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Roy N, Moon S, Kim C, Kim JM, Lee KS, Shin Y, Shanmugam G, Choi K. Probiotic Potential of Bacillus Subtilis Strain I3: Antagonistic Activity Against Chalkbrood Pathogen and Pesticide Degradation for Enhancing Honeybee Health. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10248-w. [PMID: 38564169 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10248-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
To explore the potential of probiotic candidates beneficial for honeybee health through the modulation of the gut microbiome, bee gut microbes were isolated from bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) and honeybee (Apis mellifera) using diverse media and cultural conditions. A total of 77 bee gut bacteria, classified under the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria, were identified. The antagonistic activity of the isolates against Ascosphaera apis, a fungal pathogen responsible for chalkbrood disease in honeybee larvae, was investigated. The highest growth inhibition percentage against A. apis was demonstrated by Bacillus subtilis strain I3 among the bacterial strains. The presence of antimicrobial peptide genes in the I3 strain was detected using PCR amplification of gene fragments encoding surfactin and fengycin utilizing specific primers. The export of antimicrobial peptides by the I3 strain into growth medium was verified using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. Furthermore, the strain's capabilities for degrading pesticides, used for controlling varroa mites, and its spent growth medium antioxidant activity were substantiated. The survival rate of honeybees infected with (A) apis was investigated after feeding larvae with only medium (fructose + glucose + yeast extract + royal jelly), (B) subtilis I3 strain, A. apis with medium and I3 strain + A. apis with medium. Honeybees receiving the I3 strain + A. apis exhibited a 50% reduction in mortality rate due to I3 strain supplementation under experimental conditions, compared to the control group. In silico molecular docking revealed that fengycin hydrolase from I3 strain effectively interacted with tau-fluvalinate, suggesting its potential in bee health and environmental protection. Further studies are needed to confirm the effects of the I3 strain in different populations of honey bees across several regions to account for genetic and environmental variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazish Roy
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Moon
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaerin Kim
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Myung Kim
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sik Lee
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongho Shin
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Gnanendra Shanmugam
- Department of Biotechnology, Vivekanandha College of Arts and Sciences for Women (Autonomous), Tiruchengode, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Kihyuck Choi
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
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Alippi AM, Lamelza F, Torres Tejerizo GA, Abrahamovich E, López AC. Identification, phylogenetic analysis, and genome mining of the tetracycline-resistant Bacillus thuringiensis strain m401 reveal its potential for biotechnological and biocontrol applications. Rev Argent Microbiol 2023; 55:317-331. [PMID: 37400312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis is an entomopathogen belonging to the Bacillus cereus clade. We isolated a tetracycline-resistant strain called m401, recovered it from honey, and identified it as Bacillus thuringiensis sv. kumamotoensis based on the average nucleotide identity calculations (ANIb) comparison and the analysis of the gyrB gene sequences of different B. thuringiensis serovars. Sequences with homology to virulence factors [cytK, nheA, nheB, nheC, hblA, hblB, hblC, hblD, entFM, and inhA] and tetracycline resistance genes [tet(45), tet(V), and tet(M)/tet(W)/tet(O)/tet(S) family] were identified in the bacterial chromosome. The prediction of plasmid-coding regions revealed homolog sequences to the MarR and TetR/AcrR family of transcriptional regulators, toxins, and lantipeptides. The genome mining analysis revealed 12 regions of biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for synthesizing secondary metabolites. We identified biosynthetic gene clusters coding for bacteriocins, siderophores, ribosomally synthesized post-translationally modified peptide products, and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase clusters that provide evidence for the possible use of Bt m401 as a biocontrol agent. Furthermore, Bt m401 showed high inhibition against all Paenibacillus larvae genotypes tested in vitro. In conclusion, Bt m401 owns various genes involved in different biological processes, such as transductional regulators associated with antibiotic resistance, toxins, and antimicrobial peptides with potential biotechnological and biocontrol applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Alippi
- Unidad de Bacteriología, Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología (CIDEFI), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, cc 31, calle 60 y 119, S/N, 1900 La Plata, Argentina; Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICBA), Argentina.
| | - Florencia Lamelza
- Unidad de Bacteriología, Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología (CIDEFI), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, cc 31, calle 60 y 119, S/N, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo A Torres Tejerizo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET-CCT La Plata), Argentina; IBBM (Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, Calles 49 y 115 S/N, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eliana Abrahamovich
- YPF Tecnología (Y-Tec), Av. del Petróleo S/N entre 129 y 143, 1923 Berisso, Argentina
| | - Ana C López
- Unidad de Bacteriología, Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología (CIDEFI), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, cc 31, calle 60 y 119, S/N, 1900 La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET-CCT La Plata), Argentina
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Truong AT, Kang JE, Yoo MS, Nguyen TT, Youn SY, Yoon SS, Cho YS. Probiotic candidates for controlling Paenibacillus larvae, a causative agent of American foulbrood disease in honey bee. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:150. [PMID: 37226109 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND American foulbrood (AFB) disease caused by Paenibacillus larvae is dangerous, and threatens beekeeping. The eco-friendly treatment method using probiotics is expected to be the prospective method for controlling this pathogen in honey bees. Therefore, this study investigated the bacterial species that have antimicrobial activity against P. larvae. RESULTS Overall, 67 strains of the gut microbiome were isolated and identified in three phyla; the isolates had the following prevalence rates: Firmicutes 41/67 (61.19%), Actinobacteria 24/67 (35.82%), and Proteobacteria 2/67 (2.99%). Antimicrobial properties against P. larvae on agar plates were seen in 20 isolates of the genus Lactobacillus, Firmicutes phylum. Six representative strains from each species (L. apis HSY8_B25, L. panisapium PKH2_L3, L. melliventris HSY3_B5, L. kimbladii AHS3_B36, L. kullabergensis OMG2_B25, and L. mellis OMG2_B33) with the largest inhibition zones on agar plates were selected for in vitro larvae rearing challenges. The results showed that three isolates (L. apis HSY8_B25, L. panisapium PKH2_L3, and L. melliventris HSY3_B5) had the potential to be probiotic candidates with the properties of safety to larvae, inhibition against P. larvae in infected larvae, and high adhesion ability. CONCLUSIONS Overall, 20 strains of the genus Lactobacillus with antimicrobial properties against P. larvae were identified in this study. Three representative strains from different species (L. apis HSY8_B25, L. panisapium PKH2_L3, and L. melliventris HSY3_B5) were evaluated to be potential probiotic candidates and were selected for probiotic development for the prevention of AFB. Importantly, the species L. panisapium isolated from larvae was identified with antimicrobial activity for the first time in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Tai Truong
- Parasitic and InParasitic and Honey Bee Disease Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Thai Nguyen University of Sciences, Thai Nguyen, 250000, Vietnam
| | - Jeong Eun Kang
- Parasitic and InParasitic and Honey Bee Disease Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Yoo
- Parasitic and InParasitic and Honey Bee Disease Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Thu Nguyen
- Parasitic and InParasitic and Honey Bee Disease Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Youn Youn
- Parasitic and InParasitic and Honey Bee Disease Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Seek Yoon
- Parasitic and InParasitic and Honey Bee Disease Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sang Cho
- Parasitic and InParasitic and Honey Bee Disease Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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Testing of the Efficacy of Bee Probiotic Lactobacilli Under In Vivo Conditions. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2023-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
American foulbrood is amongst the most dangerous diseases of the bee-family affecting many honeybee colonies worldwide. In countries of European Union, based on veterinary legislation, the bee colonies tested positive to American foulbrood are eradicated with high economic losses. It is therefore necessary to look for effective prevention, especially by the using of natural ingredients such as probiotics. In this study, we used lactobacilli isolated from digestive tracts of adult healthy honey bees and selected based on their good probiotic properties and ability to inhibit the growth of Paenibacillus larvae. These isolates were identified as Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus plantarum. Night cultures of both strains were used for the preparation of probiotic suspensions and pollen was selected as an appropriate carrier for application of probiotic lacto-bacilli to the hives. Half a litre of pollen suspension was prepared for each hive. The suspension for experimental hives contained probiotic lactobacilli in concentration of 107–108 CFU.ml−1. Bees in control hives received pollen suspension without addition of probiotic lacto-bacilli. The suspensions were supplied to bees three times, once a week. Before and during administration of probiotics, samples of honey bees from each hive were taken every week and numbers of lactobacilli, P. larvae, enterobacteria and coliform bacteria were determined in their digestive tracts. Four weeks after the first administration of probiotic-pollen solution the numbers of lactobacilli were increased approximately by 0.5 log. Before starting this experiment, P. larvae (approx. 107 CFU.ml−1) were detected in digestive tracts of honey bees. In the experimental group after 3 weeks and in the control group after 4 weeks, no viable counts of P. larvae were found. The numbers of enterobacteria, coliform bacteria and Bacillus sp. decreased in both groups. During the experiment the health and condition of the hives were monitored. In addition, also monitored were: the development of the bee colony, the number of dead bees, the amount of hive debris, the aggressiveness of the bees, and the amount of honey spun; later during the autumn treatment also the fall of Varroa jacobsoni was noted. In the experimental and control groups, we recorded a decrease in the amount of hive debris. Only in the experimental group was a slightly above-average development of the bee colony, slightly above-average honey yields and a 70 % lower drop of Varroa mites. Based on these results, we assumed that the probiotic-pollen solution had a positive influence on the composition of microbiota in bee digestive tracts and it can increase resistance to P. larvae. It also had a positive effect on the health and condition of the bee colony. Probiotic-free pollen solution showed similar but weaker effects.
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Ye M, Li X, Yang F, Zhou B. Beneficial bacteria as biocontrol agents for American foulbrood disease in honey bees (Apis mellifera). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2023; 23:6. [PMID: 36947033 PMCID: PMC10032306 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
American foulbrood (AFB) is a cosmopolitan bacterial disease that affects honey bee (Apis mellifera) larvae and causes great economic losses in apiculture. Currently, no satisfactory methods are available for AFB treatment mainly due to the difficulties to eradicate the tenacious spores produced by the etiological agent of AFB, Paenibacillus larvae (Bacillales, Paenibacillaceae). This present review focused on the beneficial bacteria that displayed antagonistic activities against P. larvae and demonstrated potential in AFB control. Emphases were placed on commensal bacteria (genus Bacillus and lactic acid bacteria in particular) in the alimentary tract of honey bees. The probiotic roles lactic acid bacteria play in combating the pathogenic P. larvae and the limitations referring to the application of these beneficial bacteria were addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manhong Ye
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agricultural & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fengping Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
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Multiple S-Layer Proteins of Brevibacillus laterosporus as Virulence Factors against Insects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021781. [PMID: 36675293 PMCID: PMC9864115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
S-layers are involved in the adaptation of bacteria to the outside environment and in pathogenesis, often representing special virulence factors. Vegetative cells of the entomopathogenic bacterium Brevibacillus laterosporus are characterized by an overproduction of extracellular surface layers that are released in the medium during growth. The purpose of this study was to characterize cell wall proteins of this bacterium and to investigate their involvement in pathogenesis. Electron microscopy observations documented the presence of multiple S-layers, including an outermost (OW) and a middle (MW) layer, in addition to the peptidoglycan layer covering the plasma membrane. After identifying these proteins (OWP and MWP) by mass spectrometry analyses, and determining their gene sequences, the cell wall multilayer-released fraction was successfully isolated and used in insect bioassays alone and in combination with bacterial spores. This study confirmed a central role of spores in bacterial pathogenicity to insects but also detected a significant virulence associated with fractions containing released cell wall multilayer proteins. Taken together, S-layer proteins appear to be part of the toxins and virulence factors complex of this microbial control agent of invertebrate pests.
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Donkersley P, Rice A, Graham RI, Wilson K. Gut microbial community supplementation and reduction modulates African armyworm susceptibility to a baculovirus. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 99:6880154. [PMID: 36473704 PMCID: PMC9764207 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota stimulates the immune system and inhibits pathogens, and thus, it is critical for disease prevention. Probiotics represent an effective alternative to antibiotics used for the therapy and prevention of bacterial diseases. Probiotic bacteria are commonly used in vertebrates, although their use in invertebrates is still rare. We manipulated the gut microbiome of the African Armyworm (Spodoptera exempta Walker) using antibiotics and field-collected frass, in an attempt to understand the interactions of the gut microbiome with the nucleopolyhedrovirus, SpexNPV. We found that S. exempta individuals with supplemented gut microbiome were significantly more resistant to SpexNPV, relative to those with a typical laboratory gut microbiome. Illumina MiSeq sequencing revealed the bacterial phyla in the S. exempta gut belonged to 28 different classes. Individuals with an increased abundance of Lactobacillales had a higher probability of surviving viral infection. In contrast, there was an increased abundance of Enterobacteriales and Pseudomonadales in individuals dying from viral infection, corresponding with decreased abundance of these two Orders in surviving caterpillars, suggesting a potential role for them in modulating the interaction between the host and its pathogen. These results have important implications for laboratory studies testing biopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Donkersley
- Corresponding author: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom. E-mail:
| | - Annabel Rice
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert I Graham
- Department of Rural Land Use, SRUC, Craibstone Campus, Aberdeen AB21 9YA, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Giselle F, Azucena I, Dalila O, Florencia F, Facundo R, Giulia M, Sandra F, Maggi M, Cristina R. Antibacterial activity of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) female inflorescence and root extract against Paenibacillus larvae, causal agent of American foulbrood. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Alpay Karaoğlu Ş, Yayli N, Erik İ, Korkmaz B, Akpinar R, Bozdeveci A, Suyabatmaz Ş, Batan N, Yeşilyurt A, Kaya S, Nisbet C, Güler A. Biological Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Dicranum scoparium against the Bacterial Disease for Honey Bee. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100887. [PMID: 35653619 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial diseases, such as American Foulbrood (AFB) and European Foulbrood (EFB), are known to have catastrophic effects on honey bees (if left to spread, can wipe out entire colonies), leading to severe financial losses in the beekeeping industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological properties of methanol extract and its fractions (ethyl acetate, hexane, water) derived from Dicranum scoparium Hedw., which could be utilized as a potential drug to prevent the bacterial diseases (AFB and EFB) affecting the honey bees. For this purpose, crude methanol extract and ethyl acetate/hexane/water fractions were prepared from the aerial part of D. scoparium, collected from Trabzon province. Bio-guided fractionation of the extract and its fractions led to the first-time isolation of five compounds. The structure of all compounds was elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet (UV) spectral analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (LC-QToF-MS), and by comparison of their NMR data with that of literature. The analysis of these compounds revealed significant antibacterial and sporicidal activities against bacteria causing larval diseases in honey bees. The antibacterial activity of these compounds ranged from 0.6 to 60 μg/mL against AFB and EFB causing bacteria. Therefore, the natural raw extract and fractions of D. scoparium could be used as potential therapeutic agents against bacterial agents affecting honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şengül Alpay Karaoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Nurettin Yayli
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - İshak Erik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Büşra Korkmaz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Rahşan Akpinar
- Laboratory of Bee Diseases, Veterinary Control Institute, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Arif Bozdeveci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Şeyma Suyabatmaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Batan
- Maçka Vocational School, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Aydın Yeşilyurt
- Tonya Vocational School, Trabzon University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Selma Kaya
- Laboratory of Bee Diseases, Veterinary Control Institute, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Cevat Nisbet
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Güler
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Use of Lactobacillus plantarum in Preventing Clinical Cases of American and European Foulbrood in Central Italy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
American and European Foulbrood (AFB and EFB) are considered the most contagious infectious diseases affecting honeybees worldwide. New sustainable strategies need to be implemented for their prevention and control, and probiotics may represent one solution to investigate. In our study, we evaluated the efficacy of one strain of Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) isolated from northern Italy, orally administered to the bees for AFB and EFB prevention. From March to September 2014, a total of 979 honeybee colonies (9.6% of Viterbo province—Central Italy) were taken under observation from 22 apiaries. Overall prevalence of AFB was 5.3% in treated colonies and 5.1% in the untreated ones. On the contrary, EFB prevalence was lower in the treated colonies (2.5%) compared to the untreated ones (4.5%). L. plantarum showed a significant effect in reducing insurgence of cases of EFB up to 35 days after the end of the treatment (p-value: 0.034). Thanks to this study we could investigate the preventive efficacy of L. plantarum in controlling AFB and EFB, and obtain official data on their clinical prevalence in Central Italy.
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Bacterial biofilm thickness and fungal-inhibitory bacterial richness both prevent establishment of the amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0160421. [PMID: 35044804 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01604-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-associated microbial biofilms can provide protection against pathogen establishment. In many host-microbe symbioses (including, but not limited to: humans, plants, insects, and amphibians), there is a correlation between host-associated microbial diversity and pathogen infection risk. Diversity may prevent infection by pathogens through sampling effects and niche complementarity- but an alternative hypothesis may be that microbial biomass is confounded with diversity, and that host-associated biofilms are deterring pathogen establishment through space pre-emption. In this study, we use the amphibian system as a model for host-microbe-pathogen interactions to ask two questions: (1) is bacterial richness confounded with biofilm thickness or cell density, and (2) to what extent does biofilm thickness, cell density, and bacterial richness each deter the establishment of the amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd)? To answer these questions, we built a custom biofilm microcosm that mimics the host-environment interface by allowing nutrients to diffuse out of a fine-pore biofilm scaffolding. This created a competitive environment in which bacteria and the fungal pathogen compete for colonization space. We then challenged bacterial biofilms ranging in community richness, biofilm thickness, bacterial cell density, and Bd-inhibitory metabolite production with live Bd zoospores to determine how Bd establishment success on membranes vary. We found that biofilm thickness and Bd-inhibitory isolate richness work in complement to reduce Bd establishment success. This work underscores that physical aspects of biofilm communities can play a large role in pathogen inhibition and in many studies, these traits are not studied. IMPORTANCE Our finding highlights the fact that diversity, as measured through 16S rDNA sequencing, may obscure the true mechanisms behind microbe-mediated pathogen defence, and that physical space occupation by biofilm-forming symbionts may significantly contribute to pathogen protection. These findings have implications across a wide range of host-microbe systems, since 16S rDNA sequencing is a standard tool used across many microbial systems. Further, our results are potentially relevant to many host-pathogen systems, since host-associated bacterial biofilms are ubiquitous.
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Honey Bee Larval and Adult Microbiome Life Stages Are Effectively Decoupled with Vertical Transmission Overcoming Early Life Perturbations. mBio 2021; 12:e0296621. [PMID: 34933445 PMCID: PMC8689520 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02966-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiomes provide a range of benefits to their hosts which can lead to the coevolution of a joint ecological niche. However, holometabolous insects, some of the most successful organisms on Earth, occupy different niches throughout development, with larvae and adults being physiologically and morphologically highly distinct. Furthermore, transition between the stages usually involves the loss of the gut microbiome since the gut is remodeled during pupation. Most eusocial organisms appear to have evolved a workaround to this problem by sharing their communal microbiome across generations. However, whether this vertical microbiome transmission can overcome perturbations of the larval microbiome remains untested. Honey bees have a relatively simple, conserved, coevolved adult microbiome which is socially transmitted and affects many aspects of their biology. In contrast, larval microbiomes are more variable, with less clear roles. Here, we manipulated the gut microbiome of in vitro-reared larvae, and after pupation of the larvae, we inoculated the emerged bees with adult microbiome to test whether adult and larval microbiome stages may be coupled (e.g., through immune priming). Larval treatments differed in bacterial composition and abundance, depending on diet, which also drove larval gene expression. Nonetheless, adults converged on the typical core taxa and showed limited gene expression variation. This work demonstrates that honey bee adult and larval stages are effectively microbiologically decoupled, and the core adult microbiome is remarkably stable to early developmental perturbations. Combined with the transmission of the microbiome in early adulthood, this allows the formation of long-term host-microbiome associations. IMPORTANCE This work investigated host-microbiome interactions during a crucial developmental stage-the transition from larvae to adults, which is a challenge to both, the insect host and its microbiome. Using the honey bee as a tractable model system, we showed that microbiome transfer after emergence overrides any variation in the larvae, indicating that larval and adult microbiome stages are effectively decoupled. Together with the reliable vertical transfer in the eusocial system, this decoupling ensures that the adults are colonized with a consistent and derived microbiome after eclosion. Taken all together, our data provide additional support that the evolution of sociality, at least in the honey bee system tested here, is linked with host-microbiome relationships.
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Microbial communities associated with honey bees in Brazil and in the United States. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:2097-2115. [PMID: 34264502 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey bee colony losses worldwide call for a more in-depth understanding of the pathogenic and mutualistic components of the honey bee microbiota and their relation with the environment. In this descriptive study, we characterized the yeast and bacterial communities that arise from six substrates associated with honey bees: corbicular pollen, beebread, hive debris, intestinal contents, body surface of nurses and forager bees, comparing two different landscapes, Minas Gerais, Brazil and Maryland, United States. The sampling of five hives in Brazil and four in the USA yielded 217 yeast and 284 bacterial isolates. Whereas the yeast community, accounted for 47 species from 29 genera, was dominated in Brazil by Aureobasidium sp. and Candida orthopsilosis, the major yeast recovered from the USA was Debaryomyces hansenii. The bacterial community was more diverse, encompassing 65 species distributed across 31 genera. Overall, most isolates belonged to Firmicutes, genus Bacillus. Among LAB, species from Lactobacillus were the most prevalent. Cluster analysis evidenced high structuration of the microbial communities, with two distinguished microbial groups between Brazil and the United States. In general, the higher difference among sites and substrates were dependents on the turnover effect (~ 93% of the beta diversity), with a more pronounced effect of nestedness (~ 28%) observed from Brazil microbiota change. The relative abundance of yeasts and bacteria also showed the dissimilarity of the microbial communities between both environments. These results provide a comprehensive view of microorganisms associated with A. mellifera, highlighting the importance of the environment in the establishment of the microbiota associated with honey bees.
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Balakrishnan B, Wu H, Cao L, Zhang Y, Li W, Han R. Immune Response and Hemolymph Microbiota of Apis mellifera and Apis cerana After the Challenge With Recombinant Varroa Toxic Protein. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:1310-1320. [PMID: 33822096 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The honey bee is a significant crop pollinator and key model insect for understanding social behavior, disease transmission, and development. The ectoparasitic Varroa destructor mite put threats on the honey bee industry. A Varroa toxic protein (VTP) from the saliva of Varroa mites contributes to the toxicity toward Apis cerana and the deformed wing virus elevation in Apis mellifera. However, the immune response and hemolymph microbiota of honey bee species after the injection of recombinant VTP has not yet been reported. In this study, both A. cerana and A. mellifera worker larvae were injected with the recombinant VTP. Then the expressions of the honey bee immune genes abaecin, defensin, and domeless at three time points were determined by qRT-PCR, and hemolymph microbial community were analyzed by culture-dependent method, after recombinant VTP injection. The mortality rates of A. cerana larvae were much higher than those of A. mellifera larvae after VTP challenge. VTP injection induced the upregulation of defensin gene expression in A. mellifera larvae, and higher levels of abaecin and domeless mRNAs response in A. cerana larvae, compared with the control (without any injection). Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) injection also upregulated the expression levels of abaecin, defensin, and domeless in A. mellifera and A. cerana larvae. Three bacterial species (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus cohnii, and Bacillus cereus) were isolated from the hemolymph of A. cerana larvae after VTP injection and at 48 h after PBS injections. Two bacterial species (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Staphylococcus aureus) were isolated from A. mellifera larvae after VTP challenge. No bacterial colonies were detected from the larval hemolymph of both honey bee species treated by injection only and the control. The result indicates that abaecin, defensin, and domeless genes and hemolymph microbiota respond to the VTP challenge. VTP injection might induce the dramatic growth of different bacterial species in the hemolymph of the injected larvae of A. mellifera and A. cerana, which provide cues for further studying the interactions among the honey bee, VTP, and hemolymph bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balachandar Balakrishnan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Cao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Richou Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China
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15
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Bielik B, Molnár L, Vrabec V, Andrášiová R, Maruščáková IC, Nemcová R, Toporčák J, Mudroňová D. Biofilm-forming lactic acid bacteria of honey bee origin intended for potential probiotic use. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 68:345-353. [PMID: 33496680 DOI: 10.1556/004.2020.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Scientists around the world are focusing their interest on the use of probiotics in honey bees as an alternative method of prophylaxis against causative agents of both American and European foulbrood. In our study we tested inhibitory activity against Paenibacillus larvae and the biofilm formation activity by various lactic acid bacteria isolated from honey bee guts or fresh pollen samples in the presence of different sugars added to the cultivation media. In addition, we tested the probiotic effect of a newly selected Apilactobacillus kunkeei V18 in an in situ experiment in bee colonies. We found antibacterial activity against P. larvae in four isolates. Biofilm formation activity of varying intensity was noted in six of the seven isolates in the presence of different sugars. The strongest biofilm formation (OD570 ≥ 1) was noted in A. kunkeei V18 in the presence of fructose; moreover, this isolate strongly inhibited the growth of P. larvae under laboratory conditions. Inhibition of P. larvae and Melissococcus plutonius by A. kunkeei V18 in situ was confirmed in a pilot study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohumil Bielik
- 1Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ladislav Molnár
- 1Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Vladimír Vrabec
- 1Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Romana Andrášiová
- 2Department of Epizootiology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivana Cingel'ová Maruščáková
- 3Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Radomíra Nemcová
- 3Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Juraj Toporčák
- 1Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Dagmar Mudroňová
- 3Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovak Republic
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16
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Kačániová M, Terentjeva M, Žiarovská J, Kowalczewski PŁ. In Vitro Antagonistic Effect of Gut Bacteriota Isolated from Indigenous Honey Bees and Essential Oils against Paenibacillus Larvae. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186736. [PMID: 32937902 PMCID: PMC7555715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of study was to isolate and identify the gut bacteria of Apis mellifera and to evaluate antagonistic effect of the bacteriota against Paenibacillus larvae, which causes American foulbrood (AFB) in honeybees. The dilution plating method was used for the quantification of selected microbial groups from digestive tract of bees, with an emphasis on the bacteriota of the bees' intestines. Bacteria were identified using mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS Biotyper). Overall, five classes, 27 genera and 66 species of bacteria were identified. Genera Lactobacillus (10 species) and Bacillus (8 species) were the most abundant. Gram-negative bacteria were represented with 16 genera, whereas Gram-positive with 10 genera. Delftia acidovorans and Escherichia coli were the most abundant in the digestive tract of honey bee. Resistance to a selection of antimicrobials was assessed for the bacterial isolates from bee gut and confirmed against all antimicrobials included in the study, with the exception of cefepime. Lactobacillus spp., especially L. kunkeei, L. crispatus and L. acidophilus. showed the strongest antimicrobial activity against P. larvae, the causal pathogen of AFB. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against isolated bacteria and two isolates of P. larvae were assessed. Application of a broad selection of plant essential oils indicated that Thymus vulgaris had the highest antimicrobial activity against P. larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Fruit Science, Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Cwiklinskiej 1, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (P.Ł.K.); Tel.: +421-641-4715 (M.K.); +48-61-848-7297 (P.Ł.K.)
| | - Margarita Terentjeva
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, K. Helmaņaiela 8, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia;
| | - Jana Žiarovská
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (P.Ł.K.); Tel.: +421-641-4715 (M.K.); +48-61-848-7297 (P.Ł.K.)
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Jończyk-Matysiak E, Popiela E, Owczarek B, Hodyra-Stefaniak K, Świtała-Jeleń K, Łodej N, Kula D, Neuberg J, Migdał P, Bagińska N, Orwat F, Weber-Dąbrowska B, Roman A, Górski A. Phages in Therapy and Prophylaxis of American Foulbrood - Recent Implications From Practical Applications. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1913. [PMID: 32849478 PMCID: PMC7432437 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
American foulbrood is one of the most serious and yet unsolved problems of beekeeping around the world, because it causes a disease leading to the weakening of the vitality of honey bee populations and huge economic losses both in agriculture and horticulture. The etiological agent of this dangerous disease is an extremely pathogenic spore-forming bacterium, Paenibacillus larvae, which makes treatment very difficult. What is more, the use of antibiotics in the European Union is forbidden due to restrictions related to the prevention of the presence of antibiotic residues in honey, as well as the global problem of spreading antibiotic resistance in case of bacterial strains. The only available solution is burning of entire bee colonies, which results in large economic losses. Therefore, bacteriophages and their lytic enzymes can be a real effective alternative in the treatment and prevention of this Apis mellifera disease. In this review, we summarize phage characteristics that make them a potentially useful tool in the fight against American foulbrood. In addition, we gathered data regarding phage application that have been described so far, and attempted to show practical implications and possible limitations of their usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jończyk-Matysiak
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Popiela
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Barbara Owczarek
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | - Norbert Łodej
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dominika Kula
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Neuberg
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Migdał
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natalia Bagińska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Filip Orwat
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Beata Weber-Dąbrowska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Górski
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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18
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Structural diversity and functional variability of gut microbial communities associated with honey bees. Microb Pathog 2020; 138:103793. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Natural Product Medicines for Honey Bees: Perspective and Protocols. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10100356. [PMID: 31635365 PMCID: PMC6835950 DOI: 10.3390/insects10100356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The western honey bee remains the most important pollinator for agricultural crops. Disease and stressors threaten honey bee populations and productivity during winter- and summertime, creating costs for beekeepers and negative impacts on agriculture. To combat diseases and improve overall bee health, researchers are constantly developing honey bee medicines using the tools of microbiology, molecular biology and chemistry. Below, we present a manifesto alongside standardized protocols that outline the development and a systematic approach to test natural products as ‘bee medicines’. These will be accomplished in both artificial rearing conditions and in colonies situated in the field. Output will be scored by gene expression data of host immunity, bee survivorship, reduction in pathogen titers, and more subjective merits of the compound in question. Natural products, some of which are already encountered by bees in the form of plant resins and nectar compounds, provide promising low-cost candidates for safe prophylaxis or treatment of bee diseases.
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20
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Inhibition of Paenibacillus larvae by an extracellular protein fraction from a honeybee-borne Brevibacillus laterosporus strain. Microbiol Res 2019; 227:126303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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21
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Guarcello R, Gaglio R, Todaro A, Alfonzo A, Schicchi R, Cirlincione F, Moschetti G, Francesca N. Insights Into the Cultivable Microbial Ecology of "Manna" Ash Products Extracted From Fraxinus angustifolia ( Oleaceae) Trees in Sicily, Italy. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:984. [PMID: 31164870 PMCID: PMC6536662 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities characterizing a specific food matrix, generally, strongly contribute to both its composition, and properties for food applications. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the cultivable microbial ecology of Sicilian “Manna” ash products in order to acquire new information on the hygienic quality, shelf-life and potential application of this traditional food. To this purpose, several manna samples belonging to different commercial categories were collected and subjected to the analysis of bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi. Furthermore, an investigation of the sugar content and physicochemical parameters was performed. The results of our study followed the trend generally reported for other sugary foods. Conversely, as regards microbiological analyses, in the present study, the presence of microorganisms at high levels confirmed their survival in stressing conditions characterizing this food matrix in a viable and cultivable form. Most species were osmophilic, endophytic bacteria, antagonistic of fungi pathogen of plants. Yeasts were the most abundant microbial populations and a total of six species were identified: Candida aaseri, Candida lactis-condensi, Citeromyces matritensis, Lachancea thermotolerans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Zygosaccharomyces bailii. Filamentous fungi included five genera, which were considered common contaminants of honey and of other foods due to their xerophilic characteristics. Interestingly, our results suggest that the strains of L. thermotolerans isolated in this study might be evaluated for their potential to act as starters either singly or in multi-combination for food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Guarcello
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Raimondo Gaglio
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aldo Todaro
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Alfonzo
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosario Schicchi
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fortunato Cirlincione
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Moschetti
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicola Francesca
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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22
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Brady TS, Fajardo CP, Merrill BD, Hilton JA, Graves KA, Eggett DL, Hope S. Bystander Phage Therapy: Inducing Host-Associated Bacteria to Produce Antimicrobial Toxins against the Pathogen Using Phages. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:E105. [PMID: 30518109 PMCID: PMC6315864 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Brevibacillus laterosporus is often present in beehives, including presence in hives infected with the causative agent of American Foulbrood (AFB), Paenibacillus larvae. In this work, 12 B. laterosporus bacteriophages induced bactericidal products in their host. Results demonstrate that P. larvae is susceptible to antimicrobials induced from field isolates of the bystander, B. laterosporus. Bystander antimicrobial activity was specific against the pathogen and not other bacterial species, indicating that the production was likely due to natural competition between the two bacteria. Three B. laterosporus phages were combined in a cocktail to treat AFB. Healthy hives treated with B. laterosporus phages experienced no difference in brood generation compared to control hives over 8 weeks. Phage presence in bee larvae after treatment rose to 60.8 ± 3.6% and dropped to 0 ± 0.8% after 72 h. In infected hives the recovery rate was 75% when treated, however AFB spores were not susceptible to the antimicrobials as evidenced by recurrence of AFB. We posit that the effectiveness of this treatment is due to the production of the bactericidal products of B. laterosporus when infected with phages resulting in bystander-killing of P. larvae. Bystander phage therapy may provide a new avenue for antibacterial production and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Scott Brady
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Christopher P Fajardo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Bryan D Merrill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Jared A Hilton
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Kiel A Graves
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Dennis L Eggett
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Sandra Hope
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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23
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Berg JA, Merrill BD, Breakwell DP, Hope S, Grose JH. A PCR-Based Method for Distinguishing between Two Common Beehive Bacteria, Paenibacillus larvae and Brevibacillus laterosporus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01886-18. [PMID: 30217838 PMCID: PMC6210111 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01886-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae and Brevibacillus laterosporus are two bacteria that are members of the Paenibacillaceae family. Both are commonly found in beehives and have historically been difficult to distinguish from each other due to related genetic and phenotypic characteristics and a shared ecological niche. Here, we discuss the likely mischaracterization of three 16S rRNA sequences previously published as P. larvae and provide the phylogenetic evidence that supported the GenBank reassignment of the sequences as B. laterosporus We explore the issues that arise by using only 16S rRNA or other single-gene analyses to distinguish between these bacteria. We also present three sets of molecular markers, two sets that distinguish P. larvae from B. laterosporus and other closely related species within the Paenibacillus genus and a third set that distinguishes B. laterosporus from P. larvae and other closely related species within the Brevibacillus genus. These molecular markers provide a tool for proper identification of these oft-mistaken species.IMPORTANCE 16S rRNA gene sequencing in bacteria has long been held as the gold standard for typing bacteria and, for the most part, is an excellent method of taxonomically identifying different bacterial species. However, the high level of 16S rRNA sequence similarity of some published strains of P. larvae and B. laterosporus, as well as possible horizontal gene transfer events within their shared ecological niche, complicates the use of 16S rRNA sequence as an effective molecular marker for differentiating these two species. Additionally, shared characteristics of these bacteria limit the effectiveness of using traditional phenotypic identification assays, such as the catalase test. The results from this study provide PCR methods to quickly differentiate between these two genera and will be useful when studying Brevibacillus, Paenibacillus, and other disease-relevant bacteria commonly found in beehives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Berg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Bryan D Merrill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Donald P Breakwell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Sandra Hope
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Julianne H Grose
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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24
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Arredondo D, Castelli L, Porrini MP, Garrido PM, Eguaras MJ, Zunino P, Antúnez K. Lactobacillus kunkeei strains decreased the infection by honey bee pathogens Paenibacillus larvae and Nosema ceranae. Benef Microbes 2017; 9:279-290. [PMID: 29264966 DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to their social behaviour, honey bees can be infected by a wide range of pathogens including the microsporidia Nosema ceranae and the bacteria Paenibacillus larvae. The use of probiotics as food additives for the control or prevention of infectious diseases is a widely used approach to improve human and animal health. In this work, we generated a mixture of four Lactobacillus kunkeei strains isolated from the gut microbial community of bees, and evaluated its potential beneficial effect on larvae and adult bees. Its administration in controlled laboratory models was safe for larvae and bees; it did not affect the expression of immune-related genes and it was able to decrease the mortality associated to P. larvae infection in larvae and the counts of N. ceranae spores from adult honey bees. These promising results suggest that this beneficial microorganism's mixture may be an attractive strategy to improve bee health. Field studies are being carried out to evaluate its effect in naturally infected colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Arredondo
- 1 Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avda. Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - L Castelli
- 1 Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avda. Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M P Porrini
- 2 Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales, Departamento de Biología, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - P M Garrido
- 2 Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales, Departamento de Biología, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - M J Eguaras
- 2 Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales, Departamento de Biología, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - P Zunino
- 1 Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avda. Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - K Antúnez
- 1 Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avda. Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Sierra-García IN, Romero-Tabarez M, Orduz-Peralta S. Determinación de la actividad antimicrobiana e insecticida de extractos producidos por bacterias aisladas de suelo. ACTUALIDADES BIOLÓGICAS 2017. [DOI: 10.17533/96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Colombia es considerado uno de los países con mayor diversidad biológica, sin embargo, muy poca de esa diversidad ha sido explorada para identificar sustancias biológicamente activas. Los metabolitos secundarios bacterianos pueden presentar actividad frente a patógenos de plantas y animales y representan alternativas biotecnológicas para la industria. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el potencial de diferentes cepas bacterianas aisladas de suelo, para producir sustancias biológicamente activas como antibacterianos, antifúngicos e insecticidas. Un total de 92 extractos metanólicos de metabolitos secundarios bacterianos fueron evaluados. La actividad antibacterial y antifúngica se evaluó mediante el ensayo de difusión en agar frente a diversas bacterias como Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus frente a diferentes hongos Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp., Pestalotia sp. y Verticillium sp. La actividad insecticida se evaluó determinando el efecto de los extractos sobre la mortalidad de larvas de Aedes aegypti (Diptera) y Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera). Se determinó que el 50% de los aislamientos bacterianos tuvieron algún tipo de actividad, aunque la mayor actividad biológica se detectó en los extractos producidos por bacterias del género Bacillus, identificados por medio de análisis del ADN ribosomal 16S y por caracterización bioquímica con API® 50 CHB, MicroLogTM y Biolog. Las especies del género Bacillus identificadas han sido caracterizadas como productoras de compuestos antimicrobianos de amplio espectro o de varios compuestos con diferentes actividades. La actividad biológica presentada por los extractos evidencian que los microorganismos terrestres y especialmente, las especies de Bacillus son productores prolíficos de diversas sustancias bioactivas.
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Erban T, Ledvinka O, Kamler M, Hortova B, Nesvorna M, Tyl J, Titera D, Markovic M, Hubert J. Bacterial community associated with worker honeybees ( Apis mellifera) affected by European foulbrood. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3816. [PMID: 28966892 PMCID: PMC5619233 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Melissococcus plutonius is an entomopathogenic bacterium that causes European foulbrood (EFB), a honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) disease that necessitates quarantine in some countries. In Czechia, positive evidence of EFB was absent for almost 40 years, until an outbreak in the Krkonose Mountains National Park in 2015. This occurrence of EFB gave us the opportunity to study the epizootiology of EFB by focusing on the microbiome of honeybee workers, which act as vectors of honeybee diseases within and between colonies. Methods The study included worker bees collected from brood combs of colonies (i) with no signs of EFB (EFB0), (ii) without clinical symptoms but located at an apiary showing clinical signs of EFB (EFB1), and (iii) with clinical symptoms of EFB (EFB2). In total, 49 samples from 27 honeybee colonies were included in the dataset evaluated in this study. Each biological sample consisted of 10 surface-sterilized worker bees processed for DNA extraction. All subjects were analyzed using conventional PCR and by metabarcoding analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene V1–V3 region, as performed through Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing. Results The bees from EFB2 colonies with clinical symptoms exhibited a 75-fold-higher incidence of M. plutonius than those from EFB1 asymptomatic colonies. Melissococcus plutonius was identified in all EFB1 colonies as well as in some of the control colonies. The proportions of Fructobacillus fructosus, Lactobacillus kunkeei, Gilliamella apicola, Frischella perrara, and Bifidobacterium coryneforme were higher in EFB2 than in EFB1, whereas Lactobacillus mellis was significantly higher in EFB2 than in EFB0. Snodgrassella alvi and L. melliventris, L. helsingborgensis and, L. kullabergensis exhibited higher proportion in EFB1 than in EFB2 and EFB0. The occurrence of Bartonella apis and Commensalibacter intestini were higher in EFB0 than in EFB2 and EFB1. Enterococcus faecalis incidence was highest in EFB2. Conclusions High-throughput Illumina sequencing permitted a semi-quantitative analysis of the presence of M. plutonius within the honeybee worker microbiome. The results of this study indicate that worker bees from EFB-diseased colonies are capable of transmitting M. plutonius due to the greatly increased incidence of the pathogen. The presence of M. plutonius sequences in control colonies supports the hypothesis that this pathogen exists in an enzootic state. The bacterial groups synergic to both the colonies with clinical signs of EFB and the EFB-asymptomatic colonies could be candidates for probiotics. This study confirms that E. faecalis is a secondary invader to M. plutonius; however, other putative secondary invaders were not identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ondrej Ledvinka
- Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia.,Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Kamler
- Bee Research Institute at Dol, Libcice nad Vltavou, Czechia
| | | | | | - Jan Tyl
- Bee Research Institute at Dol, Libcice nad Vltavou, Czechia
| | - Dalibor Titera
- Bee Research Institute at Dol, Libcice nad Vltavou, Czechia.,Department of Zoology and Fisheries/Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Jan Hubert
- Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia
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Wen Y, Wang L, Jin Y, Zhang J, Su L, Zhang X, Zhou J, Li Y. The Microbial Community Dynamics during the Vitex Honey Ripening Process in the Honeycomb. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1649. [PMID: 28912763 PMCID: PMC5583594 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial and fungal communities of vitex honey were surveyed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA. Vitex honey samples were analyzed at different stage of ripening; the vitex flower was also analyzed, and the effect of the chemical composition in the experimental setup was assessed. The results confirmed the presence of dominant Bacillus spp. as the dominant bacterial in honey, and yeast related genera was the main fungal in the honey, respectively. Lactococcus and Enterococcus were detected for the first time in honey. The proportion of most of the fungal community decreased during the honey ripening process. Multivariate analyses also showed that the fungal community of 5, 10, and 15 days honey samples tended to cluster together and were completely separated from the 1 day honey sample. The change in the fungal community showed a correlation with the variation in the chemical components, such as moisture and phenolic compounds. Together, these results suggest that ripening of honey could change its microbial composition, and decrease the potential risk of microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Wen
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Ministry of AgricultureBeijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yue Jin
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Ministry of AgricultureBeijing, China
| | - Jinzhen Zhang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Ministry of AgricultureBeijing, China
| | - Lei Su
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jinhui Zhou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Ministry of AgricultureBeijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Ministry of AgricultureBeijing, China
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Characterization of acidogenesis occurring on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) sludge by indigenous Alcaligenes faecalis. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-016-0171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Minnaard J, Alippi A. Partial characterization of bacteriocin-like compounds from two strains ofBacillus cereuswith biological activity againstPaenibacillus larvae,the causal agent of American Foulbrood disease. Lett Appl Microbiol 2016; 63:442-449. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Minnaard
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA); La Plata Argentina
| | - A.M. Alippi
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología (CIDEFI); Universidad Nacional de La Plata; La Plata Argentina
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Beneficial microorganisms for honey bees: problems and progresses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:9469-9482. [PMID: 27717968 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, honey bees are stressed by a number of biotic and abiotic factors which may compromise to some extent the pollination service and the hive productivity. The EU ban of antibiotics as therapeutic agents against bee pathogens has stimulated the search for natural alternatives. The increasing knowledge on the composition and functions of the bee gut microbiota and the link between a balanced gut microbiota and health status have encouraged the research on the use of gut microorganisms to improve bee health. Somehow, we are assisting to the transfer of the "probiotic concept" into the bee science. In this review, we examine the role of the honey bee gut microbiota in bee health and critically describe the available applications of beneficial microorganisms as pest control agents and health support. Most of the strains, mainly belonging to the genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Bacillus, are isolated from honey bee crop or gut, but some applications involve environmental strains or formulation for animal and human consumption. Overall, the obtained results show the favourable effect of applied microbial strains on bee health and productivity, in particular if strains of bee origin are used. However, it is actually not yet possible to conclude whether this strategy will ever work. In particular, many aspects regarding the overall setup of the experiments, the dose, the timing and the duration of the treatment need to be optimized, also considering the microbiological safety of the hive products (i.e. pollen and honey). In addition, a deep investigation about the effect on host immunity and physiology is envisaged. Lastly, the final users of the formulations, i.e. beekeepers, should be taken into account for the achievement of high-quality, cost-effective and easy-to-use products.
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31
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Marche MG, Mura ME, Ruiu L. Brevibacillus laterosporus inside the insect body: Beneficial resident or pathogenic outsider? J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 137:58-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Purification of Substances from Achyrocline satureioides with Inhibitory Activity Against Paenibacillus larvae, the Causal Agent of American Foulbrood in Honeybees’ Larvae. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:3349-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1506-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Maddaloni M, Hoffman C, Pascual DW. Paratransgenesis feasibility in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) using Fructobacillus fructosus commensal. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:1572-84. [PMID: 25211052 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To establish the molecular tools for honeybee paratransgenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Commensal bacteria were isolated from two honeybees. Based on 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis, some isolates were identified as Fructobacillus fructosus, Lactobacillus kunkeei, Gilliamella apicola, Acinetobacter spp, Arthrobacter spp and Pseudomonas spp. Rolling circle and theta replicons were successfully introduced into F. fructosus and Lact. kunkeei. Green fluorescent protein was expressed into both species. The 7·3 Kb Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363 operon encoding a cluster of five genes involved in the metabolism of galactose via the Leloir pathway was functionally expressed into a non-galactose-fermenting strain of F. fructosus enabling it to grow on galactose as a sole carbon source. CONCLUSIONS Fructophilic lactic acid bacteria, F. fructosus and Lact. kunkeei, are amenable to extensive genetic manipulations. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study demonstrating the feasibility of genetically engineering honeybee commensals, thus establishing the tools necessary for honeybee paratransgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maddaloni
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Wu M, Sugimura Y, Iwata K, Takaya N, Takamatsu D, Kobayashi M, Taylor D, Kimura K, Yoshiyama M. Inhibitory effect of gut bacteria from the Japanese honey bee, Apis cerana japonica, against Melissococcus plutonius, the causal agent of European foulbrood disease. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:129. [PMID: 25368073 PMCID: PMC4222316 DOI: 10.1093/jis/14.1.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
European foulbrood is a contagious bacterial disease of honey bee larvae. Studies have shown that the intestinal bacteria of insects, including honey bees, act as probiotic organisms. Microbial flora from the gut of the Japanese honey bee, Apis cerana japonica F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), were characterized and evaluated for their potential to inhibit the growth of Melissococcus plutonius corrig. (ex White) Bailey and Collins (Lactobacillales: Enterococcaceae), the causative agent of European foulbrood. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences from 17 bacterial strains isolated by using a culture-dependent method revealed that most isolates belonged to Bacillus, Staphylococcus, and Pantoea. The isolates were screened against the pathogenic bacterium M. plutonius by using an in vitro growth inhibition assay, and one isolate (Acja3) belonging to the genus Bacillus exhibited inhibitory activity against M. plutonius. In addition, in vivo feeding assays revealed that isolate Acja3 decreased the mortality of honey bee larvae infected with M plutonius, suggesting that this bacterial strain could potentially be used as a probiotic agent against European foulbrood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Wu
- Honey Bee Research Unit, Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research Division, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yuya Sugimura
- Honey Bee Research Unit, Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research Division, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Kyoko Iwata
- Honey Bee Research Unit, Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research Division, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Noriko Takaya
- Honey Bee Research Unit, Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research Division, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masaru Kobayashi
- Technical Services for Diagnosis, Diagnostic Section, Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - DeMar Taylor
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kimura
- Honey Bee Research Unit, Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research Division, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Mikio Yoshiyama
- Honey Bee Research Unit, Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research Division, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
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Keller A, Grimmer G, Steffan-Dewenter I. Diverse microbiota identified in whole intact nest chambers of the red mason bee Osmia bicornis (Linnaeus 1758). PLoS One 2013; 8:e78296. [PMID: 24205188 PMCID: PMC3799628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial activity is known to have profound impact on bee ecology and physiology, both by beneficial and pathogenic effects. Most information about such associations is available for colony-building organisms, and especially the honey bee. There, active manipulations through worker bees result in a restricted diversity of microbes present within the colony environment. Microbial diversity in solitary bee nests remains unstudied, although their larvae face a very different situation compared with social bees by growing up in isolated compartments. Here, we assessed the microbiota present in nests and pre-adults of Osmia bicornis, the red mason bee, by culture-independent pyrosequencing. We found high bacterial diversity not comparable with honey bee colonies. We identified a variety of bacteria potentially with positive or negative interactions for bee larvae. However, most of the other diverse bacteria present in the nests seem to originate from environmental sources through incorporated nest building material and stored pollen. This diversity of microorganisms may cause severe larval mortality and require specific physiological or symbiotic adaptations against microbial threats. They may however also profit from such a diverse environment through gain of mutualistic partners. We conclude that further studies of microbiota interaction in solitary bees will improve the understanding of fitness components and populations dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Keller
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- DNA Analytics Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Grimmer
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- DNA Analytics Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Ruiu L. Brevibacillus laterosporus, a Pathogen of Invertebrates and a Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Species. INSECTS 2013; 4:476-92. [PMID: 26462431 PMCID: PMC4553477 DOI: 10.3390/insects4030476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brevibacillus laterosporus, a bacterium characterized by the production of a unique canoe-shaped lamellar body attached to one side of the spore, is a natural inhabitant of water, soil and insects. Its biopesticidal potential has been reported against insects in different orders including Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and against nematodes and mollusks. In addition to its pathogenicity against invertebrates, different B. laterosporus strains show a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity including activity against phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. A wide variety of molecules, including proteins and antibiotics, have been associated with the observed pathogenicity and mode of action. Before being considered as a biological control agent against plant pathogens, the antifungal and antibacterial properties of certain B. laterosporus strains have found medical interest, associated with the production of antibiotics with therapeutic effects. The recent whole genome sequencing of this species revealed its potential to produce polyketides, nonribosomal peptides, and toxins. Another field of growing interest is the use of this bacterium for bioremediation of contaminated sites by exploiting its biodegradation properties. The aim of the present review is to gather and discuss all recent findings on this emerging entomopathogen, giving a wider picture of its complex and broad-spectrum biocontrol activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ruiu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Via E. De Nicola, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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37
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Cultivable microorganisms associated with honeys of different geographical and botanical origin. Food Microbiol 2013; 38:284-94. [PMID: 24290653 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the composition of the cultivable microbial populations of 38 nectar honey and honeydew honey samples of different botanical and geographical origin were assessed. After growth in specific media, various colonies with different appearance were isolated and purified before phenotypic (morphological, physiological and biochemical traits) and genotypic [randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), repetitive DNA elements-PCR (rep-PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)] differentiation. The identification was carried out by 16S rRNA gene sequencing for bacteria and, in addition to RFLP, by sequencing the D1/D2 region of the 26S rRNA gene for yeasts and the 5.8S-ITS rRNA region for filamentous fungi. The results showed the presence of 13 species of bacteria, 5 of yeasts and 17 of filamentous fungi; the species most frequently isolated were Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Zygosaccharomyces mellis and Aspergillus niger for the three microbial groups, respectively. The highest microbial diversity was found in multifloral honeys. No correlation among the microbial species and the botanical/geographical origin was found, but some strains were highly adapted to these matrices since they were found in several samples of different origin.
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Aguilera-Luiz MM, Romero-González R, Plaza-Bolaños P, Vidal JLM, Frenich AG. Rapid and semiautomated method for the analysis of veterinary drug residues in honey based on turbulent-flow liquid chromatography coupled to ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (TFC-UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:829-839. [PMID: 23282367 DOI: 10.1021/jf3048498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid method is described for the determination of veterinary drug (VD) residues in honey samples using turbulent flow chromatography coupled to ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (TFC-UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS). Honey samples were diluted with an aqueous solution of Na(2)EDTA (0.1 M). Then, they were injected into the chromatographic system including a TFC column. Afterward, the analytes were transferred to an UHPLC analytical column, where they were determined by UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS. Mean recoveries were obtained at three concentration levels (5, 10, and 50 μg/kg), ranging from 68 to 121% for most compounds. Repeatability (intraday precision) and interday precision (expressed as relative standard deviation, RSD) were <25% for most compounds. Limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 5 to 50 μg/kg and limits of identification (LOIs) from 0.1 to 50 μg/kg. The developed method was applied in honey samples, and it was fast and nonlaborious.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Aguilera-Luiz
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area), Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL), University of Almerı́a, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, Almerı́a, Spain
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Evans JD, Schwarz RS. Bees brought to their knees: microbes affecting honey bee health. Trends Microbiol 2011; 19:614-20. [PMID: 22032828 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The biology and health of the honey bee Apis mellifera has been of interest to human societies for centuries. Research on honey bee health is surging, in part due to new tools and the arrival of colony-collapse disorder (CCD), an unsolved decline in bees from parts of the United States, Europe, and Asia. Although a clear understanding of what causes CCD has yet to emerge, these efforts have led to new microbial discoveries and avenues to improve our understanding of bees and the challenges they face. Here we review the known honey bee microbes and highlight areas of both active and lagging research. Detailed studies of honey bee-pathogen dynamics will help efforts to keep this important pollinator healthy and will give general insights into both beneficial and harmful microbes confronting insect colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay D Evans
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC) East Building 476, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Benitez LB, Velho RV, de Souza da Motta A, Segalin J, Brandelli A. Antimicrobial factor from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens inhibits Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of American foulbrood. Arch Microbiol 2011; 194:177-85. [PMID: 21858429 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-011-0743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LBM 5006 produces an antimicrobial factor active against Paenibacillus larvae, a major honeybee pathogen. The antagonistic effect and the mode of action of the antimicrobial factor were investigated. The antibacterial activity was produced starting at mid-logarithmic growth phase, reaching its maximum during the stationary phase. Exposure of cell suspensions of P. larvae to this antimicrobial resulted in loss of cell viability and reduction in optical density associated with cell lysis. Scanning electron microscopy showed damaged cell envelope and loss of protoplasmic material. The antimicrobial factor was stable for up to 80°C, but it was sensitive to proteinase K and trypsin. Mass spectrometry analysis indicates that the antimicrobial activity is associated with iturin-like peptides. The antimicrobial factor from B. amyloliquefaciens LBM 5006 showed a bactericidal effect against P. larvae cells and spores. This is the first report on iturin activity against P. larvae. This antimicrobial presents potential for use in the control of American foulbrood disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisianne Brittes Benitez
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Toledo A, Alippi A, de Remes Lenicov A. Growth inhibition of Beauveria bassiana by bacteria isolated from the cuticular surface of the corn leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis and the planthopper, Delphacodes kuscheli, two important vectors of maize pathogens. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2011; 11:29. [PMID: 21529147 PMCID: PMC3281398 DOI: 10.1673/031.011.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The phytosanitary importance of the corn leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis (De Long and Wolcott) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and the planthopper, Delphacodes kuscheli Fennah (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) lies in their ability to transmit phloem-associated plant pathogens, mainly viruses and mollicutes, and to cause considerable mechanical damage to corn plants during feeding and oviposition. Fungi, particularly some members of the Ascomycota, are likely candidates for biocontrol agents against these insect pests, but several studies revealed their failure to invade the insect cuticle possibly because of the presence of inhibitory compounds such as phenols, quinones, and lipids and also by the antibiosis effect of the microbiota living on the cuticular surface of the host. The present work aims to understand interactions between the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamao-Crivelli) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) and bacterial antagonists isolated from the cuticular surface of D. maidis and D. kuscheli. A total of 155 bacterial isolates were recovered from the insect's cuticle and tested against B. bassiana. Ninety-one out of 155 strains inhibited the growth of B. bassiana. Bacterial strains isolated from D. maidis were significantly more antagonistic against B. bassiana than those isolates from D. kuscheli. Among the most effective antagonistic strains, six isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaeae (after B. subtilis)), one isolate of B. mycoides Flügge, eight isolates of B. megaterium de Bary, five isolates of B.pumilus Meyer and Gottheil, one isolate of B. licheniformis (Weigmann) Chester, and four isolates of B. subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.V. Toledo
- Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología (CIDEFl), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 119, s/n, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A.M. Alippi
- Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología (CIDEFl), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 119, s/n, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A.M.M. de Remes Lenicov
- División Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Patil PB, Zeng Y, Coursey T, Houston P, Miller I, Chen S. Isolation and characterization of a Nocardiopsis sp. from honeybee guts. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 312:110-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Porrini MP, Audisio MC, Sabaté DC, Ibarguren C, Medici SK, Sarlo EG, Garrido PM, Eguaras MJ. Effect of bacterial metabolites on microsporidian Nosema ceranae and on its host Apis mellifera. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:381-8. [PMID: 20467753 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1875-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nosemosis, a disease caused by a microsporidian infection, is one of the most frequently observed parasitic pathologies affecting adult honeybees. Presently, Nosema ceranae seems to be the main microsporidian infection in Apis mellifera. The antibiotic fumagillin is the only compound available to treat Nosema diseases; however, it is no longer licensed in most EU member states; therefore, the need to identify new molecules/substances prevails. The intent of this paper is to test bacterial metabolites by Bacillus and Enterococcus strains, isolated from bee midgut and honey. The toxicity on bees and the antiparasitic activity on N. ceranae were assessed under laboratory conditions. Results did not yield toxicity for the administered surfactin or bacteriocin concentrations. Spores exposed to direct contact with a particular surfactin revealed a significant infectivity reduction when inoculated on bees. This surfactin, administered ad libitum from the individuals' emergence, led to a significant reduction in parasitosis development when bees were infected with untreated spores 7 days postemergence. Based on the results obtained, one of the surfactins is herein postulated as a molecule capable of reducing N. ceranae development, acting either by direct exposure to purified spores or incorporated into the digestive tract of the bee.
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González MJ, Marioli JM. Antibacterial activity of water extracts and essential oils of various aromatic plants against Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of American Foulbrood. J Invertebr Pathol 2010; 104:209-13. [PMID: 20398671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Vegetal water extracts, namely the water remaining after hydro-distillation and decoctions, and essential oils of 10 plant species were tested as inhibitors for the growth of Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of American Foulbrood. Achyrocline satureioides, Chenopodium ambrosioide, Eucalyptus cinerea, Gnaphalium gaudichaudianum, Lippia turbinata, Marrubium vulgare,Minthostachys verticillata, Origanum vulgare, Tagetes minuta and Thymus vulgaris were included in the study. The water remaining after hydro-distillation showed the highest antibacterial activities, the growth of almost all the P. larvae strains tested was inhibited by these extracts. Regarding the plants tested, E. cinerea and M. verticillata were the plant species with the highest biological activity with 100% efficacy (all its extracts inhibited the growth of all P. larvae strains). Essential oils were less active for the inhibition of P. larvae growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J González
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, ruta 36, km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
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Carina Audisio M, Torres MJ, Sabaté DC, Ibarguren C, Apella MC. Properties of different lactic acid bacteria isolated from Apis mellifera L. bee-gut. Microbiol Res 2010; 166:1-13. [PMID: 20116222 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Eight strains belonging to Lactobacillus spp. and five to Enterococcus spp. were isolated from the gut of worker Apis mellifera L. bees. Studies based on 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that AJ5, IG9, A15 and CRL1647 strains had a 99% identity with Lactobacillus johnsonii, while SM21 showed a 99% similarity with Enterococcus faecium. L. johnsonii CRL1647, AJ5 and IG9 were high lactic acid producers (values were between 177 and 275 mM), and in vitro they inhibited different human food-borne pathogens and Paenibacillus larvae, the American foulbrood agent. This bacterium was the most sensitive to the lactic acid effect being inhibited by 44 mM of this metabolite. L. johnsonii CRL1647, AJ5 and IG9 also presented important surface properties. These cells showed between 77% and 93% of auto-aggregation. The preliminary study of the chemical nature of the aggregating factors revealed that the molecules involved in the surface of each L. johnsonii strain were quite complex; and something of a peptidic nature was mainly involved. E. faecium SM21 produced bacteriocin-like compounds with anti-Listeria effects. Furthermore, a band close to 6.0-7.5 kDA was detected by SDS-PAGE studies, and the entA, B and P structural genes were amplified by PCR reactions. For the first time, bee-gut associated L. johnsonii and E. faecium strains have been isolated, identified, cultivated and some of their functional properties reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carina Audisio
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI-CONICET), A4402FDC- Salta, Salta, Argentina.
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American Foulbrood in honeybees and its causative agent, Paenibacillus larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 2009; 103 Suppl 1:S10-9. [PMID: 19909971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
After more than a century of American Foulbrood (AFB) research, this fatal brood infection is still among the most deleterious bee diseases. Its etiological agent is the Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. Huge progress has been made, especially in the last 20 years, in the understanding of the disease and of the underlying host-pathogen interactions. This review will place these recent developments in the study of American Foulbrood and of P. larvae into the general context of AFB research.
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Yoshiyama M, Kimura K. Bacteria in the gut of Japanese honeybee, Apis cerana japonica, and their antagonistic effect against Paenibacillus larvae, the causal agent of American foulbrood. J Invertebr Pathol 2009; 102:91-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sabaté DC, Carrillo L, Carina Audisio M. Inhibition of Paenibacillus larvae and Ascosphaera apis by Bacillus subtilis isolated from honeybee gut and honey samples. Res Microbiol 2009; 160:193-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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López AC, Alippi AM. Diversity of Bacillus megaterium isolates cultured from honeys. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fuselli SR, García de la Rosa SB, Eguaras MJ, Fritz R. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Citrus essences on honeybee bacterial pathogen Paenibacillus larvae, the causal agent of American foulbrood. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9711-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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