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Fan J, Jehle JA, Rucker A, Nielsen AL. First Evidence of CpGV Resistance of Codling Moth in the USA. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13060533. [PMID: 35735870 PMCID: PMC9225026 DOI: 10.3390/insects13060533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) is a very important pest in apple, pear, and walnut orchards worldwide, including the USA. Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is used to control codling moth in organic and conventional production. Due to increasing codling moth infestations from organic apple orchards in Washington State, USA, five codling moth colonies (WA1-WA5) were screened for their susceptibility relative to the isolate GV-0001, the main active ingredient of Cyd-X®, using a discriminating concentration of 6 × 104 OB/mL. Compared to a susceptible laboratory colony, the observed results indicated that GV-0001 lacked efficacy against codling moth colony WA3. It was confirmed that WA3 was the first case of codling moth resistance to CpGV in the USA. Further testing of WA3 was performed on a range of CpGV isolates and a lack of efficacy was observed against additional isolates. However, three newly developed CpGV preparations can efficiently infect larvae from the resistant colony WA3. Our results suggest that there is an urgent need to monitor the situation in the USA, aiming to prevent the emergence or spread of additional codling moth populations with CpGV resistance. Strategies to sustain the efficacy of codling moth control using novel CpGV formulations need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbin Fan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Forest Bio-Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Bridgeton, NJ 08302, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (A.L.N.); Tel.: +86-029-8708 1135 (J.F.); +1-856-455-3100 (A.L.N.)
| | - Johannes A. Jehle
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)–Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 69221 Dossenheim, Germany;
| | - Ann Rucker
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Bridgeton, NJ 08302, USA;
| | - Anne L. Nielsen
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Bridgeton, NJ 08302, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (A.L.N.); Tel.: +86-029-8708 1135 (J.F.); +1-856-455-3100 (A.L.N.)
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2
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Sauer AJ, Fritsch E, Undorf-Spahn K, Iwata K, Kleespies RG, Nakai M, Jehle JA. Cross-Resistance of the Codling Moth against Different Isolates of Cydia pomonella Granulovirus Is Caused by Two Different but Genetically Linked Resistance Mechanisms. Viruses 2021; 13:1952. [PMID: 34696382 PMCID: PMC8537427 DOI: 10.3390/v13101952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is a widely used biological control agent of the codling moth. Recently, however, the codling moth has developed different types of field resistance against CpGV isolates. Whereas type I resistance is Z chromosomal inherited and targeted at the viral gene pe38 of isolate CpGV-M, type II resistance is autosomal inherited and targeted against isolates CpGV-M and CpGV-S. Here, we report that mixtures of CpGV-M and CpGV-S fail to break type II resistance and is expressed at all larval stages. Budded virus (BV) injection experiments circumventing initial midgut infection provided evidence that resistance against CpGV-S is midgut-related, though fluorescence dequenching assay using rhodamine-18 labeled occlusion derived viruses (ODV) could not fully elucidate whether the receptor binding or an intracellular midgut factor is involved. From our peroral and intra-hemocoel infection experiments, we conclude that two different (but genetically linked) resistance mechanisms are responsible for type II resistance in the codling moth: resistance against CpGV-M is systemic whereas a second and/or additional resistance mechanism against CpGV-S is located in the midgut of CpR5M larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette J. Sauer
- Julius Kühn-Institut—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.J.S.); (E.F.); (K.U.-S.); (R.G.K.)
| | - Eva Fritsch
- Julius Kühn-Institut—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.J.S.); (E.F.); (K.U.-S.); (R.G.K.)
| | - Karin Undorf-Spahn
- Julius Kühn-Institut—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.J.S.); (E.F.); (K.U.-S.); (R.G.K.)
| | - Kento Iwata
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (K.I.); (M.N.)
| | - Regina G. Kleespies
- Julius Kühn-Institut—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.J.S.); (E.F.); (K.U.-S.); (R.G.K.)
| | - Madoka Nakai
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (K.I.); (M.N.)
| | - Johannes A. Jehle
- Julius Kühn-Institut—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.J.S.); (E.F.); (K.U.-S.); (R.G.K.)
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3
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Xi Y, Xing L, Wennmann JT, Fan J, Li Z, Wu Q, Lu S, Liu B, Guo J, Qiao X, Huang C, Qian W, Jehle JA, Wan F. Gene expression patterns of Cydia pomonella granulovirus in codling moth larvae revealed by RNAseq analysis. Virology 2021; 558:110-118. [PMID: 33756423 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) has been used as a biological control agent of codling moth (Cydia pomonella), a severe global pest on pome fruit. Despite the economic importance, our knowledge of its molecular biology is still limited and a detailed picture of its gene expression is still missing. Here, we sequenced the transcriptome of codling moth larvae infected with the Mexican isolate CpGV-M and analyzed the expression of viral genes at 12, 48, and 96 h post infection (hpi). The results showed that two genes (p6.9 and pp31/39K) related to DNA binding of virus production, were highly expressed at 48 and 96 hpi. From 48 to 96 hpi, the expression of genes associated with virus replication and dissemination decreased, whereas the expression of genes related to infectious virion production and per os infectivity increased. This study provides a comprehensive view of CpGV gene expression patterns in host larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xi
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China; Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Longsheng Xing
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Jörg T Wennmann
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jiangbin Fan
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Zaiyuan Li
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Sha Lu
- College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Jianyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xi Qiao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Wanqiang Qian
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
| | - Johannes A Jehle
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Fanghao Wan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China; College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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4
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Bartlett LJ, Visher E, Haro Y, Roberts KE, Boots M. The target of selection matters: An established resistance-development-time negative genetic trade-off is not found when selecting on development time. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1109-1119. [PMID: 32390292 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trade-offs are fundamental to evolutionary outcomes and play a central role in eco-evolutionary theory. They are often examined by experimentally selecting on one life-history trait and looking for negative correlations in other traits. For example, populations of the moth Plodia interpunctella selected to resist viral infection show a life-history cost with longer development times. However, we rarely examine whether the detection of such negative genetic correlations depends on the trait on which we select. Here, we examine a well-characterized negative genotypic trade-off between development time and resistance to viral infection in the moth Plodia interpunctella and test whether selection on a phenotype known to be a cost of resistance (longer development time) leads to the predicted correlated increase in resistance. If there is tight pleiotropic relationship between genes that determine development time and resistance underpinning this trade-off, we might expect increased resistance when we select on longer development time. However, we show that selecting for longer development time in this system selects for reduced resistance when compared to selection for shorter development time. This shows how phenotypes typically characterized by a trade-off can deviate from that trade-off relationship, and suggests little genetic linkage between the genes governing viral resistance and those that determine response to selection on the key life-history trait. Our results are important for both selection strategies in applied biological systems and for evolutionary modelling of host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J Bartlett
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Elisa Visher
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Katherine E Roberts
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Mike Boots
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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5
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Fan J, Wennmann JT, Wang D, Jehle JA. Novel Diversity and Virulence Patterns Found in New Isolates of Cydia pomonella Granulovirus from China. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e02000-19. [PMID: 31676472 PMCID: PMC6952229 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02000-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is successfully used worldwide as a biocontrol agent of the codling moth (CM) (Cydia pomonella). The occurrence of CM populations with different modes of resistance against commercial CpGV preparations in Europe, as well as the invasiveness of CM in China, threatening major apple production areas there, requires the development of new control options. Utilizing the naturally occurring genetic diversity of CpGV can improve such control strategies. Here, we report the identification of seven new CpGV isolates that were collected from infected CM larvae in northwest China. Resistance testing using a discriminating CpGV concentration and the determination of the median lethal concentration (LC50) were performed to characterize their levels of virulence against susceptible and resistant CM larvae. The isolates were further screened for the presence of the 2 × 12-bp-repeat insertion in CpGV gene pe38 (open reading frame 24 [ORF24]), which was shown to be the target of type I resistance. It was found that three isolates, CpGV-JQ, -KS1, and -ZY2, could break type I resistance, although delayed mortality was observed in the infection process. All isolates followed the pe38 model of breaking type I resistance, except for CpGV-WW, which harbored the genetic factor but failed to overcome type I resistance. However, CpGV-WW was able to overcome type II and type III resistance. The bioassay results and sequencing data of pe38 support previous findings that pe38 is the major target for type I resistance. The new isolates show some distinct virulence characteristics when infection of different CM strains is considered.IMPORTANCE CpGV is a highly virulent pathogen of the codling moth (CM). It is registered and widely applied as a biocontrol agent in nearly all apple-growing countries worldwide. The emergence of CpGV resistance and the increasing lack of chemical control options require improvements to current control strategies. Natural CpGV isolates, as well as resistance-breaking isolates selected in resistant CM strains, have provided resources for improved resistance-breaking CpGV products. Here, we report novel CpGV isolates collected in China, which have new resistance-breaking capacities and may be an important asset for future application in the biological control of codling moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbin Fan
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn-Institut, Darmstadt, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jörg T Wennmann
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn-Institut, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Johannes A Jehle
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn-Institut, Darmstadt, Germany
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6
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Abd-Alla AMM, Meki IK, Demirbas-Uzel G. Insect Viruses as Biocontrol Agents: Challenges and Opportunities. COTTAGE INDUSTRY OF BIOCONTROL AGENTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 2020:277-295. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33161-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Wennmann JT, Eigenbrod M, Marsberg T, Moore SD, Knox CM, Hill MP, Jehle JA. Cryptophlebia peltastica Nucleopolyhedrovirus Is Highly Infectious to Codling Moth Larvae and Cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e00795-19. [PMID: 31227557 PMCID: PMC6696965 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00795-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is a cornerstone of codling moth (Cydia pomonella) control in integrated and organic pome fruit production, though different types of resistance to CpGV products have been recorded in codling moth field populations in Europe for several years. Recently, a novel baculovirus named Cryptophlebia peltastica nucleopolyhedrovirus (CrpeNPV) was isolated from a laboratory culture of the litchi moth, Cryptophlebia peltastica, in South Africa. Along with CpGV, it is the third known baculovirus that is infectious to codling moth. In the present study, parameters of infectiveness of CrpeNPV, such as the median lethal concentration and median survival time, were determined for codling moth larvae susceptible or resistant to CpGV. In addition, the permissiveness of a codling moth cell line with respect to infection by CrpeNPV budded virus was demonstrated by infection and gene expression studies designed to investigate the complete replication cycle. Investigations of the high degree of virulence of CrpeNPV for codling moth larvae and cells are of high significant scientific and economic value and may offer new strategies for the biological control of susceptible and resistant populations of codling moth.IMPORTANCE The emergence of codling moth populations resistant to commercially applied isolates of CpGV is posing an imminent threat to organic pome fruit production. Very few CpGV isolates are left that are able to overcome the reported types of resistance, emphasizing the demand for new and highly virulent baculoviruses. Here we report the recently discovered CrpeNPV as highly infectious to all types of resistant codling moth populations with a high speed of killing, making it a promising candidate baculovirus in fighting the spread of resistant codling moth populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg T Wennmann
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn Institute, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marina Eigenbrod
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn Institute, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tamryn Marsberg
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Sean D Moore
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
- Citrus Research International (CRI), Walmer, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Caroline M Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Martin P Hill
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Johannes A Jehle
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn Institute, Darmstadt, Germany
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8
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Graillot B, Blachere-López C, Besse S, Siegwart M, López-Ferber M. Importance of the Host Phenotype on the Preservation of the Genetic Diversity in Codling Moth Granulovirus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070621. [PMID: 31284495 PMCID: PMC6669585 DOI: 10.3390/v11070621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To test the importance of the host genotype in maintaining virus genetic diversity, five experimental populations were constructed by mixing two Cydia pomonella granulovirus isolates, the Mexican isolate CpGV-M and the CpGV-R5, in ratios of 99% M + 1% R, 95% M + 5% R, 90% M + 10% R, 50% M + 50% R, and 10% M + 90% R. CpGV-M and CpGV-R5 differ in their ability to replicate in codling moth larvae carrying the type I resistance. This ability is associated with a genetic marker located in the virus pe38 gene. Six successive cycles of replication were carried out with each virus population on a fully-permissive codling moth colony (CpNPP), as well as on a host colony (RGV) that carries the type I resistance, and thus blocks CpGV-M replication. The infectivity of offspring viruses was tested on both hosts. Replication on the CpNPP leads to virus lineages preserving the pe38 markers characteristic of both isolates, while replication on the RGV colony drastically reduces the frequency of the CpGV-M pe38 marker. Virus progeny obtained after replication on CpNPP show consistently higher pathogenicity than that of progeny viruses obtained by replication on RGV, independently of the host used for testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Graillot
- LGEI, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, Institut Mines-Telecom et Université de Montpellier Sud de France, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France
- Natural Plant Protection, Arysta LifeScience group, Avenue Léon Blum, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Christine Blachere-López
- LGEI, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, Institut Mines-Telecom et Université de Montpellier Sud de France, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France
- INRA, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France
| | - Samantha Besse
- Natural Plant Protection, Arysta LifeScience group, Avenue Léon Blum, 64000 Pau, France
| | | | - Miguel López-Ferber
- LGEI, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, Institut Mines-Telecom et Université de Montpellier Sud de France, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France.
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Fan J, Wennmann JT, Jehle JA. Partial Loss of Inheritable Type I Resistance of Codling Moth to Cydia pomonella qranulovirus. Viruses 2019; 11:E570. [PMID: 31226774 PMCID: PMC6630735 DOI: 10.3390/v11060570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge of the field resistance of codling moth (CM, Cydia pomonella, L) against Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is based mainly on the interaction between the Mexican isolate CpGV-M and CpRR1, a genetically homogeneous CM inbreed line carrying type I resistance. The resistance level of laboratory-reared CpRR1 to CpGV-M was recently found to have decreased considerably, compared to the initially high resistance. To understand the background of this phenomenon, CpRR1 larvae were exposed over several generations to CpGV-M for re-selection of the original resistance level. After five and seven generations of selection, new CpRR1_F5 and CpRR1_F7 lines were established. The resistance ratio of these selected lines was determined by full range bioassays. The CpRR1_F5 strain regained a higher level of resistance against CpGV up to 104-fold based on LC50 values compared to susceptible larvae (CpS), which indicated that the absence of virus selection had resulted in a reduction of resistance under laboratory rearing conditions. In addition, some fitness costs of fecundity were observed in CpRR1_F5. Single-pair crossings between CpRR1_F5 or CpRR1_F7 with susceptible CpS moths revealed a dominant but not fully sex-linked inheritance, which suggests a partial loss of previous resistance traits in CpRR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbin Fan
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn-Institut, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Jörg T Wennmann
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn-Institut, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Johannes A Jehle
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn-Institut, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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10
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Sauer AJ, Schulze-Bopp S, Fritsch E, Undorf-Spahn K, Jehle JA. A Third Type of Resistance to Cydia pomonella Granulovirus in Codling Moths Shows a Mixed Z-Linked and Autosomal Inheritance Pattern. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e01036-17. [PMID: 28667116 PMCID: PMC5561285 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01036-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Different isolates of Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) are used worldwide to control codling moth larvae (Cydia pomonella) in pome fruit production. Two types of dominantly inherited field resistance of C. pomonella to CpGV have been recently identified: Z-chromosomal type I resistance and autosomal type II resistance. In the present study, a CpGV-resistant C. pomonella field population (termed SA-GO) from northeastern Germany was investigated. SA-GO individuals showed cross-resistance to CpGV isolates of genome group A (CpGV-M) and genome group E (CpGV-S), whereas genome group B (CpGV-E2) was still infective. Crossing experiments between individuals of SA-GO and the susceptible C. pomonella strain CpS indicated the presence of a dominant autosomal inheritance factor. By single-pair inbreeding of SA-GO individuals for two generations, the genetically more homogenous strain CpRGO was generated. Resistance testing of CpRGO neonates with different CpGV isolates revealed that isolate CpGV-E2 and isolates CpGV-I07 and -I12 were resistance breaking. When progeny of hybrid crosses and backcrosses between individuals of resistant strain CpRGO and susceptible strain CpS were infected with CpGV-M and CpGV-S, resistance to CpGV-S appeared to be autosomal and dominant for larval survivorship but recessive when success of pupation of the hybrids was considered. Inheritance of resistance to CpGV-M, however, is proposed to be both autosomal and Z linked, since Z linkage of resistance was needed for pupation. Hence, we propose a further type III resistance to CpGV in C. pomonella, which differs from type I and type II resistance in its mode of inheritance and response to CpGV isolates from different genome groups.IMPORTANCE The baculovirus Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is registered and applied as a biocontrol agent in nearly all pome fruit-growing countries worldwide to control codling moth caterpillars in an environmentally friendly manner. It is therefore the most widely used commercial baculovirus biocontrol agent. Since 2005, field resistance of codling moth to CpGV products has been observed in more than 40 field plantations in Europe, threatening organic and integrated apple production. Knowledge of the inheritance and mechanism(s) of resistance is indispensable for the understanding of host response to baculovirus infection on the population level and the coevolutionary arms race between virus and host, as well as for the development of appropriate resistance management strategies. Here, we report a codling moth field population with a new type of resistance, which appears to follow a highly complex inheritance in regard to different CpGV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Sauer
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn Institute, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Schulze-Bopp
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn Institute, Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute for Phytopathology, Agricultural Service Center Palatinate (DLR Rheinpfalz), Neustadt/Wstr., Germany
| | - E Fritsch
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn Institute, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - K Undorf-Spahn
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn Institute, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J A Jehle
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn Institute, Darmstadt, Germany
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11
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Sauer AJ, Fritsch E, Undorf-Spahn K, Nguyen P, Marec F, Heckel DG, Jehle JA. Novel resistance to Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) in codling moth shows autosomal and dominant inheritance and confers cross-resistance to different CpGV genome groups. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28640892 PMCID: PMC5480857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) products have been successfully applied to control codling moth (CM) in organic and integrated fruit production for more than 30 years. Since 2005, resistance against the widely used isolate CpGV-M has been reported from different countries in Europe. The inheritance of this so-called type I resistance is dominant and linked to the Z chromosome. Recently, a second form (type II) of CpGV resistance in CM was reported from a field population (NRW-WE) in Germany. Type II resistance confers reduced susceptibility not only to CpGV-M but to most known CpGV isolates and it does not follow the previously described Z-linked inheritance of type I resistance. To further analyze type II resistance, two CM strains, termed CpR5M and CpR5S, were generated from parental NRW-WE by repeated mass crosses and selection using the two isolates CpGV-M and CpGV-S, respectively. Both CpR5M and CpR5S were considered to be genetically homogeneous for the presence of the resistance allele(s). By crossing and backcrossing experiments with a susceptible CM strain, followed by resistance testing of the offspring, an autosomal dominant inheritance of resistance was elucidated. In addition, cross-resistance to CpGV-M and CpGV-S was detected in both strains, CpR5M and CpR5S. To test the hypothesis that the autosomal inheritance of type II resistance was caused by a large interchromosomal rearrangement involving the Z chromosome, making type I resistance appear to be autosomal in these strains; fluorescence in situ hybridization with bacterial artificial chromosome probes (BAC-FISH) was used to physically map the Z chromosomes of different CM strains. Conserved synteny of the Z-linked genes in CpR5M and other CM strains rejects this hypothesis and argues for a novel genetic and functional mode of resistance in CM populations with type II resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette J. Sauer
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Eva Fritsch
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Karin Undorf-Spahn
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Petr Nguyen
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Marec
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - David G. Heckel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes A. Jehle
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Darmstadt, Germany
- * E-mail:
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12
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Cory JS. Evolution of host resistance to insect pathogens. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 21:54-59. [PMID: 28822489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Insect pathogens are widely used as a tool for sustainable pest management. Their complex mode of action was thought to make them immune to the evolution of resistance; however, several examples of field-based resistance to the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and a granulovirus have been recorded. Here I review the scenarios where resistance has evolved and discuss the likelihood of it occurring in other entomopathogens. I highlight recent research on the factors which might influence the evolution of resistance to insect pathogens, including the role of pathogen diversity, host nutrition and transgenerational effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny S Cory
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
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13
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Nakai M, Takahashi K, Iwata K, Tanaka K, Koyanagi J, Ookuma A, Takatsuka J, Okuno S, Kunimi Y. Acquired resistance to a nucleopolyhedrovirus in the smaller tea tortrix Adoxophyes honmai (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) after selection by serial viral administration. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 145:23-30. [PMID: 28300599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory colony of Adoxophyes honmai was selected for resistance over 156 generations by feeding neonate larvae of every generation with the LC60 or LC70 of its nucleopolyhedrovirus, Adoxophyes honmai nucleopolyhedrovirus (AdhoNPV). A significant difference in LC50 values between the selected (R-strain) and unselected (S1- and S2-strain) strains was first observed after three generations of selection, and the resistance level then increased continuously. The highest degree of acquired resistance, based on the ratio of the LC50 values of R- and S1-strains, was more than 400,000-fold. After selection was stopped at either the 21st or the 149th generation, LC50 values did not decrease significantly, suggesting that resistance of the R-strain to AdhoNPV was stable. To assess which of the two routes of baculovirus infection is affected by resistance to AdhoNPV, 5th instar larvae of the R-strain were inoculated orally and intrahemocoelically with AdhoNPV and their susceptibility was compared to that of S-strain. The ratio of the LC25 values of selected and unselected strains was 91-fold when budded viruses were injected into 5th instar larvae, but was 107,000-fold after oral inoculation. These results indicate that the resistance mechanism of the R-strain of A. honmai disrupts both midgut primary infection and hemocoelic secondary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Nakai
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kento Iwata
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kaoru Tanaka
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Junko Koyanagi
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Akemi Ookuma
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Jun Takatsuka
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shohei Okuno
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Kunimi
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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14
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Jehle JA, Schulze-Bopp S, Undorf-Spahn K, Fritsch E. Evidence for a Second Type of Resistance against Cydia pomonella Granulovirus in Field Populations of Codling Moths. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e02330-16. [PMID: 27815280 PMCID: PMC5203626 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02330-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is an important biocontrol agent for the codling moth (CM) in organic and integrated apple production worldwide. Previously, Z chromosome-linked dominant resistance in at least 38 CM field populations in Europe was reported, threatening organic apple production. Growers responded by switching to a different resistance-breaking isolate of CpGV that could control these populations. Here, we report a nonuniform response of different CM field populations to CpGV isolates from CpGV genome groups A to E. Even more strikingly, one field population, NRW-WE, was resistant to all known CpGV genome groups except group B. Single-pair crossing experiments with a susceptible strain, followed by resistance testing of the F1 offspring, clearly indicated cross-resistance to CpGV isolates that had been considered to be resistance breaking. This finding provides clear evidence of a second, broader type of CpGV resistance with a novel mode of inheritance that cannot be fully explained by Z-linkage of resistance. IMPORTANCE CpGV is registered and used in virtually all commercial apple growing areas worldwide and is therefore the most widely used baculovirus biocontrol agent. Recently, resistance to CpGV products was reported in different countries in Europe, threatening organic growers who rely almost exclusively on CpGV products. This resistance appeared to be targeted against a 24-bp repeat in the pe38 gene in isolate CpGV-M of genome group A, which had been used commercially for many years. On the other hand, resistance could be broken by CpGV isolates from CpGV genome groups B to E. Here, we report clear evidence of a second type of field resistance that is also directed against resistance-breaking isolates of CpGV genome groups C, D, and E and which appears not to be targeted against CpGV pe38 Therefore, we propose to differentiate between type I resistance, which is targeted against pe38 of CpGV genome group A, and a novel type II resistance with an unknown molecular target. This finding stresses the need for further adoption of resistance management strategies for CpGV, since growers cannot rely solely on the use of resistance-breaking CpGV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Jehle
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kuehn Institute, Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute for Phytopathology, Agricultural Service Center Palatinate (DLR Rheinpfalz), Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, Germany
| | - S Schulze-Bopp
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kuehn Institute, Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute for Phytopathology, Agricultural Service Center Palatinate (DLR Rheinpfalz), Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, Germany
| | - K Undorf-Spahn
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kuehn Institute, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - E Fritsch
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kuehn Institute, Darmstadt, Germany
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15
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Siegwart M, Graillot B, Blachere Lopez C, Besse S, Bardin M, Nicot PC, Lopez-Ferber M. Resistance to bio-insecticides or how to enhance their sustainability: a review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:381. [PMID: 26150820 PMCID: PMC4472983 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
After more than 70 years of chemical pesticide use, modern agriculture is increasingly using biological control products. Resistances to conventional insecticides are wide spread, while those to bio-insecticides have raised less attention, and resistance management is frequently neglected. However, a good knowledge of the limitations of a new technique often provides greater sustainability. In this review, we compile cases of resistance to widely used bio-insecticides and describe the associated resistance mechanisms. This overview shows that all widely used bio-insecticides ultimately select resistant individuals. For example, at least 27 species of insects have been described as resistant to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. The resistance mechanisms are at least as diverse as those that are involved in resistance to chemical insecticides, some of them being common to bio-insecticides and chemical insecticides. This analysis highlights the specific properties of bio-insecticides that the scientific community should use to provide a better sustainability of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Siegwart
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR1115, Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles UnitAvignon, France
- *Correspondence: Myriam Siegwart, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, – Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles Unit – Bât B, 228 Route de L'aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine St Paul – Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Benoit Graillot
- Laboratoire de Génie de l'Environnement Industriel, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, Institut Mines-Telecom et Université de Montpellier Sud de FranceAlès, France
- Natural Plant Protection, Arysta LifeScience GroupPau, France
| | | | - Samantha Besse
- Natural Plant Protection, Arysta LifeScience GroupPau, France
| | - Marc Bardin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR407, Plant Pathology UnitMontfavet, France
| | - Philippe C. Nicot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR407, Plant Pathology UnitMontfavet, France
| | - Miguel Lopez-Ferber
- Laboratoire de Génie de l'Environnement Industriel, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, Institut Mines-Telecom et Université de Montpellier Sud de FranceAlès, France
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16
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Graillot B, Berling M, Blachere-López C, Siegwart M, Besse S, López-Ferber M. Progressive adaptation of a CpGV isolate to codling moth populations resistant to CpGV-M. Viruses 2014; 6:5135-44. [PMID: 25533659 PMCID: PMC4276945 DOI: 10.3390/v6125135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The NPP-R1 isolate of CpGV is able to replicate on CpGV-M-resistant codling moths. However, its efficacy is not sufficient to provide acceptable levels of control in natural (orchard) conditions. A laboratory colony derived from resistant codling moths was established, which exhibited a homogeneous genetic background and a resistance level more than 7000 fold. By successive cycles of replication of NPP-R1 in this colony, we observed a progressive increase in efficacy. After 16 cycles (isolate 2016-r16), the efficacy of the virus isolate was equivalent to that of CpGV-M on susceptible insects. This isolate was able to control both CpGV-M-susceptible and CpGV-M-resistant insects with similar efficacy. No reduction in the levels of occlusion body production in susceptible larvae was observed for 2016-r16 compared to CpGV-M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Graillot
- LGEI, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, Institut Mines-Telecom et Université de Montpellier Sud de France, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France.
| | - Marie Berling
- LGEI, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, Institut Mines-Telecom et Université de Montpellier Sud de France, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France.
| | | | | | - Samantha Besse
- Natural Plant Protection, Arysta LifeScience group, Avenue Léon Blum, 64000 Pau, France.
| | - Miguel López-Ferber
- LGEI, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, Institut Mines-Telecom et Université de Montpellier Sud de France, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France.
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17
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Zimmermann G, Huger AM, Kleespies RG. Occurrence and Prevalence of Insect Pathogens in Populations of the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella L.: A Long-Term Diagnostic Survey. INSECTS 2013; 4:425-46. [PMID: 26462428 PMCID: PMC4553474 DOI: 10.3390/insects4030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
About 20,550 larvae, pupae and adults of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., were diagnosed for pathogens during long-term investigations (1955–2012) at the Institute for Biological Control in Darmstadt, Germany. The prevailing entomopathogens diagnosed in these studies were insect pathogenic fungi, especially Beauveria bassiana and Isaria farinosa, the microsporidium, Nosema carpocapsae, the Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV), as well as mostly undetermined bacteria. While the CpGV was observed exclusively in larvae and pupae from laboratory colonies or from field experiments with this virus, entomopathogenic fungi were most frequently diagnosed in last instars in autumn and in diapausing larvae and pupae in spring. B. bassiana was identified as the major fungal pathogen, causing larval prevalences of 0.9% to 100% (mean, about 32%). During prognostic long-term studies in larvae and adults of C. pomonella, N. carpocapsae was diagnosed in codling moth populations from various locations in Germany. The mean prevalence generally ranged between 20% and 50%. Experiments revealed that the fecundity and fertility of microsporidia-infected female adults were significantly reduced compared to healthy ones. The results underpin the importance of naturally occurring microbial antagonists and represent a base for further ecological studies on developing new or additional biological and integrated control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisbert Zimmermann
- Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstrasse 243, Darmstadt D-64287, Germany.
| | - Alois M Huger
- Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstrasse 243, Darmstadt D-64287, Germany.
| | - Regina G Kleespies
- Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstrasse 243, Darmstadt D-64287, Germany.
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