1
|
Tumas AV, Slatvinskaya VA, Kumeiko VV, Sokolnikova YN. Study of the Impact of the Parasitic Microalgae Coccomyxa parasitica on the Health of Bivalve Modiolus kurilensis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:997. [PMID: 38792826 PMCID: PMC11123908 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The invasion of bivalves by parasitic microalgae Coccomyxa is widespread and causes pathologies and dysfunctions of the organs, especially in the most valuable products: the mantle and the muscle. The pathogenesis of the disease remains completely unknown. In this study, based on a macroscopic examination of Modiolus kurilensis and microalgae count in each infected individual, four stages of disease development with characteristic pathognomonic symptoms were described. During the progression of the disease, the concentration of alkaline phosphatase, glucose, calcium, hemolytic and agglutinating activities, number of basophils, eosinophils, phagocytes, and cells with reactive oxygen species increased in the hemolymph, while number of agranulocytes, cells with lysosomes, dead hemocytes, total protein concentration, as well as the weight of mollusks decreased. In the nephridia and digestive gland, necrosis, invasion of Nematopsis sp., hemocyte infiltration, and fibrosis increased. The ratio of changed tubules and occurrence of granulocytomas increased in the digestive gland, while the base membrane, nephrocytes and concretions changed in the nephridia. This study helps establish the variability of these parameters under normal conditions and their alteration during the disease. Moreover, these findings can be used for veterinary monitoring of the state of bivalves in natural and aquaculture populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayna V. Tumas
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Veronika A. Slatvinskaya
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Vadim V. Kumeiko
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Yulia N. Sokolnikova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Novel species of parasitic green microalgae Coccomyxa veronica sp. nov. infects Anadara broughtonii from the Sea of Japan. Symbiosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
3
|
Hernández-Méndez LS, Castro-Longoria E, Araujo-Palomares CL, García-Esquivel Z, Castellanos-Martínez S. Hemocyte cell types of the Cortes Geoduck, Panopea globosa (Dall 1898), from the Gulf of California, Mexico. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 100:230-237. [PMID: 32169664 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The geoduck Panopea globosa is an endemic and economic valuable species from the Mexican Northwest coast whose biology has been little studied. No information exists about their hemocytes to date, which is highly important to assess the welfare of wild and cultured organisms. In this study, hemocytes of adult P. globosa were characterized at the morphological, ultrastructural and functional level. The mean number of hemocytes in the hemolymph of P. globosa was 6 × 105 ± 2 × 105 cells mL-1. The cells were identified as granulocytes (Gr) and hyalinocytes (H). The former accounted for 28% of adhered cells in the hemolymph, measured 6-18 μm, showed numerous basophilic granules in the cytoplasm, with round and eccentric nuclei, and a nucleus:cytoplasm ratio of 0.44 ± 0.01. Hyalinocytes were the most abundant cells in the hemolymph of P. globosa (72% adhered cells) and were subdivided, according to their size, in small (Hs) 4-12 μm and large (HL) 6-18 μm. Hyalinocytes were eosinophilic round or ovoid cells with a central or eccentric nucleus, few or no granules in the cytoplasm and similar nucleus:cytoplasm ratio (Hs: 0.63 and HL: 061). Lysosomes and lipids were observed in Gr, while carbohydrates were the most abundant energy substrate in H. Both hemocytic cell types, mainly Gr, were capable to ingest particles and yield superoxide (P > 0.05). The present study shows for the first time the cell types, abundance and immune activities of hemocytes present in the hemolymph of P. globosa. This information provides a useful baseline to carry out further research on the cellular immune response of the clam to potential pathogens or changes in environmental factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L S Hernández-Méndez
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3917, Fraccionamiento Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - E Castro-Longoria
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - C L Araujo-Palomares
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3917, Fraccionamiento Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Z García-Esquivel
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3917, Fraccionamiento Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - S Castellanos-Martínez
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3917, Fraccionamiento Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Parasites in two coexisting bivalves of the Patagonia coast, southwestern Atlantic Ocean: The Puelche oyster (Ostrea puelchana) and false oyster (Pododesmus rudis). J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 158:6-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
5
|
Sokolnikova Y, Magarlamov T, Stenkova A, Kumeiko V. Permanent culture and parasitic impact of the microalga Coccomyxa parasitica, isolated from horse mussel Modiolus kurilensis. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 140:25-34. [PMID: 27469189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Animals with deformed shells and microalgal invasion have been identified in the natural population of the horse mussel species Modiolus kurilensis of Peter the Great Bay in the Sea of Japan. The haemolymph is initially infested with algae, followed by the rectum, siphons, mantles and gonads located in the posterior body areas. Mantles, which are primarily exposed to light, are major depots for algae. The microscopic analysis of algal cells has revealed the absence of flagella and pyrenoids, the presence of single chloroplast, and reproduction by autosporulation, with dispores prevailing over tetraspores. These results, together with the nearly complete sequence analysis of small subunit (SSU) 18S rDNA (1728bp), have confirmed that these cells are Coccomyxa parasitica. A newly developed method of isolating microalgae from mollusk tissues has facilitated the continuous pure - probably axenic - culture of C. parasitica, thereby providing a description of the time course of each life stage. Histological analyses have revealed significant haemocyte infiltration into the mantles, gonads, kidneys and digestive gland tissues infested with microalgae and the gill tissues, in which the intruder was not identified. Algal encapsulation with major focal areas of fibrosis and amorphic necrosis has been revealed in these infested organs. The spaces between the gonad follicles and digestive gland tubules were significantly widened as these areas were filled with a mass of algae and phagocytic haemocytes, showing acini with a thickened basement membrane. The mantles and kidneys of Modiolus displayed significant morphological deviations of different cells in epithelial, connective and muscle tissues, resulting in the dysfunction of the infested organs. Therefore, C. parasitica, which reproduces in the culture, regardless of the host, is a facultative parasite, causing major pathological alterations, such as anomalous histomorphological patterns and infested organ dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Sokolnikova
- School of Natural Science, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690950, Russian Federation
| | - Timur Magarlamov
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690950, Russian Federation; A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690059, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Stenkova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim Kumeiko
- School of Natural Science, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690950, Russian Federation; School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690950, Russian Federation; A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690059, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Belzile C, Gosselin M. Free-living stage of the unicellular algae Coccomyxa sp. parasite of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis): Low-light adaptation, capacity for growth at a very wide salinity range and tolerance to low pH. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 132:201-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
7
|
Darienko T, Gustavs L, Eggert A, Wolf W, Pröschold T. Evaluating the Species Boundaries of Green Microalgae (Coccomyxa, Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) Using Integrative Taxonomy and DNA Barcoding with Further Implications for the Species Identification in Environmental Samples. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127838. [PMID: 26080086 PMCID: PMC4469705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrative taxonomy is an approach for defining species and genera by taking phylogenetic, morphological, physiological, and ecological data into account. This approach is appropriate for microalgae, where morphological convergence and high levels of morphological plasticity complicate the application of the traditional classification. Although DNA barcode markers are well-established for animals, fungi, and higher plants, there is an ongoing discussion about suitable markers for microalgae and protists because these organisms are genetically more diverse compared to the former groups. To solve these problems, we assess the usage of a polyphasic approach combining phenotypic and genetic parameters for species and generic characterization. The application of barcode markers for database queries further allows conclusions about the ‘coverage’ of culture-based approaches in biodiversity studies and integrates additional aspects into modern taxonomic concepts. Although the culture-dependent approach revealed three new lineages, which are described as new species in this paper, the culture-independent analyses discovered additional putative new species. We evaluated three barcode markers (V4, V9 and ITS-2 regions, nuclear ribosomal operon) and studied the morphological and physiological plasticity of Coccomyxa, which became a model organism because its whole genome sequence has been published. In addition, several biotechnological patents have been registered for Coccomyxa. Coccomyxa representatives are distributed worldwide, are free-living or in symbioses, and colonize terrestrial and aquatic habitats. We investigated more than 40 strains and reviewed the biodiversity and biogeographical distribution of Coccomyxa species using DNA barcoding. The genus Coccomyxa formed a monophyletic group within the Trebouxiophyceae separated into seven independent phylogenetic lineages representing species. Summarizing, the combination of different characteristics in an integrative approach helps to evaluate environmental data and clearly identifies microalgae at generic and species levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Darienko
- M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy Science of Ukraine, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Lydia Gustavs
- University of Rostock, Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anja Eggert
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Physical Oceanography, D-18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Wiebke Wolf
- University of Rostock, Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Pröschold
- University of Rostock, Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
- University of Vienna, Department of Limnology and Biooceanography, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Signorelli JH, Alfaya JEF. Panopea abbreviata(Bivalvia: Hiatellidae) in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, Taxonomic Revision and Anatomy. MALACOLOGIA 2014. [DOI: 10.4002/040.057.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
9
|
First record of the green microalgae Coccomyxa sp. in blue mussel Mytilus edulis (L.) from the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary (Québec, Canada). J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 120:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
10
|
The Non-Photosynthetic Algae Helicosporidium spp.: Emergence of a Novel Group of Insect Pathogens. INSECTS 2013; 4:375-91. [PMID: 26462425 PMCID: PMC4553470 DOI: 10.3390/insects4030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the original description of Helicosporidium parasiticum in 1921, members of the genus Helicosporidium have been reported to infect a wide variety of invertebrates, but their characterization has remained dependent on occasional reports of infection. Recently, several new Helicosporidium isolates have been successfully maintained in axenic cultures. The ability to produce large quantity of biological material has led to very significant advances in the understanding of Helicosporidium biology and its interactions with insect hosts. In particular, the unique infectious process has been well documented; the highly characteristic cyst and its included filamentous cell have been shown to play a central role during host infection and have been the focus of detailed morphological and developmental studies. In addition, phylogenetic analyses inferred from a multitude of molecular sequences have demonstrated that Helicosporidium are highly specialized non-photosynthetic algae (Chlorophyta: Trebouxiophyceae), and represent the first described entomopathogenic algae. This review provides an overview of (i) the morphology of Helicosporidium cell types, (ii) the Helicosporidium life cycle, including the entire infectious sequence and its impact on insect hosts, (iii) the phylogenetic analyses that have prompted the taxonomic classification of Helicosporidium as green algae, and (iv) the documented host range for this novel group of entomopathogens.
Collapse
|
11
|
Vaschenko M, Kovaleva A, Syasina I, Kukhlevsky A. Reproduction-related effects of green alga Coccomyxa sp. infestation in the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus. J Invertebr Pathol 2013; 113:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
12
|
Mancera N, Douma LG, James S, Liu S, Van A, Boucias DG, Tartar A. Detection of Helicosporidium spp. in metagenomic DNA. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 111:13-9. [PMID: 22609409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Distinct isolates of the invertebrate pathogenic alga Helicosporidium sp., collected from different insect hosts and different geographic locations, were processed to sequence the 18S rDNA and β-tubulin genes. The sequences were analyzed to assess genetic variation within the genus Helicosporidium and to design Helicosporidium-specific 18S rDNA primers. The specificity of these primers was demonstrated by testing not only on the Helicosporidium sp. isolates, but also on two trebouxiophyte algae known to be close Helicosporidium relatives, Prototheca wickerhamii and Prototheca zopfii. The genus-specific primers were used to develop a culture-independent assay aimed at detecting the presence of Helicosporidium spp. in environmental waters. The assay was based on the PCR amplification of 18SrDNA gene fragments from metagenomic DNA preparations, and it resulted in the amplification of detectable products for all sampled sites. Phylogenetic analyses that included the environmental sequences demonstrated that all amplification products clustered in a strongly supported, monophyletic Helicosporidium clade, thereby validating the metagenomic approach and the taxonomic origin of the produced environmental sequences. In addition, the phylogenetic analyses established that Helicosporidium spp. isolated from coleopteran hosts are more closely related to each other than they are to the isolate collected from a dipteran host. Finally, the phylogenetic trees depicted intergeneric relationships that supported a Helicosporidium-Prototheca cluster but did not support a Helicosporidium-Coccomyxa grouping, suggesting that pathogenicity to invertebrates evolved at least twice independently within the trebouxiophyte green algae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norberto Mancera
- Division of Math, Science and Technology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Phylogenetic and morphological characterization of the green alga infesting the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus from Vityaz Bay (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 111:175-81. [PMID: 22902969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the ultrastructural features and taxonomic position of the green microalga infesting the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus from the north-western Pacific (Vityaz Bay, Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan) are reported. Mussels were collected monthly from May to September of 2009. In different months, the prevalence of mussels with green tissues was 16.6-62.5% (mean 43%). The most affected organs were the mantle, digestive gland and gonad. Histological analysis revealed severe infiltration of the connective tissue by hemocytes containing the alga cells. Electron microscopy showed that the alga was morphologically similar to the green algae from the genus Coccomyxa (Chlorophyta: Chlorococcales). Two new primers were designed to generate partial small subunit (SSU) rRNA sequences of the green alga from M. modiolus. Phylogenetic analysis based on the comparison of the SSU rRNA sequences of the trebouxiophyceans confirmed an affiliation of the green alga with the genus Coccomyxa. The sequence (1296 bases) of the green alga from M. modiolus was most closely related to the sequence CPCC 508 (AM981206) (identity 100%), obtained from an acid-tolerant, free-living chlorophyte microalga Coccomyxa sp. and to the sequences EU127470 (identity 99.3%) and EU127471 (identity 99.7%) of the green alga, presumably the true Coccomyxa parasitica, infecting the blue mussel Mytilus edulis from the Flensburg Fjord (North Atlantic).
Collapse
|