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Anuradha P, E MS, Priyanka M, Emaiya R, Karthik P, Suganthi A, Krishnamoorthy SV. Determination of chlorantraniliprole for managing Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura in cotton ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117301. [PMID: 37805183 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Cotton bollworm incidence and damages are high in India. In addition, it causes considerable yield loss. A new insecticide formulation Chlorantraniliprole 600 g/L SC was used along with recommended insecticides for managing Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera in two consecutive experimental trials during the period October 2021 to September 2022. Two foliar applications of Chlorantraniliprole (40 and 30 g a. i/ha) at ten days interval period reduced significantly the larval populations of H. armigera, S. litura without any phytotoxic symptoms in cotton. Chlorantraniliprole application in open field condition was found to be harmless to natural enemy (coccinellids and spiders). Even though, a temporary lessening of natural enemy populations was noticed after spray, progressively the population was increased within a week time. Cotton yield was high in chlorantraniliprole @ 40 g a. i/ha treated plot (22.66, 22.12 q/ha) when compared to untreated control. Similar effect was also noticed in the dose at 30 g a. i/ha (22.35, 21.81 q/ha) and it was statistically on par in both experiments. Residue analysis results confirming that, cotton lint, cotton seed and soil samples collected from treated (30 and 60 g a. i/ha) and untreated samples during harvest were free from chlorantraniliprole residues (below detectable levels of 0.008 μg/g).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Anuradha
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Madhu Sudhanan E
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.
| | - M Priyanka
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - R Emaiya
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - P Karthik
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - A Suganthi
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - S V Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
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Delanthabettu A, Narasimhappa NS, Ramaswamy A, Mallesh MH, Nagarajappa N, Govind G. Molecular Characterization of Native Bacillus thuringiensis Strains from Root Nodules with Toxicity Against the Fall Armyworm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda) and Brinjal Ash Weevil (Myllocerus subfasciatus). Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:274. [PMID: 35907079 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02951-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The fall armyworm is an exotic pest which destroys a wide variety of crops Querywhereas the brinjal ash weevil is a serious pest of eggplant and other solanaceous vegetables. The goal of this research is to find a sustainable and ecologically friendly bio-control agent for managing FAW and brinjal ash weevils. Twelve natural Bacillus thuringiensis strains were isolated from cowpea root nodules, and the Gram-positive cells with characteristic Bt crystal structures were discovered using phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy. There were bipyramidal, cuboidal, rhombus, and spherical crystals. The Bt cry gene content was characterized by PCR analysis, which revealed the presence of cry1, cry1I, cry3, cry7, cry7,8, cry14, cry26, and cry55 genes. The identity of Bt was confirmed by cloning and sequencing the cry genes. In the nucleotide sequences, no pseudo genes or indels were found in cry sequences. SDS-PAGE examination indicated the presence of bands ranging in size from 13 to 130 kDa, with 50-60 kDa being the most common. When compared to the control, the new native Bt strains were lethal, with pathogenicity ranging from 93 to 100% against S. frugiperda larvae and M. subfasciatus adults. The studies revealed that the native strains with conserved regions of 16S rRNA genes were compared to NCBI database sequences and classified as native Bt strains with 99-100% similarity to known Bt strains. In conclusion, native Bt strains from cowpea root nodules were shown to have bio-insecticidal activity against fall armyworm larvae and brinjal ash weevil adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Asokan Ramaswamy
- Division of Basic Sciences, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore, 560089, India
| | | | - Nethra Nagarajappa
- Seed Technology Research Unit, AICRP on Seeds (Crops), UAS, GKVK, Bangalore, 560065, India
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Malinga LN, Laing MD. Efficacy of Biopesticides in the Management of the Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae), under Field Conditions. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13080673. [PMID: 35893028 PMCID: PMC9332838 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Cotton remains the most important cash crop in the world. The key insect pests of cotton include the African bollworm Helicoverpa armigera. This pest causes damage to crops estimated at greater than USD 2 billion per year worldwide. Excessive use of insecticides to control this pest has a negative effect on the environment, and is expensive for the farmers. The aim of this study is to explore the field efficacy of different biopesticides as an alternative to control H. armigera. Four biopesticides—namely, Eco-Bb® (Beauveria bassiana), Bb endophyte (Beauveria bassiana), Bolldex® (nucleopolyhedrovirus), and Delfin® (Bacillus thuringiensis)—were evaluated and compared with the pyrethroid Karate® (lambda-cyhalothrin) and an untreated control. Plots treated with Karate® had significantly lower numbers of H. armigera larvae compared to the untreated control, and were comparable to the plots treated with Bolldex®. On average, plots treated with Bolldex® had a high seed cotton yield compared to the other treatments. Biopesticides showed a moderate reduction in the numbers of H. armigera larvae, and could thus be used within an integrated pest management programme. Abstract Cotton is one of the most valuable materials in the world, popularly used in the clothing industry and other products. However, its production is limited by the high infestation of insect pests. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different biopesticides on the control of the African bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) under cotton field conditions. Four biopesticides—namely, Eco-Bb® (Beauveria bassiana), Bb endophyte (Beauveria bassiana), Bolldex® (Nucleopolyhedrovirus), and Delfin® (Bacillus thuringiensis)—were evaluated and compared with the pyrethroid Karate® (lambda-cyhalothrin) and an untreated control against H. armigera. Field trials were conducted at the Agriculture Research Council, Rustenburg, in the North West Province of South Africa during the 2017 and 2018 cotton seasons. The results revealed that in plots sprayed with Karate® and Bolldex®, the numbers of H. armigera were significantly reduced compared to the untreated controls. Plots treated with Bolldex® had the lowest number of damaged bolls in 2017, while those treated with Karate® had the lowest number of damaged bolls in 2018. All treated plots had significantly fewer damaged bolls when compared to the controls. A seed cotton yield of 5987 kg/ha was recorded in the plots that were treated with Bolldex®—significantly higher than the yields from plots treated with Eco-Bb®, Delfin®, and Bb endophyte—in 2017. However, the yield in treatments with Eco-Bb®, Delfin®, and Bb endophyte was lower than that from the untreated controls during this season. In 2018, plots treated with Bolldex® had the highest yield, at 6818 kg/ha, which was not different from the other treatments. The highest average seed cotton yield of 6400 kg/ha was recorded in the plots treated with Bolldex®, followed by Karate®. In summary, the efficacy of different biopesticides against H. armigera varied significantly, while the synthetic pesticide (Karate®) and Bolldex® resulted in more consistent control of this pest. The results suggest that biopesticides may, however, have the potential for use in the sustainable control of cotton bollworms as part of integrated pest management programmes, although further work is required to support this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence N. Malinga
- Agricultural Research Council–Industrial Crops, Rustenburg 0300, South Africa
- South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Mount Edgecombe 4300, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-84-900-9262
| | - Mark D. Laing
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa;
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Chen CY, Bouwer G. The compatibility of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry protein-solubilizing buffers with the droplet feeding method in fall armyworm larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 166:107233. [PMID: 31437438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The volumes of alkaline (pH > 10), Bacillus thuringiensis Cry protein-solubilizing buffers imbibed by fall armyworm larvae in droplet feeding assays were determined. The buffers differed in the presence or concentration of key ingredients, including buffering agents, chelating agents, reducing agents, and protease inhibitors. For both first and second instar larvae, the buffer used had a significant effect on the volume imbibed. The study showed that the droplet feeding method is compatible with Cry protein-solubilizing buffers, but that it is important to determine the volume imbibed for every buffer used in dose-dependent bioassays in order to reduce dose errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chen
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gustav Bouwer
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Da Silva IHS, Goméz I, Sánchez J, Martínez de Castro DL, Valicente FH, Soberón M, Polanczyk RA, Bravo A. Identification of midgut membrane proteins from different instars of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) that bind to Cry1Ac toxin. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207789. [PMID: 30521540 PMCID: PMC6283627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera is a polyphagous pest sensitive to Cry1Ac protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The susceptibility of the different larval instars of H. armigera to Cry1Ac protoxin showed a significant 45-fold reduction in late instars compared to early instars. A possible hypothesis is that gut surface proteins that bind to Cry1Ac differ in both instars, although higher Cry toxin degradation in late instars could also explain the observed differences in susceptibility. Here we compared the Cry1Ac-binding proteins from second and fifth instars by pull-down assays and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS). The data show differential protein interaction patterns of Cry1Ac in the two instars analyzed. Alkaline phosphatase, and other membrane proteins, such as prohibitin and an anion selective channel protein were identified only in the second instar, suggesting that these proteins may be involved in the higher toxicity of Cry1Ac in early instars of H. armigera. Eleven Cry1Ac binindg proteins were identified exclusively in late instar larvae, like different proteases such as trypsin-like protease, azurocidin-like proteinase, and carboxypeptidase. Different aminopeptidase N isofroms were identified in both instar larvae. We compared the Cry1Ac protoxin degradation using midgut juice from late and early instars, showing that the midgut juice from late instars is more efficient to degrade Cry1Ac protoxin than that of early instars, suggesting that increased proteolytic activity on the toxin could also explain the low Cry1Ac toxicity in late instars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Henrique Sena Da Silva
- Departamento de Fitossanidade, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabel Goméz
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jorge Sánchez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | | | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Antonio Polanczyk
- Departamento de Fitossanidade, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelos, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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A novel cry52Ca1 gene from an Indian Bacillus thuringiensis isolate is toxic to Helicoverpa armigera (cotton boll worm). J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 159:137-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hatting JL, Moore SD, Malan AP. Microbial control of phytophagous invertebrate pests in South Africa: Current status and future prospects. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 165:54-66. [PMID: 29427636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrate pests pose a significant threat to food security on the African continent. In response, South Africa has become one of the largest importers of chemical pesticides in sub-Saharan Africa, with several hundred active ingredients registered. To address the over-reliance on such chemicals, the South African Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) has eliminated or restricted several pesticides since the late 1970s. The recent launch of the South African National Bio-Economy Strategy and establishment of the South African Bioproducts Organisation (SABO), together with new guidelines for registration of biopesticides in 2015, also support this endeavour. Concurrently, entomopathogen-related research and bioproduct development has increased over the past decade. Currently, 31 products (seven manufactured locally) are registered under the Fertilizers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies Act 36 of 1947. Commercially important microbes include Beauveria bassiana (Cordycipitaceae), Metarhizium anisopliae (Clavicipitaceae), Cydia pomonella granulovirus, Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus, Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (Baculoviridae) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai (Bacillaceae). Both parasitic and entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) show potential for development as bioinsecticides with one commercial EPN product, based on Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Heterorhabditidae), registered under the Act. Rapid scientific progression, supported by a favourable legislative environment, should facilitate further advances in microbial control of phytophagous invertebrate pests in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Hatting
- Agricultural Research Council-Small Grain, Bethlehem 9700, South Africa.
| | - Sean D Moore
- Citrus Research International, Port Elizabeth 6065, South Africa; Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Antoinette P Malan
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, 7602, South Africa
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BenFarhat-Touzri D, Driss F, Jemli S, Tounsi S. Molecular characterization of Cry1D-133 toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis strain HD133 and its toxicity against Spodoptera littoralis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:1-6. [PMID: 29366893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain HD133, known by its effectiveness against Spodoptera species, produces bipyramidal crystals encompassing the insecticidal proteins Cry1Ab, Cry1Ca and Cry1D-133 in the proportions 60:37:3, respectively. In this study, we dealt with the relevance of the low rate of Cry1D-133. The cry1D-133 gene from HD133 was cloned and sequenced. Both nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarity analyses with the cry1D genes available in the GenBank database revealed that cry1D-133 is a new variant of cry1Da-type genes with 99% identity with cry1Da1. Molecular modeling of the Cry1D-133 toxin showed that its higher toxicity is correlated to a higher number of toxin-receptor interactions. Optimal culture conditions of 4 h post-induction time, 160 rpm agitation and 37 °C post-induction temperature were determined and adopted to overproduce Cry1D-133 toxin at adequate amounts to carryout bioassays. A gradual increase of the proportion of Cry1D-133 to the HD133 insecticidal proteins forming the crystal (Cry1D-133, Cry1Ca and Cry1Ab) showed an improvement of the toxicity against Spodoptera littoralis larvae. Therefore, the potential of Cry1D-133 to enhance HD133 toxicity could promote its combination with other B. thuringiensis insecticidal proteins toxins in order to increase target range or to delay the emergence of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalel BenFarhat-Touzri
- Laboratory of Biopesticides, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, P.O. Box, "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Driss
- Laboratory of Biopesticides, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, P.O. Box, "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Sonia Jemli
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Enzyme Engineering, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, P.O. Box, "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Slim Tounsi
- Laboratory of Biopesticides, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, P.O. Box, "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
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Shah JV, Yadav R, Ingle SS. Engineered Cry1Ac-Cry9Aa hybrid Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin with improved insecticidal activity against Helicoverpa armigera. Arch Microbiol 2017; 199:1069-1075. [PMID: 28685236 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant Bt construct was prepared by exchange of pore forming domain I with cry1Ac to cry9Aa gene by overlap extension PCR (OE-PCR) technique. Construction of cry1Ac-cry9Aa was accomplished by six base pair homology at 3' ends of PCR products of domain I of cry1Ac and domain II and III of cry9Aa. The recombinant toxin was also modified by deletion of N-terminal alpha helix-1 of recombinant toxin. Both Cry toxins were expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) plysS and purified by His-tag purification. Upon insect bioassay analysis against devastating crop pest Helicoverpa armigera, toxicity of recombinant toxin was found around fivefold higher than native Cry1Ac while alpha helix-1 deleted N-terminal modified toxin did not resulted in significant increase in toxicity. The recombinant Cry toxins such as Cry1Ac-Cry9Aa and Cry1Ac-Cry9AaMod may be used for insect pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigar V Shah
- Ground Floor Lab, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakeshkumar Yadav
- Ground Floor Lab, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Sanjay S Ingle
- Ground Floor Lab, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
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Cloning, characterization and expression of a novel haplotype cry2A-type gene from Bacillus thuringiensis strain SWK1, native to Himalayan valley Kashmir. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 136:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li H, Bouwer G. Evaluation of the synergistic activities of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry proteins against Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 121:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Somwatcharajit R, Tiantad I, Panbangred W. Coexpression of the silent cry2Ab27 together with cry1 genes in Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai SP41 leads to formation of amorphous crystal toxin and enhanced toxicity against Helicoverpa armigera. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 116:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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