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Hanrio E, Bogema D, Davern K, Batley J, Clarke M, Abudulai L, Severn-Ellis A, Dang C. Characterisation of common hypothetical surface peptides between protozoan parasites (Perkinsus olseni) originating from different geographical locations. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2024; 158:143-155. [PMID: 38813855 DOI: 10.3354/dao03790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Perkinsus olseni and P. marinus are classified as notifiable pathogens by the World Organisation for Animal Health and are known to cause perkinsosis in a variety of molluscs globally. Mass mortalities due to these parasites in farms and in the wild have been a recurrent issue. Diagnosis for these protozoans is currently done using Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium method followed by optical microscopy or molecular assays. Both require a high level of skill and are time-consuming. An immunoassay method would make the diagnosis of perkinsosis quicker and cheaper. The present study used mass spectrometry-based proteomics to investigate common hypothetical surface peptides between different geographical isolates of P. olseni, which could be used to develop immunoassays in the future. Two peptides were identified: POLS_08089, which is a 42.7 kDa peptide corresponding to the 60S ribosomal subunit protein L4; and POLS_15916, which is a conserved hypothetical protein of 55.6 kDa. The identification of peptides may allow the development of immunoassays through a more targeted approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot Hanrio
- The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Daniel Bogema
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
| | - Kathleen Davern
- Monoclonal Antibody Facility, QEII Medical Centre, 6 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Clarke
- Metabolomics Australia, Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis (CMCA), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia
| | - Laila Abudulai
- Metabolomics Australia, Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis (CMCA), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia
| | - Anita Severn-Ellis
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Cécile Dang
- The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
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Fernández-Boo S, Duarte C, Guévélou E, Sousa J, Freitas R, Joaquim S, Costas B, Magalhães L, Matias D, Cruz A. Effect of the alveolate parasite Perkinsus olseni infection on sexual maturation and spawning efficiency of the clam Ruditapes decussatus. Parasitology 2023; 150:1-8. [PMID: 36722314 PMCID: PMC10090476 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of Perkinsus olseni infection on the reproduction ability of clams has been underestimated so far. Although some studies found evidence of reduction of egg production and delay in gonad maturation after infection, the total effect of the infection is still unclear. In this study, Ruditapes decussatus clams from a naïve population were injected with two different doses of P. olseni parasites, a low dose leading to a light infection and a high dose leading to a heavy infection. Clams were maintained during 2 months for maturation, and at the end of the experiment, the spawning was induced, the number of larvae release and mortality were evaluated. During the maturation period, infection level, gonadal stage, condition index, gross biochemical composition and oxidative status of progenitors were evaluated at days 0, 30 and 60 post-injection. The effects of P. olseni infection on clams showed alterations on biochemical parameters, namely lipid peroxidation, a significant mortality and a delayed gonad maturation, with a greater effect in the highly infected individuals. The reproductive capacity of the clams was impaired in both infected groups showing a lower production and a higher mortality rate of larvae. Finally, this study indicates that the production of natural beds with a high prevalence of P. olseni could be compromised by a deregulation of the natural reproduction cycle and a decrease in larvae production by infected animals, probably due to a combination of lower egg production and lower lipid reserves in larvae from infected clams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Fernández-Boo
- Animal Health and Aquaculture (A2S), CIIMAR – Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Catarina Duarte
- Oceano Fresco S.A, Porto de Abrigo, 2450-075 Nazaré, Portugal
- IPMA – Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. 5 outubro s/n, 8700-503 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Eric Guévélou
- Oceano Fresco S.A, Porto de Abrigo, 2450-075 Nazaré, Portugal
| | - Joana Sousa
- Oceano Fresco S.A, Porto de Abrigo, 2450-075 Nazaré, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- CESAM, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sandra Joaquim
- IPMA – Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. 5 outubro s/n, 8700-503 Olhão, Portugal
- Aquaculture and Seafood Safety, CIIMAR – Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Benjamin Costas
- Animal Health and Aquaculture (A2S), CIIMAR – Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luisa Magalhães
- CESAM, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Domitília Matias
- IPMA – Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. 5 outubro s/n, 8700-503 Olhão, Portugal
- Aquaculture and Seafood Safety, CIIMAR – Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Andreia Cruz
- Oceano Fresco S.A, Porto de Abrigo, 2450-075 Nazaré, Portugal
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Evaluation of the Ruditapes decussatus immune response after differential injected doses of Perkinsus olseni. J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 195:107849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yin Z, Nie H, Jiang K, Yan X. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Vibrio Tolerance in Ruditapes philippinarum Revealed by Comparative Transcriptome Profiling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:879337. [PMID: 35615362 PMCID: PMC9125321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.879337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clam Ruditapes philippinarum is an important species in the marine aquaculture industry in China. However, in recent years, the aquaculture of R. philippinarum has been negatively impacted by various bacterial pathogens. In this study, the transcriptome libraries of R. philippinarum showing different levels of resistance to challenge with Vibrio anguillarum were constructed and RNA-seq was performed using the Illumina sequencing platform. Host immune factors were identified that responded to V. anguillarum infection, including C-type lectin domain, glutathione S-transferase 9, lysozyme, methyltransferase FkbM domain, heat shock 70 kDa protein, Ras-like GTP-binding protein RHO, C1q, F-box and BTB/POZ domain protein zf-C2H2. Ten genes were selected and verified by RT-qPCR, and nine of the gene expression results were consistent with those of RNA-seq. The lectin gene in the phagosome pathway was expressed at a significantly higher level after V. anguillarum infection, which might indicate the role of lectin in the immune response to V. anguillarum. Comparing the results from R. philippinarum resistant and nonresistant to V. anguillarum increases our understanding of the resistant genes and key pathways related to Vibrio challenge in this species. The results obtained here provide a reference for future immunological research focusing on the response of R. philippinarum to V. anguillarum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Yin
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Hongtao Nie
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Kunyin Jiang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiwu Yan
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
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Hanrio E, Batley J, Dungan CF, Dang C. Immunoassays and diagnostic antibodies for Perkinsus spp. pathogens of marine molluscs. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 147:13-23. [PMID: 34734570 DOI: 10.3354/dao03635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perkinsus sp. protozoans are parasites of a wide variety of molluscs around the world and are responsible for episodes of mass mortalities and large economic losses for aquaculture industries and fisheries. The first step towards the management of infectious episodes is the reliable detection of Perkinsus species. While historic methods for diagnosis of Perkinsus sp. infections in mollusc hosts include histological, in vitro, molecular-genetic, and immunoassays, antibody-based diagnostic assays may prove most practical with development of improved reagents and techniques. This paper reviews historic developments of antibodies against Perkinsus species, and of diagnostic immunoassays. Thirteen research papers reported the development of antibodies against Perkinsus sp. or their extracellular products, mainly P. olseni and P. marinus. Nine of those tested the cross-reactivity of their antibodies against different life stages or species than the one used as immunogen. While all antibodies raised against trophozoites labelled hypnospores, several antibodies raised against hypnospores did not label trophozoites, suggesting antigenic differences between those cell types. Antibody specificity studies showed that there is antigenic heterogeneity between Perkinsus species and Perkinsus-like organisms, and also that common epitopes occur among Perkinsus species, as well as some dinoflagellates. This review summarizes the current knowledge and aims at helping the future development of Perkinsus species-specific antibodies and immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot Hanrio
- The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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Jiang K, Yin Z, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Yu Y, Cong W, Yan X, Nie H. Genome-wide investigation and expression analysis of MACPF gene family reveals its immune role in response to bacterial challenge of Manila clam. Genomics 2021; 113:1136-1145. [PMID: 33639237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 18 MACPF genes (RpMACPF) were identified and classed into three types (Macrophage-expressed gene 1, Apextrin, and MACPF domain contain protein) based on gene structure and phylogenetic relationship in R. philippinarum. The length of RpMACPF proteins varied from 287 to 785 amino acids. The molecular weights and Theoretical PI values ranged from 3.2 kDa to 8.7 kDa and 4.7 to 8.6, respectively. RNA-seq data analysis revealed that 14 of 18 RpMACPF genes were highly expressed at the pediveliger larvae stage indicate RpMACPF might contribute to the early development and metamorphosis processes of the R. philippinarum. Besides, we found RpMACPF genes were significantly regulated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and Vibrio parahemolyticus, which indicates RpMACPF genes may play significant roles in response to invading pathogens. The results obtained in this work will provide valuable insight into the immune function of MACPF gene in R. philippinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyin Jiang
- School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Zhihui Yin
- School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Qiaoyue Xu
- School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Yongchao Yu
- Rongcheng Marine Economic Development Center, 264300 Rongcheng, China
| | - Wanlin Cong
- Rongcheng Marine Economic Development Center, 264300 Rongcheng, China
| | - Xiwu Yan
- School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Hongtao Nie
- School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China.
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Box A, Capó X, Tejada S, Catanese G, Grau A, Deudero S, Sureda A, Valencia JM. Reduced Antioxidant Response of the Fan Mussel Pinna nobilis Related to the Presence of Haplosporidium pinnae. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110932. [PMID: 33187065 PMCID: PMC7698053 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The endemic fan mussel (Pinna nobilis) in the Mediterranean Sea is at high risk of disappearance due to massive mortality events. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant response of P. nobilis collected in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean) before and after the mass mortality event. Individuals collected before (between 2011 and 2012) and after (between 2016 and 2017) the event were analyzed by histological, molecular, and biochemical methods to compare pathogenic loads and biochemical responses. All the individuals collected during 2016–2017 presented symptoms of the disease and were positive for Haplosporidium pinnae, while acid-fast bacteria or/and Gram-negative bacteria were detected in some individuals of both sampling periods. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase in the gills were significantly lower in P. nobilis affected with the parasite compared to those in the asymptomatic ones, while levels of malondialdehyde, as an indicator of lipid peroxidation, were higher in infected individuals. When analyzing the differential effects of H. pinnae and Mycobacterium sp. on P. nobilis, it was observed that significant effects on biomarkers were only observed in the presence of H. pinnae. Co-infection of P. nobilis by H. pinnae with other pathogens such as Mycobacterium sp. constitutes a serious problem due to its high mortality rate in the Balearic Island waters. This concerning situation for P. nobilis is favored by a reduction in antioxidant defenses related to H. pinnae infection that induces oxidative stress and cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Box
- Department of Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca, Caça i Cooperació Municipal, Consell Insular d’Eivissa, 07800 Balearic Islands, Spain;
| | - Xavier Capó
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; (X.C.); (S.D.)
| | - Silvia Tejada
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Biology Department and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdisBa), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain;
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gaetano Catanese
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Marinas y Acuicultura, LIMIA-Govern de les Illes Balears, 07157 Port d’Andratx, Balearic Islands, Spain; (G.C.); (A.G.); (J.M.V.)
- INAGEA (INIA-CAIB-UIB), Edifici Guillem Colom Casasnoves, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Amalia Grau
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Marinas y Acuicultura, LIMIA-Govern de les Illes Balears, 07157 Port d’Andratx, Balearic Islands, Spain; (G.C.); (A.G.); (J.M.V.)
- INAGEA (INIA-CAIB-UIB), Edifici Guillem Colom Casasnoves, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Salud Deudero
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; (X.C.); (S.D.)
| | - Antoni Sureda
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdisBa), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-971-172820
| | - José María Valencia
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Marinas y Acuicultura, LIMIA-Govern de les Illes Balears, 07157 Port d’Andratx, Balearic Islands, Spain; (G.C.); (A.G.); (J.M.V.)
- INAGEA (INIA-CAIB-UIB), Edifici Guillem Colom Casasnoves, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
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Jiang K, Nie H, Li D, Yan X. New insights into the Manila clam and PAMPs interaction based on RNA-seq analysis of clam through in vitro challenges with LPS, PGN, and poly(I:C). BMC Genomics 2020; 21:531. [PMID: 32738896 PMCID: PMC7430831 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is a worldwide commercially important marine bivalve species. In recent years, however, microbial diseases caused high economic losses and have received increasing attention. To understand the molecular basis of the immune response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in R. philippinarum, transcriptome libraries of clam hepatopancreas were constructed at 24 h post-injection with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) control by using RNA sequencing technology (RNA-seq). Results A total of 832, 839, and 188 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in LPS, PGN, and poly(I:C) challenge group compared with PBS control, respectively. Several immune-related genes and pathways were activated in response to the different PAMPs, suggesting these genes and pathways might specifically participate in the immune response to pathogens. Besides, the analyses provided useful complementary data to compare different PAMPs challenges in vivo. Functional enrichment analysis of DEGs demonstrated that PAMPs responsive signal pathways were related to apoptosis, signal transduction, immune system, and signaling molecules and interaction. Several shared or specific DEGs response to different PAMPs were revealed in R. philippinarum, including pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), interferon-induced proteins (IFI), and some other immune-related genes were found in the present work. Conclusions This is the first study employing high throughput transcriptomic sequencing to provide valuable genomic resources and investigate Manila clam response to different PAMPs through in vivo challenges with LPS, PGN, and poly(I:C). The results obtained here provide new insights to understanding the immune characteristics of R. philippinarum response to different PAMPs. This information is critical to elucidate the molecular basis of R. philippinarum response to different pathogens invasion, which potentially can be used to develop effective control strategies for different pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyin Jiang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hongtao Nie
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Dongdong Li
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiwu Yan
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
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Hasanuzzaman AFM, Cao A, Ronza P, Fernández-Boo S, Rubiolo JA, Robledo D, Gómez-Tato A, Alvarez-Dios JA, Pardo BG, Villalba A, Martínez P. New insights into the Manila clam - Perkinsus olseni interaction based on gene expression analysis of clam hemocytes and parasite trophozoites through in vitro challenges. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:195-208. [PMID: 32087247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is the bivalve species with the highest global production from both fisheries and aquaculture, but its production is seriously threatened by perkinsosis, a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Perkinsus olseni. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying R. philippinarum-P. olseni interactions, we analysed the gene expression profiles of in vitro challenged clam hemocytes and P. olseni trophozoites, using two oligo-microarray platforms, one previously validated for R. philippinarum hemocytes and a new one developed and validated in this study for P. olseni. Manila clam hemocytes were in vitro challenged with trophozoites, zoospores, and extracellular products from P. olseni in vitro cultures, while P. olseni trophozoites were in vitro challenged with Manila clam plasma along the same time-series (1 h, 8 h, and 24 h). The hemocytes showed a fast activation of the innate immune response, particularly associated with hemocyte recruitment, in the three types of challenges. Nevertheless, different immune-related pathways were activated in response to the different parasite stages, suggesting specific recognition mechanisms. Furthermore, the analyses provided useful complementary data to previous in vivo challenges, and confirmed the potential of some proposed biomarkers. The combined analysis of gene expression in host and parasite identified several processes in both the clam and P. olseni, such as redox and glucose metabolism, protease activity, apoptosis and iron metabolism, whose modulation suggests cross-talk between parasite and host. This information might be critical to determine the outcome of the infection, thus highlighting potential therapeutic targets. Altogether, the results of this study aid understanding the response and interaction between R. philippinarum and P. olseni, and will contribute to developing effective control strategies for this threatening parasitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Farah Md Hasanuzzaman
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Asunción Cao
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Paolo Ronza
- Departamento de Anatomía, Produción Animal e Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain
| | - Sergio Fernández-Boo
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental(CIIMAR), University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Juan Andrés Rubiolo
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Diego Robledo
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Antonio Gómez-Tato
- Departamento de Xeometría e Topoloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Alvarez-Dios
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Belén G Pardo
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Antonio Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Plentzia Marine Station (PIE-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country, 48620 Plentzia, Spain
| | - Paulino Martínez
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
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Li D, Nie H, Jiang K, Li N, Huo Z, Yan X. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of fibrinogen related protein (FREP) genes of Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) after lipopolysaccharides challenge. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 228:108672. [PMID: 31734313 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ruditapes philippinarum has high economic value and is distributed all over the world. Fibrinogen associated protein (FREP) is a type of pattern recognition receptor, participates in the innate immune response to eliminate pathogens after the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, three FREP genes (FREP-1, FREP-2, and FREP-3) were identified and characterized from R. philippinarum. The protein sequence of FREPs were highly conserved with those homologous in vertebrates, and FBG domain possessed significantly high structural conservation in polypeptide binding site and Ca2+ binding site. The tissues expression analysis of FREPs in three shell color strains and two population of R. philippinarum were examined, with the highest expression level in gill and hepatopancreas. Besides, FREP genes were demonstrated to be induced by lipopolysaccharides injection, the significantly changes were observed after LPS injected. Our results suggest the involvement of FREPs in response to LPS injection, and it might exert a significant function on the innate immune defense of the Manila clam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Li
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Hongtao Nie
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China.
| | - Kunyin Jiang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Zhongming Huo
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Xiwu Yan
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China.
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Box A, Capó X, Tejada S, Sureda A, Mejías L, Valencia JM. Perkinsus mediterraneus infection induces oxidative stress in the mollusc Mimachlamys varia. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:1-7. [PMID: 31709564 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perkinsus mediterraneus is a protozoan parasite that can cause marine mollusc diseases known as perkinsosis being a serious threat for clam cultures worldwide. The aim of the present study was first to determine the Perkinsus species infecting the variegated scallop Mimachlamys varia and then to evaluate the existence of oxidative stress in gills of M. varia according to different degrees of infection. DNA sequencing confirmed that P. mediterraneus was the species infecting M. varia. ROS production was progressively increasing with the degree of infection although the differences were only significant in the high-infected group. Low degree of infection significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities and nitrite levels with respect to the control group. In the high-infected group, a significant increase was evidenced in all analysed enzymes, catalase, SOD, glutathione reductase and GST. Non-significant differences in MDA levels were observed between the control and low-infected groups; however, a significant increase in MDA levels was observed in the high-infected group. In conclusion, the infection by Perkinsus mediterraneus in M. varia induces oxidative stress and an antioxidant response directly related to the infection degree that can contribute to the pathogenicity of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Box
- Department of Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca, Caça i Cooperació Municipal, Consell Insular d'Eivissa, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Xavier Capó
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Silvia Tejada
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Neurophysiology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Laia Mejías
- Laboratori d'Investigacions Marines i Aqüicultura, LIMIA-Govern de les Illes Balears, Port d'Andratx, Spain
| | - José María Valencia
- Laboratori d'Investigacions Marines i Aqüicultura, LIMIA-Govern de les Illes Balears, Port d'Andratx, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA) (INIA-CAIB-UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Li D, Nie H, Dong S, Huo Z, Yan X. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of C-type lectin (RpCTL) in Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum after lipopolysaccharide challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:981-993. [PMID: 30578844 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, is one of the most commercially important marine bivalves. C-type lectins (CTLs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that play important roles in the identification and elimination of pathogens by the innate immune system. In this study, a new CTL (RpCTL) was identified in the Manila clam, R. philippinarum. The full-length RpCTL cDNA is 802 bp, with an open reading frame of 591 bp, encoding 196 amino acids, including an N-terminal signal peptide and a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). RpCTL contains conserved CRD disulfide bonds involving four cysteine residues (Cys30-Cys104, Cys124, and Cys132), and the EPN (Glu94-Pro95-Asn96) and WND (Trp119-Asn120-Asp121) motifs. Quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR detected RpCTL transcripts mainly in the gill, siphon, and hepatopancreas in three shell-color strains (zebra, white, and white-zebra strains) and two unselected populations of R. philippinarum, and the gene was highly expressed in the hepatopancreas after lipopolysaccharide treatment. Antimicrobial activity assays of recombinant RpCTL against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria showed that RpCTL inhibits microorganismal growth. In a survival test, RpCTL inhibited and killed Vibrio anguillarum in R. philippinarum. These results suggest that RpCTL participates in the pathogen identification process of R. philippinarum as a PRR and in its immune defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Li
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hongtao Nie
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Shasha Dong
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhongming Huo
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiwu Yan
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Waki T, Takahashi M, Eki T, Hiasa M, Umeda K, Karakawa N, Yoshinaga T. Impact of Perkinsus olseni infection on a wild population of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in Ariake Bay, Japan. J Invertebr Pathol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang Y, Yoshinaga T, Itoh N. New insights into the entrance of Perkinsus olseni in the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. J Invertebr Pathol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nam KW, Jeung HD, Song JH, Park KH, Choi KS, Park KI. High parasite burden increases the surfacing and mortality of the manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) in intertidal sandy mudflats on the west coast of Korea during hot summer. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:42. [PMID: 29347957 PMCID: PMC5774171 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over the past few decades, mass mortality events of Manila clams have been reported from several tidal flats on the west coast of Korea during hot summers. During such mortality events, once clams simultaneously surface, they fail to re-burrow, perishing within a week. The present study aimed to identify the possible causes of the mass mortality of this clam species by investigating the Perkinsus olseni parasite burden and immune parameters of surfaced clams (SC) and normal buried clams (NBCs) when sea water or sediment temperature in the study area varied from 25 °C to 34 °C from late July through mid-August 2015. Results We collected 2 groups of clams distributed within a 10-m2 area when a summer clam mortality event occurred around Seonyu-do Island on the west coast of Korea in 2015. The clams were collected 2 days after they surfaced on the sediment and still looked healthy without any gaping. The clams were transported to the laboratory, and we compared P. olseni infection intensity and cell-mediated hemocyte parameters between the NBCs and SCs. SCs showed significantly higher levels of P. olseni burden, lower condition index, and lower levels of cell-mediated immune functions than those of NBCs. Conclusions Our study suggests that high P. olseni infection weakens Manila clams’ resistance against thermal stress, causing them to surface. We surmise that the summer mass mortality of Manila clams on the west coast of Korea is caused by the combined effects of high P. olseni infection levels and abnormally high water temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Woong Nam
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakno, Gunsan, 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Do Jeung
- Tidal Flat Research InstituteNational Institute of Fisheries Sciences, 11 Seollim-gil, Gunsan, 54014, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hee Song
- Tidal Flat Research InstituteNational Institute of Fisheries Sciences, 11 Seollim-gil, Gunsan, 54014, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Ha Park
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakno, Gunsan, 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sik Choi
- School of Marine Biomedical Science, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Park
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakno, Gunsan, 54150, Republic of Korea.
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Hasanuzzaman AFM, Rubiolo JA, Robledo D, Gómez-Tato A, Álvarez-Dios JA, Fernández-Boo S, Cao A, Villalba A, Pardo BG, Martínez P. Gene expression analysis of Ruditapes philippinarum haemocytes after experimental Perkinsus olseni zoospore challenge and infection in the wild. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:611-621. [PMID: 29162545 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is seriously threatened by the protistan parasite Perkinsus olseni. We characterized and compared gene expression of Manila clam haemocytes in response to P. olseni in a time-course (10 h, 24 h, 8 d) controlled laboratory challenge (LC), representing the first step of infection, and in a more complex infection in the wild (WI), using a validated oligo-microarray containing 11,232 transcripts, mostly annotated. Several immune-genes involved in NIK/NF-kappaB signalling, Toll-like receptor signalling and apoptosis were activated at LC-10 h. However, down-regulation of genes encoding lysozyme, histones, cathepsins and heat shock proteins indicated signals of immunodepression, which persisted at LC-24 h, when only down-regulated genes were detected. A rebound of haemocyte activity occurred at LC-8 d as shown by up-regulation of genes involved in cytoskeleton organization and cell survival. The WI study showed a more complex picture, and several immune-relevant processes including cytoskeleton organization, cell survival, apoptosis, encapsulation, cell redox- and lipid-homeostasis were activated, illustrating the main mechanism of host response. Our results provide useful information, including potential biomarkers, to develop strategies for controlling Manila clam perkinsosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Farah Md Hasanuzzaman
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain; Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh.
| | - Juan Andrés Rubiolo
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - Diego Robledo
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain; The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Antonio Gómez-Tato
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Álvarez-Dios
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Sergio Fernández-Boo
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.
| | - Asunción Cao
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.
| | - Antonio Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
| | - Belén G Pardo
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - Paulino Martínez
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
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Scardua MP, Vianna RT, Duarte SS, Farias ND, Correia MLD, Santos HTAD, Silva PMD. Growth, mortality and susceptibility of oyster Crassostrea spp. to Perkinsus spp. infection during on growing in northeast Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2017; 26:401-410. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612017061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Crassostrea rhizophorae and C. gasar oysters are cultivated in the northeast region. Perkinsus parasites infect bivalves, and their effects on oysters from tropical regions are poorly understood. This study evaluated the impact of Perkinsus infection on the productive traits of native oysters. Oysters were sampled bimonthly during 7 months, from July 2010 to February 2011, to evaluate growth rate, mortality and shell color patterns (white and dark-gray) (n = 500), and to determine the prevalence and intensity of Perkinsus (n = 152). Perkinsus and Crassostrea species were determined using molecular tools. Results showed that most dark-gray (90%, n = 20) and white (67%, n = 18) oysters were C. gasar and C. rhizophorae, respectively. Oysters showed a high growth rate and moderate cumulative mortality (44%). C. gasar oysters grew better and showed lower mortality and lower incidence of Perkinsus compared to C. rhizophorae. The mean prevalence of Perkinsus was moderate (48%), but the infection intensity was light (2.2). Perkinsosis affected very small oysters (19.4 mm). In conclusion, native oysters, especially C. gasar, have a great potential for culture, mortality is not associated with perkinsosis, and the shell color of oysters can be used to improve selection for spats with better performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Paiva Scardua
- Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Brasil; Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, Brasil
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Ren Y, Xue J, Yang H, Pan B, Bu W. Transcriptome analysis of Ruditapes philippinarum hepatopancreas provides insights into immune signaling pathways under Vibrio anguillarum infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:14-23. [PMID: 28267631 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, is one of the most economically important aquatic clams that are harvested on a large scale by the mariculture industry in China. However, increasing reports of bacterial pathogenic diseases have had a negative effect on the aquaculture industry of R. philippinarum. In the present study, the two transcriptome libraries of untreated (termed H) and challenged Vibrio anguillarum (termed HV) hepatopancreas were constructed and sequenced from Manila clam using an Illumina-based paired-end sequencing platform. In total, 75,302,886 and 66,578,976 high-quality clean reads were assembled from 101,080,746 and 99,673,538 raw data points from the two transcriptome libraries described above, respectively. Furthermore, 156,116 unigenes were generated from 210,685 transcripts, with an N50 length of 1125 bp, and from the annotated SwissProt, NR, NT, KO, GO, KOG and KEGG databases. Moreover, a total of 4071 differentially expressed unigenes (HV vs H) were detected, including 903 up-regulated and 3168 down-regulated genes. Among these differentially expressed unigenes, 226 unigenes were annotated using KEGG annotation in 16 immune-related signaling pathways, including Toll-like receptor, NF-kappa B, MAPK, NOD-like receptor, RIG-I-like receptor, and the TNF and chemokine signaling pathways. Finally, 20,341 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 214,430 potential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected from the H and HV transcriptome libraries. In conclusion, these studies identified many candidate immune-related genes and signaling pathways and conducted a comparative analysis of the differentially expressed unigenes from Manila clam hepatopancreas in response to V. anguillarum stimulation. These data laid the foundation for studying the innate immune systems and defense mechanisms in R. philippinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Ren
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Junli Xue
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Baoping Pan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, PR China
| | - Wenjun Bu
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China.
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Fernández-Boo S, Villalba A, Cao A. Protein expression profiling in haemocytes and plasma of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in response to infection with Perkinsus olseni. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1369-1385. [PMID: 27233620 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The protein expression profiling in clam haemocytes and plasma in response to Perkinsus olseni was addressed. Adult Manila clams from a P. olseni-free bed were experimentally challenged with parasite zoospores to analyse immune response. In another experiment, the effects of longer term infection were assessed in adult clams collected from a P. olseni-affected bed, by comparing moderate to very heavily infected clams with non-infected ones. Haemocyte and plasma proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis; spot patterns were qualitatively compared between treatments within each experiment and the spots indicating differential protein expression associated with P. olseni challenge or with field infection were processed for protein identification. Fifteen clam proteins (four in haemocytes and eleven in plasma) of which expression was markedly affected by P. olseni were identified. Some of the identified proteins have a well-known role in clam immune response against the parasite, such as lysozyme and lectins. Rho GTPase-activating protein 6 could be a marker of resistance against P. olseni, which should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fernández-Boo
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar da Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - A Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar da Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
| | - A Cao
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar da Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
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Dungan CF, Bushek D. Development and applications of Ray's fluid thioglycollate media for detection and manipulation of Perkinsus spp. pathogens of marine molluscs. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 131:68-82. [PMID: 26003823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During the early 1950s, Sammy M. Ray discovered that his high-salt modification of fluid thioglycollate sterility test medium caused dramatic in vitro enlargement of Perkinsus marinus (=Dermocystidium marinum) cells that coincidentally infected several experimentally cultured oyster gill tissue explants. Subsequent testing confirmed that the enlarged cells among some oyster tissues incubated in Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM) were those of that newly described oyster pathogen. Non-proliferative in vitro enlargement, cell wall thickening, and subsequent blue-black iodine-staining of hypertrophied trophozoites (=hypnospores=prezoosporangia) following incubation in RFTM are unique characteristics of confirmed members of the protistan genus Perkinsus. A number of in vitro assays and manipulations with RFTM have been developed for selective detection and enumeration of Perkinsus sp. cells in tissues of infected molluscs, and in environmental samples. RFTM-enlarged Perkinsus sp. cells from tissues of infected molluscs also serve as useful inocula for initiating in vitro isolate cultures, and cells of several Perkinsus spp. from both in vitro cultures and infected mollusc tissues may be induced to zoosporulate by brief incubations in RFTM. DNAs from RFTM-enlarged Perkinsus sp. cells provide useful templates for PCR amplifications, and for sequencing and other assays to differentiate and identify the detected Perkinsus species. We review the history and components of fluid thioglycollate and RFTM media, and the characteristics of numerous RFTM-based diagnostic assays that have been developed and used worldwide since 1952 for detection and identification of Perkinsus spp. in host mollusc tissues and environmental samples. We also review applications of RFTM for in vitro manipulations and purifications of Perkinsus sp. pathogen cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Dungan
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Cooperative Oxford Laboratory, Oxford, MD 21654, United States.
| | - David Bushek
- Rutgers University, Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Port Norris, NJ 08349, United States.
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21
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Romero A, Forn-Cuní G, Moreira R, Milan M, Bargelloni L, Figueras A, Novoa B. An immune-enriched oligo-microarray analysis of gene expression in Manila clam (Venerupis philippinarum) haemocytes after a Perkinsus olseni challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 43:275-286. [PMID: 25555813 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Perkinsus cause high mortality and economic losses in bivalves commonly produced in global aquaculture. Although the immune responses of oysters and clams naturally infected with Perkinsus marinus or Perkinsus olseni have been extensively studied, there is not much information on host response at the early stages of infection. In this study, we analysed how P. olseni influences the gene expression profiles of haemocytes from the Manila clam (Venerupis philippinarum) using temporal experimental infections and an immune-enriched microarray. We identified an early phase of infection that was characterised by no mortality and by the increased expression of genes associated with pathogen recognition, production of nitrogen radicals and antimicrobial activity. Cellular processes such as inhibition of serine proteases and proliferation were also involved in this early response. This phase was followed by an intermediate stage, when the pathogen was most likely multiplying and infecting new areas of the body, and animals began to die. In this stage, many genes related to cell movement were over-expressed. Thirty days after infection metabolic pathway genes were the most affected. Apoptosis appears to be important during pathogenesis. Our results provide novel observations of the broader innate immune response triggered by P. olseni at different infection stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Romero
- Institute of Marine Research, IIM - CSIC, Eduardo Cabello, 6, 362018 Vigo, Spain
| | - Gabriel Forn-Cuní
- Institute of Marine Research, IIM - CSIC, Eduardo Cabello, 6, 362018 Vigo, Spain
| | - Rebeca Moreira
- Institute of Marine Research, IIM - CSIC, Eduardo Cabello, 6, 362018 Vigo, Spain
| | - Massimo Milan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Institute of Marine Research, IIM - CSIC, Eduardo Cabello, 6, 362018 Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Institute of Marine Research, IIM - CSIC, Eduardo Cabello, 6, 362018 Vigo, Spain.
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Update of information on perkinsosis in NW Mediterranean coast: Identification of Perkinsus spp. (Protista) in new locations and hosts. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 125:37-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lassudrie M, Soudant P, Richard G, Henry N, Medhioub W, da Silva PM, Donval A, Bunel M, Le Goïc N, Lambert C, de Montaudouin X, Fabioux C, Hégaret H. Physiological responses of Manila clams Venerupis (=Ruditapes) philippinarum with varying parasite Perkinsus olseni burden to toxic algal Alexandrium ostenfeldii exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 154:27-38. [PMID: 24858898 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Manila clam stock from Arcachon Bay, France, is declining, as is commercial harvest. To understand the role of environmental biotic interactions in this decrease, effects of a toxic dinoflagellate, Alexandrium ostenfeldii, which blooms regularly in Arcachon bay, and the interaction with perkinsosis on clam physiology were investigated. Manila clams from Arcachon Bay, with variable natural levels of perkinsosis, were exposed for seven days to a mix of the nutritious microalga T-Iso and the toxic dinoflagellate A. ostenfeldii, a producer of spirolides, followed by seven days of depuration fed only T-Iso. Following sacrifice and quantification of protozoan parasite Perkinsus olseni burden, clams were divided into two groups according to intensity of the infection ("Light-Moderate" and "Moderate-Heavy"). Hemocyte and plasma responses, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant enzyme activities in gills, and histopathological responses were analyzed. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in hemocytes and catalase (CAT) activity in gills increased with P. olseni intensity of infection in control clams fed T-Iso, but did not vary among A. ostenfeldii-exposed clams. Exposure to A. ostenfeldii caused tissue alterations associated with an inflammatory response and modifications in hemocyte morphology. In the gills, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased, and an increase in brown cell occurrence was seen, suggesting oxidative stress. Observations of hemocytes and brown cells in tissues during exposure and depuration suggest involvement of both cell types in detoxication processes. Results suggest that exposure to A. ostenfeldii disrupted the pro-/anti-oxidant response of clams to heavy P. olseni intensity. In addition, depressed mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in hemocytes of clams exposed to A. ostenfeldii suggests that mitochondrial functions are regulated to maintain homeostasis of digestive enzyme activity and condition index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwenn Lassudrie
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Gaëlle Richard
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Nicolas Henry
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Walid Medhioub
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France; Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Ifremer, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes CEDEX3, France; Laboratoire Milieu Marin, INSTM, Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, 28 rue du 2 mars 1934, 2025 Salammbô, Tunisie
| | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Invertebrates, Department of Molecular Biology, Exact and Natural Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba-Campus I, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Anne Donval
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Mélanie Bunel
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Nelly Le Goïc
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Christophe Lambert
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Xavier de Montaudouin
- Université de Bordeaux UMR 5805 EPOC, station marine d'Arcachon, 2 rue du Pr Jolyet, 33120 Arcachon, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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Moreira R, Milan M, Balseiro P, Romero A, Babbucci M, Figueras A, Bargelloni L, Novoa B. Gene expression profile analysis of Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) hemocytes after a Vibrio alginolyticus challenge using an immune-enriched oligo-microarray. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:267. [PMID: 24708293 PMCID: PMC4234419 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is a cultured bivalve with worldwide commercial importance, and diseases cause high economic losses. For this reason, interest in the immune genes in this species has recently increased. The present work describes the construction of the first R. philippinarum microarray containing immune-related hemocyte sequences and its application to study the gene transcription profiles of hemocytes from clams infected with V. alginolyticus through a time course. Results The complete set of sequences from R. philippinarum available in the public databases and the hemocyte sequences enriched in immune transcripts were assembled successfully. A total of 12,156 annotated sequences were used to construct the 8 ×15 k oligo-microarray. The microarray experiments yielded a total of 579 differentially expressed transcripts. Using the gene expression results, the associated Gene Ontology terms and the enrichment analysis, we found different response mechanisms throughout the experiment. Genes related to signaling, transcription and apoptosis, such as IL-17D, NF-κB or calmodulin, were typically expressed as early as 3 hours post-challenge (hpc), while characteristic immune genes, such as PGRPs, FREPs and defense proteins appeared later at 8 hpc. This immune-triggering response could have affected a high number of processes that seemed to be activated 24 hpc to overcome the Vibrio challenge, including the expression of many cytoskeleton molecules, which is indicative of the active movement of hemocytes. In fact functional studies showed an increment in apoptosis, necrosis or cell migration after the infection. Finally, 72 hpc, activity returned to normal levels, and more than 50% of the genes were downregulated in a negative feedback of all of the previously active processes. Conclusions Using a new version of the R. philippinarum oligo-microarray, a putative timing for the response against a Vibrio infection was established. The key point to overcome the challenge seemed to be 8 hours after the challenge, when we detected immune functions that could lead to the destruction of the pathogen and the activation of a wide variety of processes related to homeostasis and defense. These results highlight the importance of a fast response in bivalves and the effectiveness of their innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
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