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Piesz JL, Scro AK, Corbett R, Lundgren KM, Smolowitz R, Gomez-Chiarri M. Development of a multiplex qPCR for the quantification of three protozoan parasites of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 151:111-121. [PMID: 36300764 DOI: 10.3354/dao03694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A multiplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for the simultaneous detection of 3 eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica parasites, Perkinsus marinus, Haplosporidium nelsoni, and H. costale, was developed using 3 different fluorescently labeled hydrolysis probes. The primers and probe from a previously validated singleplex qPCR for P. marinus detection were combined with newly designed primers and probes specific for H. nelsoni and H. costale. The functionality of the multiplex assay was demonstrated on 2 different platforms by the linear relationship of the standard curves and similar cycle threshold (CT) values between parasites. Efficiency of the multiplex qPCR assay on the Roche and BioRad platforms ranged between 93 and 101%. The sensitivity of detection ranged between 10 and 100 copies of plasmid DNA for P. marinus and Haplosporidium spp., respectively. The concordance between the Roche and BioRad platforms in the identification of the parasites P. marinus, H. nelsoni, and H. costale was 91, 97, and 97%, respectively, with a 10-fold increase in the sensitivity of detection of Haplosporidium spp. on the BioRad thermocycler. The concordance between multiplex qPCR and histology for P. marinus, H. nelsoni, and H. costale was 54, 57, and 87%, respectively. Discordances between detection methods were largely related to localized or low levels of infections in oyster tissues, and qPCR was the more sensitive diagnostic. The multiplex qPCR developed here is a sensitive diagnostic tool for the quantification and surveillance of single and mixed infections in the eastern oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Piesz
- Department of Fisheries, Animal, and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
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2
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Arzul I, Garcia C, Chollet B, Serpin D, Lupo C, Noyer M, Tourbiez D, Berland C, Dégremont L, Travers M. First characterization of the parasite Haplosporidium costale in France and development of a real-time PCR assay for its rapid detection in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2041-e2058. [PMID: 35353448 PMCID: PMC9790386 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Pacific cupped oyster Crassostrea gigas is one of the most 'globalized' marine invertebrates and its production is predominant in many parts of the world including Europe. However, it is threatened by mortality events associated with pathogenic microorganisms such as the virus OsHV-1 and the bacteria Vibrio aestuarianus. C. gigas is also a host for protozoan parasites including haplosporidians. In contrast with Haplosporidium nelsoni previously detected in Europe, H. costale was considered exotic although its presence in French oysters was suggested in the 1980s based on ultrastructural examination. Here, a combination of light and transmission electron microscopy, PCR and sequencing allowed characterizing the presence of the parasite in the context of low mortality events which occurred in 2019 in France. Histological observation revealed the presence of uninucleated, plasmodial and spore stages within the connective tissues of some oysters. Ultrastructural features were similar to H. costale ones in particular the presence of axe-shaped haplosporosomes in spore cytoplasms. Three fragments of the genome including partial small subunit rRNA gene, the ITS-1, 5.8S and ITS-2 array and part of the actin gene were successfully sequenced and grouped with H. costale homologous sequences. This is the first time that the presence of H. costale was confirmed in C. gigas in France. Furthermore, a TaqMan real-time PCR assay was developed and validated [DSe = 92.6% (78.2-99.8) and DSp = 95.5% (92.3-98.6)] to enable the rapid and specific detection of the parasite. The application of the PCR assay on archived samples revealed that the parasite has been present in French oyster populations at least since 2008. Considering the little information available on this parasite, the newly developed TaqMan assay will be very helpful to investigate the temporal and geographic distribution and the life cycle of the parasite in France and more generally in C. gigas geographic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Arzul
- IfremerRBE‐ASIMStation de La TrembladeLa TrembladeFrance
| | - Céline Garcia
- IfremerRBE‐ASIMStation de La TrembladeLa TrembladeFrance
| | - Bruno Chollet
- IfremerRBE‐ASIMStation de La TrembladeLa TrembladeFrance
| | | | - Coralie Lupo
- Réseau d'EpidémioSurveillance en Pathologie EquineSaint‐ContestFrance
| | - Mathilde Noyer
- IfremerRBE‐ASIMStation de La TrembladeLa TrembladeFrance
| | | | - Chloé Berland
- IfremerRBE‐ASIMStation de La TrembladeLa TrembladeFrance
| | | | - Marie‐Agnès Travers
- IHPEUniversité de MontpellierCNRSIfremerUniversité de Perpignan via DomitiaMontpellierFrance
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3
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Chevignon G, Dotto-Maurel A, Serpin D, Chollet B, Arzul I. De Novo Transcriptome Assembly and Analysis of the Flat Oyster Pathogenic Protozoa Bonamia Ostreae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:921136. [PMID: 35909967 PMCID: PMC9329632 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.921136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The flat oyster Ostrea edulis is an oyster species native to Europe. It has declined to functional extinction in many areas of the NE Atlantic for several decades. Factors explaining this decline include over-exploitation of natural populations and diseases like bonamiosis, regulated across both the EU and the wider world and caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite Bonamia ostreae. To date, very limited sequence data are available for this Haplosporidian species. We present here the first transcriptome of B. ostreae. As this protozoan is not yet culturable, it remains extremely challenging to obtain high-quality -omic data. Thanks to a specific parasite isolation protocol and a dedicated bioinformatic pipeline, we were able to obtain a high-quality transcriptome for an intracellular marine micro-eukaryote, which will be very helpful to better understand its biology and to consider the development of new relevant diagnostic tools.
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4
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Diggles BK. Biosecurity risks related to recycling of mollusc shell waste for shellfish reef restoration in Australia. ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/emr.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Hine PM. Haplosporidian host:parasite interactions. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:190-199. [PMID: 32437861 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The host:parasite interactions of the 3 serious haplosporidian pathogens of oysters, on which most information exists, are reviewed. They are Bonamia ostreae in Ostrea spp. and Crassostrea gigas; Bonamia exitiosa in Ostrea spp.; and Haplosporidium nelsoni in Crassostrea spp. Understanding the haemocytic response to pathogens is constrained by lack of information on haematopoiesis, haemocyte identity and development. Basal haplospridians in spot prawns are probably facultative parasites. H. nelsoni and a species infecting Haliotis iris in New Zealand (NZAP), which have large extracellular plasmodia that eject haplosporosomes or their contents, lyse surrounding cells and are essentially extracellular parasites. Bonamia spp. have small plasmodia that are phagocytosed, haplosporosomes are not ejected and they are intracellular obligate parasites. Phagocytosis by haemocytes is followed by formation of a parasitophorous vacuole, blocking of haemocyte lysosomal enzymes and the endolysosomal pathway. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are blocked by antioxidants, and host cell apoptosis may occur. Unlike susceptible O. edulis, the destruction of B. ostreae by C. gigas may be due to higher haemolymph proteins, higher rates of granulocyte binding and phagocytosis, production of ROS, the presence of plasma β-glucosidase, antimicrobial peptides and higher levels of haemolymph and haemocyte enzymes. In B.exitiosa infection of Ostrea chilensis, cytoplasmic lipid bodies (LBs) containing lysosomal enzymes accumulate in host granulocytes and in B. exitiosa following phagocytosis. Their genesis and role in innate immunity and inflammation appears to be the same as in vertebrate granulocytes and macrophages, and other invertebrates. If so, they are probably the site of eicosanoid synthesis from arachidonic acid, and elevated numbers of LBs are probably indicative of haemocyte activation. It is probable that the molecular interaction, and role of LBs in the synthesis and storage of eicosanoids from arachidonic acid, is conserved in innate immunity in vertebrates and invertebrates. However, it seems likely that haplosporidians are more diverse than realized, and that there are many variations in host parasite interactions and life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Hine
- 73, rue de la Fée au Bois, 17450, Fouras, France.
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6
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Helmer L, Hauton C, Bean T, Bass D, Hendy I, Harris-Scott E, Preston J. Ephemeral detection of Bonamia exitiosa (Haplosporida) in adult and larval European flat oysters Ostrea edulis in the Solent, United Kingdom. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 174:107421. [PMID: 32522659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The haplosporidian parasite Bonamia exitiosa was detected using PCR in four adult and six larval brood samples of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis from the Solent, UK. This represents the second reported detection of this parasite along the south coast of England. Adult oysters were collected and preserved from seabed populations or restoration broodstock cages between 2015 and 2018. The larvae within brooding adults sampled during 2017 and 2018 were also preserved. Molecular analysis of all samples was performed in 2019. The DNA of B. exitiosa was confirmed to be present within the gill tissue of one oyster within the Portsmouth wild fishery seabed population (n = 48), sampled in November 2015; the congeneric parasite Bonamia ostreae was not detected in this individual. This is the earliest record of B. exitiosa in the Solent. Concurrent presence of both B. ostreae and B. exitiosa, determined by DNA presence, was confirmed in the gill and heart tissue of three mature individuals from broodstock cages sampled in October 2017 (n = 99), two from a location on the River Hamble and one from the Camber Dock in Portsmouth Harbour. B. exitiosa was not detected in the November 2018 broodstock populations. A total of six larval broods were positive for B. exitiosa, with five also positive for B. ostreae. None of the brooding adults were positive for B. exitiosa suggesting that horizontal transmission from the surrounding environment to the brooding larvae is occurring. Further sampling of broodstock populations conducted by the Fish Health Inspectorate at the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science in June 2019 did not detect infection of O. edulis by B. exitiosa. These findings together suggest that the pathogen has not currently established in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Helmer
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK; Blue Marine Foundation, London, UK.
| | - Chris Hauton
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Tim Bean
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.
| | - David Bass
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, UK.
| | - Ian Hendy
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK; Blue Marine Foundation, London, UK.
| | - Eric Harris-Scott
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
| | - Joanne Preston
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
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7
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Gillies CL, Castine SA, Alleway HK, Crawford C, Fitzsimons JA, Hancock B, Koch P, McAfee D, McLeod IM, zu Ermgassen PS. Conservation status of the Oyster Reef Ecosystem of Southern and Eastern Australia. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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8
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Lattos A, Giantsis IA, Karagiannis D, Michaelidis B. First detection of the invasive Haplosporidian and Mycobacteria parasites hosting the endangered bivalve Pinna nobilis in Thermaikos Gulf, North Greece. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 155:104889. [PMID: 32072991 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium sp. and Haplosporidium pinnae constitute invasive parasite species of bivalves, reported for the first time in the present study in the Aegean Sea and Thermaikos Gulf, respectively. During the last years, the endangered fan mussel (Pinna nobilis) experienced several mortality events in the Mediterranean Sea that caused deaths to 90% or more of their populations and have been attributed to infections by these pathogens. In Greece, two mass mortality events have been recently reported, namely in the Gulf of Kalloni and in Limnos island. In the present study we investigated the presence of both pathogens in P. nobilis from these marine areas as well as from Thermaikos Gulf using both histopathological microscopy and molecular markers. The detected parasite DNA was further quantified in the three populations utilizing a real time qPCR. Histopathological results indicated the presence of a Mycobacterium species alongside with the existence of the Haplosporidian parasite, which was identified in all mortality events in the Mediterranean Sea. The parasite was present in different phases mostly on the digestive gland epithelium. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the taxonomy of the Haplosporidian parasite as the recently described Haplosporidium pinnae, whereas it failed to identify the Mycobacteria parasite at species level. While Mycobacterium sp. was detected in all examined specimens, H. pinnae was not detected in all diseased fan mussels. Interestingly, monitoring of P. nobilis population from Thermaikos Gulf, an estuary of extremely high importance for bivalve production, revealed the presence of both pathogens in a few specimens in higher quantity but with no symptoms of the disease. Besides, all the specimens from Thermaikos Gulf had inflammatory responses similarly to moribund specimens from mortality events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Lattos
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis A Giantsis
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100, Florina, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Karagiannis
- National Reference Laboratory for Mollusc Diseases, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, 7 Frixou street, 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Basile Michaelidis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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9
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King WL, Jenkins C, Seymour JR, Labbate M. Oyster disease in a changing environment: Decrypting the link between pathogen, microbiome and environment. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 143:124-140. [PMID: 30482397 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Shifting environmental conditions are known to be important triggers of oyster diseases. The mechanism(s) behind these synergistic effects (interplay between host, environment and pathogen/s) are often not clear, although there is evidence that shifts in environmental conditions can affect oyster immunity, and pathogen growth and virulence. However, the impact of shifting environmental parameters on the oyster microbiome and how this affects oyster health and susceptibility to infectious pathogens remains understudied. In this review, we summarise the major diseases afflicting oysters with a focus on the role of environmental factors that can catalyse or amplify disease outbreaks. We also consider the potential role of the oyster microbiome in buffering or augmenting oyster disease outbreaks and suggest that a deeper understanding of the oyster microbiome, its links to the environment and its effect on oyster health and disease susceptibility, is required to develop new frameworks for the prevention and management of oyster diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L King
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia; Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- Elizabeth Macarthur Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maurizio Labbate
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Zannella C, Mosca F, Mariani F, Franci G, Folliero V, Galdiero M, Tiscar PG, Galdiero M. Microbial Diseases of Bivalve Mollusks: Infections, Immunology and Antimicrobial Defense. Mar Drugs 2017. [PMID: 28629124 PMCID: PMC5484132 DOI: 10.3390/md15060182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of bivalve mollusks (phylum Mollusca, class Bivalvia) constitute a prominent commodity in fisheries and aquacultures, but are also crucial in order to preserve our ecosystem’s complexity and function. Bivalve mollusks, such as clams, mussels, oysters and scallops, are relevant bred species, and their global farming maintains a high incremental annual growth rate, representing a considerable proportion of the overall fishery activities. Bivalve mollusks are filter feeders; therefore by filtering a great quantity of water, they may bioaccumulate in their tissues a high number of microorganisms that can be considered infectious for humans and higher vertebrates. Moreover, since some pathogens are also able to infect bivalve mollusks, they are a threat for the entire mollusk farming industry. In consideration of the leading role in aquaculture and the growing financial importance of bivalve farming, much interest has been recently devoted to investigate the pathogenesis of infectious diseases of these mollusks in order to be prepared for public health emergencies and to avoid dreadful income losses. Several bacterial and viral pathogens will be described herein. Despite the minor complexity of the organization of the immune system of bivalves, compared to mammalian immune systems, a precise description of the different mechanisms that induce its activation and functioning is still missing. In the present review, a substantial consideration will be devoted in outlining the immune responses of bivalves and their repertoire of immune cells. Finally, we will focus on the description of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified and characterized in bivalve mollusks. Their structural and antimicrobial features are also of great interest for the biotechnology sector as antimicrobial templates to combat the increasing antibiotic-resistance of different pathogenic bacteria that plague the human population all over the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Francesco Mosca
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Francesca Mariani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Marilena Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Pietro Giorgio Tiscar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
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Lane HS, Webb SC, Duncan J. Bonamia ostreae in the New Zealand oyster Ostrea chilensis: a new host and geographic record for this haplosporidian parasite. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2016; 118:55-63. [PMID: 26865235 DOI: 10.3354/dao02960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports of the haplosporidian parasite Bonamia ostreae have been restricted to the Northern Hemisphere, including Europe, and both eastern and western North America. This species is reported for the first time in New Zealand infecting the flat oyster Ostrea chilensis. Histological examination of 149 adult oysters identified 119 (79.9%) infected with Bonamia microcells. Bonamia generic PCR of several oysters followed by DNA sequencing of a 300 bp portion of the 18S rDNA gene produced a 100% match with that of B. ostreae. All DNA-sequenced products also produced a B. ostreae PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) profile. Bonamia species-specific PCRs further detected single infections of B. exitiosa (2.7%), B. ostreae (40.3%), and concurrent infections (53.7%) with these 2 Bonamia species identifying overall a Bonamia prevalence of 96.6%. Detailed histological inspection revealed 2 microcell types. An infection identified by PCR as B. ostreae histologically presented small microcells (mean ± SE diameter = 1.28 ± 0.16 µm, range = 0.9-2 µm, n = 60) commonly with eccentric nuclei. A B. exitiosa infection exhibited larger microcells (mean ± SE diameter = 2.12 ± 0.27 µm, range = 1.5-4 µm, n = 60) with more concentric nuclei. Concurrent infections of both Bonamia species, as identified by PCR, exhibited both types of microcells. DNA barcoding of the B. ostreae-infected oyster host confirmed the identification as O. chilensis. A suite of other parasites that accompany O. chilensis are reported here for the first time in mixed infection with B. ostreae including apicomplexan X (76.5%), Microsporidium rapuae (0.7%) and Bucephalus longicornutus (30.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry S Lane
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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12
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Abstract
Aquaculture is a rapidly growing global industry. Half of all seafood is sourced from aquaculture and Australia is part of the trend. A major emerging threat to this industry is disease.
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13
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New perspective on the haplosporidian parasites of molluscs. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 131:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Whole-genome amplification: a useful approach to characterize new genes in unculturable protozoan parasites such as Bonamia exitiosa. Parasitology 2015; 142:1523-34. [PMID: 26282916 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182015000967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bonamia exitiosa is an intracellular parasite (Haplosporidia) that has been associated with mass mortalities in oyster populations in the Southern hemisphere. This parasite was recently detected in the Northern hemisphere including Europe. Some representatives of the Bonamia genus have not been well categorized yet due to the lack of genomic information. In the present work, we have applied Whole-Genome Amplification (WGA) technique in order to characterize the actin gene in the unculturable protozoan B. exitiosa. This is the first protein coding gene described in this species. Molecular analysis revealed that B. exitiosa actin is more similar to Bonamia ostreae actin gene-1. Actin phylogeny placed the Bonamia sp. infected oysters in the same clade where the herein described B. exitiosa actin resolved, offering novel information about the classification of the genus. Our results showed that WGA methodology is a promising and valuable technique to be applied to unculturable protozoans whose genomic material is limited.
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15
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Rodgers CJ, Carnegie RB, Chávez-Sánchez MC, Martínez-Chávez CC, Furones Nozal MD, Hine PM. Legislative and regulatory aspects of molluscan health management. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 131:242-55. [PMID: 26146227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The world population is growing quickly and there is a need to make sustainable protein available through an integrated approach that includes marine aquaculture. Seafood is already a highly traded commodity but the production from capture fisheries is rarely sustainable, which makes mollusc culture more important. However, an important constraint to its continued expansion is the potential for trade movements to disseminate pathogens that can cause disease problems and loss of production. Therefore, this review considers legislative and regulatory aspects of molluscan health management that have historically attempted to control the spread of mollusc pathogens. It is argued that the legislation has been slow to react to emerging diseases and the appearance of exotic pathogens in new areas. In addition, illegal trade movements are taken into account and possible future developments related to improvements in areas such as data collection and diagnostic techniques, as well as epidemiology, traceability and risk analysis, are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Rodgers
- IRTA-SCR, C/Poble Nou s/n, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - R B Carnegie
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, USA
| | - M C Chávez-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), Unidad Mazatlán, Av. Sábalo Cerritos s/n, Mazatlán, 82100 Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - C C Martínez-Chávez
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, UMSNH, Av. San Juanito Itzícuaro s/n, Morelia, 58330 Michoacán, Mexico
| | - M D Furones Nozal
- IRTA-SCR, C/Poble Nou s/n, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain
| | - P M Hine
- 73 rue de la Fée au Bois, 17450 Fouras, France
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16
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Dégremont L, Garcia C, Allen SK. Genetic improvement for disease resistance in oysters: A review. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 131:226-41. [PMID: 26037230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Oyster species suffer from numerous disease outbreaks, often causing high mortality. Because the environment cannot be controlled, genetic improvement for disease resistance to pathogens is an attractive option to reduce their impact on oyster production. We review the literature on selective breeding programs for disease resistance in oyster species, and the impact of triploidy on such resistance. Significant response to selection to improve disease resistance was observed in all studies after two to four generations of selection for Haplosporidium nelsoni and Roseovarius crassostrea in Crassostrea virginica, OsHV-1 in Crassostrea gigas, and Martelia sydneyi in Saccostrea glomerata. Clearly, resistance in these cases was heritable, but most of the studies failed to provide estimates for heritability or genetic correlations with other traits, e.g., between resistance to one disease and another. Generally, it seems breeding for higher resistance to one disease does not confer higher resistance or susceptibility to another disease. For disease resistance in triploid oysters, several studies showed that triploidy confers neither advantage nor disadvantage in survival, e.g., OsHV-1 resistance in C. gigas. Other studies showed higher disease resistance of triploids over diploid as observed in C. virginica and S. glomerata. One indirect mechanism for triploids to avoid disease was to grow faster, thus limiting the span of time when oysters might be exposed to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Dégremont
- SG2M, LGPMM, Ifremer, Avenue Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France.
| | - Céline Garcia
- SG2M, LGPMM, Ifremer, Avenue Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France.
| | - Standish K Allen
- Aquaculture Genetics and Breeding Technology Center, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, 1208 Greate Road, Gloucester Point, VA 23062-1346, USA.
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17
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Abbott CL, Meyer GR, Lowe G, Kim E, Johnson SC. Molecular taxonomy of Mikrocytos boweri sp. nov. from Olympia oysters Ostrea lurida in British Columbia, Canada. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 110:65-70. [PMID: 25060498 DOI: 10.3354/dao02699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mikrocytos mackini is a microcell parasite that usually infects Crassostrea gigas distributed along the Pacific Northwest coast of North America. For many years, M. mackini was the only known species in the genus, but there have been multiple recent findings of genetically divergent forms of Mikrocytos in different hosts and in distantly located geographic locations. This note describes M. boweri sp. nov. found in Olympia oysters Ostrea lurida collected from and native to British Columbia, Canada, primarily using a molecular taxonomic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn L Abbott
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
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18
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Carnegie RB, Engelsma MY. Microcell parasites of molluscs: introduction to DAO Special 7. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 110:1-4. [PMID: 25060493 DOI: 10.3354/dao02787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
First discovered decades ago, microcell protistan parasites of the genera Bonamia and Mikrocytos remain relevant today for their economic impacts on growing molluscan aquaculture industries and fisheries. Bonamia parasites have received more attention over the years in part because they are more widespread and thus of wider concern, but there has been renewed interest in Mikrocytos recently with the generation of important new findings. Among these has been the surprising observation that Mikrocytos has phylogenetic affinities to the Rhizaria, which includes the haplosporidian protists and the genus Bonamia. This Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Special, emerging from the 5th Meeting of the Microcell Working Group held at the Central Veterinary Institute, Lelystad, the Netherlands, in February 2012, presents new insights into Mikrocytos and Bonamia diversity, distributions, diagnostics, ultrastructure, and infection dynamics, and captures major developments in the field since the last review of these genera in 2004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Carnegie
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA
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19
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Hine PM, Carnegie RB, Kroeck MA, Villalba A, Engelsma MY, Burreson EM. Ultrastructural comparison of Bonamia spp. (Haplosporidia) infecting ostreid oysters. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 110:55-63. [PMID: 25060497 DOI: 10.3354/dao02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of Bonamia from Ostrea angasi from Australia, Crassostrea ariakensis from the USA, O. puelchana from Argentina and O. edulis from Spain was compared with described Bonamia spp. All appear conspecific with B. exitiosa. The Bonamia sp. from Chile had similarities to the type B. exitiosa from New Zealand (NZ), but less so than the other forms recognized as B. exitiosa. Two groups of ultrastructural features were identified; those associated with metabolism (mitochondrial profiles, lipid droplets and endoplasmic reticulum), and those associated with haplosporogenesis (Golgi, indentations in the nuclear surface, the putative trans-Golgi network, perinuclear granular material and haplosporosome-like bodies). Metabolic features were regarded as having little taxonomic value, and as the process of haplosporogenesis is not understood, only haplosporosome shape and size may be of taxonomic value. However, the uni-nucleate stages of spore-forming haplosporidians are poorly known and may be confused with Bonamia spp. uni-nucleate stages. The many forms of NZ B. exitiosa have not been observed in other hosts, which may indicate that it has a plastic life cycle. Although there are similarities between NZ B. exitiosa and Chilean Bonamia in the development of a larger uni-nucleate stage and the occurrence of cylindrical confronting cisternae, the clarification of the identity of Chilean Bonamia must await molecular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Hine
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre, Biosecurity New Zealand, PO Box 40-742, Upper Hutt 6007, New Zealand
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20
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Abbott CL, Meyer GR. Review of Mikrocytos microcell parasites at the dawn of a new age of scientific discovery. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 110:25-32. [PMID: 25060495 DOI: 10.3354/dao02788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The genus Mikrocytos is traditionally known for Mikrocytos mackini, the microcell parasite that typically infects Pacific oysters along the west coast of North America. Multiple factors have conspired to create difficulty for scientific research on Mikrocytos parasites. These include their tiny cell size, infections that are often of light intensity, lack of suitable cell lines and techniques for in vitro culture, and the seasonal nature of infections. The extreme rate of molecular evolution in Mikrocytos stymied new species discovery and confounded attempts to resolve its phylogenetic position for many years. Fortunately, 2 recent landmark studies have paved the way forward for future research by drastically changing our understanding of the evolution and diversity of these parasites. No longer an orphan eukaryotic lineage, the phylogenetic placement of Mikrocytos has been confidently resolved within Rhizaria and as sister taxon to Haplosporidia. The genus has also found a taxonomic home within the newly-discovered order, Mikrocytida - a globally distributed lineage of parasites infecting a wide range of invertebrate hosts. Here we review available scientific information on Mikrocytos parasites including their evolution and diversity, host and geographic ranges, epizootiology, and detection of the regulated pathogen, M. mackini. We also make recommendations towards a consistent taxonomic framework for this genus by minimally suggesting the use of 18S rDNA sequence, host species information, and histopathological presentation in new species descriptions. This is timely given that we are likely embarking on a new era of scientific advancements, including species discovery, in this genus and its relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn L Abbott
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
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21
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Hill KM, Stokes NA, Webb SC, Hine PM, Kroeck MA, Moore JD, Morley MS, Reece KS, Burreson EM, Carnegie RB. Phylogenetics of Bonamia parasites based on small subunit and internal transcribed spacer region ribosomal DNA sequence data. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 110:33-54. [PMID: 25060496 DOI: 10.3354/dao02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The genus Bonamia (Haplosporidia) includes economically significant oyster parasites. Described species were thought to have fairly circumscribed host and geographic ranges: B. ostreae infecting Ostrea edulis in Europe and North America, B. exitiosa infecting O. chilensis in New Zealand, and B. roughleyi infecting Saccostrea glomerata in Australia. The discovery of B. exitiosa-like parasites in new locations and the observation of a novel species, B. perspora, in non-commercial O. stentina altered this perception and prompted our wider evaluation of the global diversity of Bonamia parasites. Samples of 13 oyster species from 21 locations were screened for Bonamia spp. by PCR, and small subunit and internal transcribed spacer regions of Bonamia sp. ribosomal DNA were sequenced from PCR-positive individuals. Infections were confirmed histologically. Phylogenetic analyses using parsimony and Bayesian methods revealed one species, B. exitiosa, to be widely distributed, infecting 7 oyster species from Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, eastern and western USA, and Tunisia. More limited host and geographic distributions of B. ostreae and B. perspora were confirmed, but nothing genetically identifiable as B. roughleyi was found in Australia or elsewhere. Newly discovered diversity included a Bonamia sp. in Dendostrea sandvicensis from Hawaii, USA, that is basal to the other Bonamia species and a Bonamia sp. in O. edulis from Tomales Bay, California, USA, that is closely related to both B. exitiosa and the previously observed Bonamia sp. from O. chilensis in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Hill
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA
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22
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Oehrens Kissner EM, Socorro Doldan MD, Zaidman PC, Morsan EM, Kroeck MA. Bonamiosis status in natural Ostrea puelchana beds in San Matías Gulf (Patagonia, Argentina), 14 years after an epizootic. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 110:135-142. [PMID: 25060505 DOI: 10.3354/dao02707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Between 1995 and 1996, Bonamia exitiosa caused an epizootic in San Matías Gulf, Argentina, that spread from a commercial culture site of Ostrea puelchana to natural beds located at the northeastern coast of the gulf. A mortality rate of 95% was registered in cultured oysters, and oysters from natural beds were also affected. The aims of this study were to assess the parasite prevalence in oyster beds and the demographic structure 14 yr after the epizootic. Two different oyster beds were studied during 2009 and 2010. Parasite prevalence was studied related to oyster aggregation, density, sex, and oyster size. Prevalence reached 35.3% at Las Grutas and 18.9% at Banco Reparo and was proportionally associated with density. Prevalence was also associated with the type of aggregation in Banco Reparo, where carrier oysters were more infected. Infection was independent of sex category, and infected oysters were larger than the non-infected ones. Oyster density decreased markedly compared to previous studies in both beds and mean sizes were lower, while prevalence doubled. Because of the persistence of the beds in this period, disease seems to control the population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Oehrens Kissner
- LABPAT-IBMP (SENASA L-709), Instituto de Biología Marina y Pesquera 'Almirante Storni' (IBMPAS), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, (8520), San Antonio Oeste, Rio Negro, Argentina
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23
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Engelsma MY, Culloty SC, Lynch SA, Arzul I, Carnegie RB. Bonamia parasites: a rapidly changing perspective on a genus of important mollusc pathogens. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 110:5-23. [PMID: 25060494 DOI: 10.3354/dao02741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organisms of the genus Bonamia are intracellular protistan parasites of oysters. To date, 4 species have been described (B. ostreae, B. exitiosa, B. perspora and B. roughleyi), although the status of B. roughleyi is controversial. Introduction especially of B. ostreae and B. exitiosa to naïve host populations has been shown to cause mass mortalities in the past and has had a dramatic impact on oyster production. Both B. ostreae and B. exitiosa are pathogens notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the European Union. Effective management of the disease caused by these pathogens is complicated by the extensive nature of the oyster production process and limited options for disease control of the cultured stocks in open water. This review focuses on the recent advances in research on genetic relationships between Bonamia isolates, geographical distribution, susceptible host species, diagnostics, epizootiology, host-parasite interactions, and disease resistance and control of this globally important genus of oyster pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Y Engelsma
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), PO Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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