMCID: PMC10842534 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Temperature profoundly impacts all living creatures. In spite of the thermodynamic constraints on biology, some animals have evolved to live and move in extremely cold environments. Here, we investigate behavioral mechanisms of cold tolerance in the snow fly (Chionea spp.), a flightless crane fly that is active throughout the winter in boreal and alpine environments of the northern hemisphere. Using thermal imaging, we show that adult snow flies maintain the ability to walk down to an average body temperature of -7°C. At this supercooling limit, ice crystallization occurs within the snow fly's hemolymph and rapidly spreads throughout the body, resulting in death. However, we discovered that snow flies frequently survive freezing by rapidly amputating legs before ice crystallization can spread to their vital organs. Self-amputation of freezing limbs is a last-ditch tactic to prolong survival in frigid conditions that few animals can endure. Understanding the extreme physiology and behavior of snow insects holds particular significance at this moment when their alpine habitats are rapidly changing due to anthropogenic climate change. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Golding
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Katie L Rupp
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anne Sustar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brandon Pratt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John C Tuthill
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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3
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Herhold HW, Davis SR, DeGrey SP, Grimaldi DA. Comparative Anatomy of the Insect Tracheal System Part 1: Introduction, Apterygotes, Paleoptera, Polyneoptera. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2023. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.459.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hollister W. Herhold
- Richard Gilder Graduate School and Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York
| | - Steven R. Davis
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History; Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Samuel P. DeGrey
- Kimberly Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, Kimberly
| | - David A. Grimaldi
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York
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4
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Ebner JN, Wyss MK, Ritz D, von Fumetti S. Effects of thermal acclimation on the proteome of the planarian Crenobia alpina from an alpine freshwater spring. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:276068. [PMID: 35875852 PMCID: PMC9440759 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Species' acclimation capacity and their ability to maintain molecular homeostasis outside ideal temperature ranges will partly predict their success following climate change-induced thermal regime shifts. Theory predicts that ectothermic organisms from thermally stable environments have muted plasticity, and that these species may be particularly vulnerable to temperature increases. Whether such species retained or lost acclimation capacity remains largely unknown. We studied proteome changes in the planarian Crenobia alpina, a prominent member of cold-stable alpine habitats that is considered to be a cold-adapted stenotherm. We found that the species' critical thermal maximum (CTmax) is above its experienced habitat temperatures and that different populations exhibit differential CTmax acclimation capacity, whereby an alpine population showed reduced plasticity. In a separate experiment, we acclimated C. alpina individuals from the alpine population to 8, 11, 14 or 17°C over the course of 168 h and compared their comprehensively annotated proteomes. Network analyses of 3399 proteins and protein set enrichment showed that while the species' proteome is overall stable across these temperatures, protein sets functioning in oxidative stress response, mitochondria, protein synthesis and turnover are lower in abundance following warm acclimation. Proteins associated with an unfolded protein response, ciliogenesis, tissue damage repair, development and the innate immune system were higher in abundance following warm acclimation. Our findings suggest that this species has not suffered DNA decay (e.g. loss of heat-shock proteins) during evolution in a cold-stable environment and has retained plasticity in response to elevated temperatures, challenging the notion that stable environments necessarily result in muted plasticity. Summary: The proteome of an alpine Crenobia alpina population shows plasticity in response to acclimation to warmer temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Niklas Ebner
- 1 Spring Ecology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Kathrin Wyss
- 1 Spring Ecology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danilo Ritz
- 2 Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie von Fumetti
- 1 Spring Ecology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Keaveny EC, Waybright SA, Rusch TW, Dillon ME. Supercooling points of freeze-avoiding bumble bees vary with caste and queen life stage. J Therm Biol 2022; 104:103196. [PMID: 35180973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bumble bees thrive in cold climates including high latitude and high altitude regions around the world, yet cold tolerance strategies are largely unknown for most species. To determine bumble bee cold tolerance strategy, we exposed bumble bees to a range of low temperatures and measured survival 72 h post-exposure. All bees that froze died within 72 h while only one bee died without freezing, suggesting that bumble bees are generally freeze-avoiding insects and may be slightly chill susceptible. We then assessed whether temperatures that cause internal ice formation (supercooling points, SCP) varied among bumble bee castes (drones, workers, and queens), or across queen life stages, collection elevation, species, or season. Males froze at significantly lower temperatures than workers or queens. Queens in pre-overwintering or overwintering states froze at significantly lower temperatures than queens stimulated to initiate ovary development by CO2 narcosis (i.e., "spring" queens). We also tested whether the presence of water (i.e., wet or dry) or ramping rate affected SCP. As expected, queens inoculated with water froze at significantly higher temperatures than dry queens. SCP tended to be lower, but not significantly so, at faster ramping rates (0.5 °C/min vs 0.25 °C/min). We also found no differences in SCP between queen bumble bees collected in spring and fall, between queens collected at two sites differing in elevation by 1100 m, or between three field-caught bumble bee species. Bumble bees appear to have relatively high, invariable SCPs, likely making them highly susceptible to freezing across all seasons. As bumble bees are not freeze-tolerant and appear to lack the ability to prevent freezing at temperatures much below 0 °C, they may rely on season- and caste-specific micro-habitat selection to thrive in cold climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C Keaveny
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
| | - Sarah A Waybright
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
| | - Travis W Rusch
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Michael E Dillon
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
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Fitzgerald JL, Stuble KL, Nichols LM, Diamond SE, Wentworth TR, Pelini SL, Gotelli NJ, Sanders NJ, Dunn RR, Penick CA. Abundance of spring‐ and winter‐active arthropods declines with warming. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn L. Fitzgerald
- Plant Biology and Conservation Northwestern University Evanston Illinois60201USA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science & Action Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe Illinois60022USA
- Department of Applied Ecology North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina27695USA
| | | | - Lauren M. Nichols
- Department of Applied Ecology North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina27695USA
| | - Sarah E. Diamond
- Department of Biology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio44106USA
| | - Thomas R. Wentworth
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina27695USA
| | - Shannon L. Pelini
- Department of Biological Sciences Bowling Green State University Bowling Green Ohio43403USA
| | | | - Nathan J. Sanders
- Environmental Program Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington Vermont05405USA
| | - Robert R. Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina27695USA
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics University of Copenhagen CopenhagenDK‐2100Denmark
| | - Clint A. Penick
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Organismal Biology Kennesaw State University Kennesaw Georgia30144USA
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Schoville SD, Simon S, Bai M, Beethem Z, Dudko RY, Eberhard MJB, Frandsen PB, Küpper SC, Machida R, Verheij M, Willadsen PC, Zhou X, Wipfler B. Comparative transcriptomics of ice-crawlers demonstrates cold specialization constrains niche evolution in a relict lineage. Evol Appl 2021; 14:360-382. [PMID: 33664782 PMCID: PMC7896716 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Key changes in ecological niche space are often critical to understanding how lineages diversify during adaptive radiations. However, the converse, or understanding why some lineages are depauperate and relictual, is more challenging, as many factors may constrain niche evolution. In the case of the insect order Grylloblattodea, highly conserved thermal breadth is assumed to be closely tied to their relictual status, but has not been formerly tested. Here, we investigate whether evolutionary constraints in the physiological tolerance of temperature can help explain relictualism in this lineage. Using a comparative transcriptomics approach, we investigate gene expression following acute heat and cold stress across members of Grylloblattodea and their sister group, Mantophasmatodea. We additionally examine patterns of protein evolution, to identify candidate genes of positive selection. We demonstrate that cold specialization in Grylloblattodea has been accompanied by the loss of the inducible heat shock response under both acute heat and cold stress. Additionally, there is widespread evidence of selection on protein-coding genes consistent with evolutionary constraints due to cold specialization. This includes positive selection on genes involved in trehalose transport, metabolic function, mitochondrial function, oxygen reduction, oxidative stress, and protein synthesis. These patterns of molecular adaptation suggest that Grylloblattodea have undergone evolutionary trade-offs to survive in cold habitats and should be considered highly vulnerable to climate change. Finally, our transcriptomic data provide a robust backbone phylogeny for generic relationships within Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea. Major phylogenetic splits in each group relate to arid conditions driving biogeographical patterns, with support for a sister-group relationship between North American Grylloblatta and Altai-Sayan Grylloblattella, and a range disjunction in Namibia splitting major clades within Mantophasmatodea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabrina Simon
- Biosystematics GroupWageningen University & ResearchPB WageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and EvolutionInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zachary Beethem
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Present address:
Department of Biomedical SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Roman Y. Dudko
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of AnimalsSiberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
- Tomsk State UniversityTomskRussia
| | - Monika J. B. Eberhard
- Zoological Institute and MuseumGeneral Zoology and Zoological SystematicsUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Paul B. Frandsen
- Department of Plant & Wildlife SciencesBrigham Young UniversityProvoUTUSA
- Data Science LabOffice of the Chief Information OfficerSmithsonian InstitutionWashingtonDCU.S.A
| | - Simon C. Küpper
- Zoological Institute and MuseumGeneral Zoology and Zoological SystematicsUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Ryuichiro Machida
- Sugadaira Research StationMountain Science CenterUniversity of TsukubaUeda, NaganoJapan
| | - Max Verheij
- Biosystematics GroupWageningen University & ResearchPB WageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Peter C. Willadsen
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Present address:
Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityCampus Box 7613RaleighNCUSA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of EntomologyCollege of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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Neubaum DJ. Unsuspected retreats: autumn transitional roosts and presumed winter hibernacula of little brown myotis in Colorado. J Mammal 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyy120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Neubaum
- Terrestrial Section, Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Independent Avenue, Grand Junction, CO, USA
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Detecting seasonal variation of antifreeze protein distribution in Rhagium mordax using immunofluorescence and high resolution microscopy. Cryobiology 2016; 74:132-140. [PMID: 27847317 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Larvae of the blackspotted pliers support beetle, Rhagium mordax, were collected monthly, for the duration of 2012 and fixed. The larvae were embedded in paraffin wax and sectioned. Using fluorophore-coupled antibodies specific to the R. mordax antifreeze protein, RmAFP1, sections were visualised with UV reflected light microscopy. An automated software analysis method was developed in order to discard autofluorescence, and quantify fluorescence from bound antibodies. The results show that R. mordax cuticle and gut exhibit a higher degree of fluorophore-bound fluorescence during summer, than in the cold months. It is hypothesised that R. mordax stores RmAFP1 in, or near, the fat body during times when freeze avoidance is not needed.
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10
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An open source cryostage and software analysis method for detection of antifreeze activity. Cryobiology 2016; 72:251-7. [PMID: 27041219 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to provide the reader with a simple setup that can detect antifreeze proteins (AFP) by inhibition of ice recrystallisation in very small sample sizes. This includes an open source cryostage, a method for preparing and loading samples as well as a software analysis method. The entire setup was tested using hyperactive AFP from the cerambycid beetle, Rhagium mordax. Samples containing AFP were compared to buffer samples, and the results are visualised as crystal radius evolution over time and in absolute change over 30 min. Statistical analysis showed that samples containing AFP could reliably be told apart from controls after only two minutes of recrystallisation. The goal of providing a fast, cheap and easy method for detecting antifreeze proteins in solution was met, and further development of the system can be followed at https://github.com/pechano/cryostage.
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Slatyer RA, Schoville SD. Physiological Limits along an Elevational Gradient in a Radiation of Montane Ground Beetles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151959. [PMID: 27043311 PMCID: PMC4820226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A central challenge in ecology and biogeography is to determine the extent to which physiological constraints govern the geographic ranges of species along environmental gradients. This study tests the hypothesis that temperature and desiccation tolerance are associated with the elevational ranges of 12 ground beetle species (genus Nebria) occurring on Mt. Rainier, Washington, U.S.A. Species from higher elevations did not have greater cold tolerance limits than lower-elevation species (all species ranged from -3.5 to -4.1°C), despite a steep decline in minimum temperature with elevation. Although heat tolerance limits varied among species (from 32.0 to 37.0°C), this variation was not generally associated with the relative elevational range of a species. Temperature gradients and acute thermal tolerance do not support the hypothesis that physiological constraints drive species turnover with elevation. Measurements of intraspecific variation in thermal tolerance limits were not significant for individuals taken at different elevations on Mt. Rainier, or from other mountains in Washington and Oregon. Desiccation resistance was also not associated with a species' elevational distribution. Our combined results contrast with previously-detected latitudinal gradients in acute physiological limits among insects and suggest that other processes such as chronic thermal stress or biotic interactions might be more important in constraining elevational distributions in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Slatyer
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sean D. Schoville
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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