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Zhang L, Zhang S, Qiao Y, Cao X, Cheng J, Meng Q, Shen H. Dynamic Interplay of Metabolic and Transcriptional Responses in Shrimp during Early and Late Infection Stages of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16738. [PMID: 38069062 PMCID: PMC10706788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a microsporidian parasite that infects Litopenaeus vannamei, causing severe hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM) and resulting in significant economic losses. This study utilizes a combined analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics to unveil the dynamic molecular interactions between EHP and its host, the Pacific white shrimp, during the early and late stages of infection. The results indicate distinct immunological, detoxification, and antioxidant responses in the early and late infection phases. During early EHP infection in shrimp, immune activation coincides with suppression of genes like Ftz-F1 and SEPs, potentially aiding parasitic evasion. In contrast, late infection shows a refined immune response with phagocytosis-enhancing down-regulation of Ftz-F1 and a resurgence in SEP expression. This phase is characterized by an up-regulated detoxification and antioxidant response, likely a defense against the accumulated effects of EHP, facilitating a stable host-pathogen relationship. In the later stages of infection, most immune responses return to baseline levels, while some immune genes remain active. The glutathione antioxidant system is suppressed early on but becomes activated in the later stages. This phenomenon could facilitate the early invasion of EHP while assisting the host in mitigating oxidative damage caused by late-stage infection. Notably, there are distinctive events in polyamine metabolism. Sustained up-regulation of spermidine synthase and concurrent reduction in spermine levels suggest a potential role of polyamines in EHP development. Throughout the infection process, significant differences in genes such as ATP synthase and hexokinase highlight the continuous influence on energy metabolism pathways. Additionally, growth-related pathways involving amino acids such as tryptophan, histidine, and taurine are disrupted early on, potentially contributing to the growth inhibition observed during the initial stages of infection. In summary, these findings elucidate the dynamic interplay between the host, Litopenaeus vannamei, and the parasite, EHP, during infection. Specific phase differences in immune responses, energy metabolism, and antioxidant processes underscore the intricate relationship between the host and the parasite. The disruption of polyamine metabolism offers a novel perspective in understanding the proliferation mechanisms of EHP. These discoveries significantly advance our comprehension of the pathogenic mechanisms of EHP and its interactions with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiting Zhang
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
- School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Xiaohui Cao
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
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Zhang C, Teng B, Liu H, Wu C, Wang L, Jin S. Impact of Beauveria bassiana on antioxidant enzyme activities and metabolomic profiles of Spodoptera frugiperda. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 198:107929. [PMID: 37127135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda is a pest that poses serious threat to the production of food and crops. Entopathogenic fungi, represented by Beauveria bassiana, has shown potential for S. frugiperda control. However, the mechanism of this biological control of pathogens is not fully understood, such as how antioxidant enzyme activities and metabolic profiles in S. frugiperda larvae are affected when infected by entomopathogenic fungi. This study assessed the antioxidant enzyme activities and shift in metabolomic profile in the S. frugiperda larvae infected with B.bassiana. The results indicate a pattern of initial increase and subsequent decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in the B.bassiana-infected larvae. And the enzyme activities at 60 h of infection ended significantly lower than those of the uninfected larvae. A total of 93 differential metabolites were identified in the B.bassiana-infected larvae, of which 41 metabolites were up-regulated and 52 were down-regulated. These metabolites mainly included amino acids, nucleotides, lipids, carbohydrates, and their derivatives. Among the changed metabolites, cystathionine, L-tyrosine, L-dopa, arginine, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, D-sedoheptulose-7-phosphate and citric acid were significantly decreased in B. bassiana-infected larvae. This indicated that the fungal infection might impair the ability of S. frugiperda larvae to cope with oxidative stress, leading to a negative impact of organism fitness. Further analyses of key metabolic pathways reveal that B. bassiana infection might affect purine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, butanoate metabolism, and phenylalanine metabolism of S. frugiperda larvae. The findings from this study will contribute to our understanding of oxidative stress on immune defense in insects, and offer fundamental support for the biological control of S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Bin Teng
- Institute of Rice Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Huimin Liu
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Chenyuan Wu
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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Wu Y, Yu Y, Sun Q, Yu Y, Chen J, Li T, Meng X, Pan G, Zhou Z. A Putative TRAPα Protein of Microsporidia Nosema bombycis Exhibits Non-Canonical Alternative Polyadenylation in Transcripts. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040407. [PMID: 37108862 PMCID: PMC10142623 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasites that have significantly reduced genomes and that have lost most of their introns. In the current study, we characterized a gene in microsporidia Nosema bombycis, annotated as TRAPα (HNbTRAPα). The homologous of TRAPα are a functional component of ER translocon and facilitates the initiation of protein translocation in a substrate-specific manner, which is conserved in animals but absent from most fungi. The coding sequence of HNbTRAPα consists of 2226 nucleotides, longer than the majority of homologs in microsporidia. A 3′ RACE analysis indicated that there were two mRNA isoforms resulting from non-canonical alternative polyadenylation (APA), and the polyadenylate tail was synthesized after the C951 or C1167 nucleotide, respectively. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis showed two different localization characteristics of HNbTRAPα, which are mainly located around the nuclear throughout the proliferation stage and co-localized with the nuclear in mature spores. This study demonstrated that the post-transcriptional regulation mechanism exists in Microsporidia and expands the mRNA isoform repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Quan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yixiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Pollinator Insect of the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (Z.Z.)
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Characterizing the Proliferation Patterns of Representative Microsporidian Species Enlightens Future Studies of Infection Mechanisms. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11111352. [DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Microsporidia are a group of pathogens that infect all kinds of animals, such as humans, silkworms, honeybees, and shrimp; they, therefore, pose a severe threat to public health and the economy. There are over 1500 species of microsporidia that have been reported, among which Encephalitozoon hellem and Nosema bombycis are the representative zoonotic and insect-infecting species, respectively. Investigating their cell infection patterns is of great significance for understanding their infection mechanisms. Methods: Specific probes were designed for the ribosomal RNA sequences of microsporidia. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to trace the proliferation cycle of the pathogens in different cells. Results: Here, two rRNA large subunit gene (LSUrRNA) probes specifically labeling N. bombycis were obtained. The life cycle of N. bombycis in silkworm cells and E. hellem in three kinds of host cells was graphically drawn. N. bombycis meronts were first observed at 30 hours post-infection (hpi), and they began merogony. Sporonts were observed at 42 hpi, and the first entire proliferation cycle was completed at 48 hpi. The proliferation cycle of E. hellem in RK13 and HEK293 epithelial cells was almost the same, completing the first life cycle after 24 hpi, but it was significantly delayed to 32 hpi in RAW264.7. Conclusions: Specific FISH probes were established for labeling microsporidia in multiple host cells. The proliferation characteristics of representative zoonotic and insect-infecting microsporidian species were clarified. This study provides an experimental pattern for future analyses of microsporidian infection mechanisms.
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Luo J, Xu J, Xie C, Zhao Z, Guo J, Wen Y, Li T, Zhou Z. Microsporidia Promote Host Mitochondrial Fragmentation by Modulating DRP1 Phosphorylation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147746. [PMID: 35887094 PMCID: PMC9321008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that infect a wide variety of hosts ranging from invertebrates to vertebrates. These parasites have evolved strategies to directly hijack host mitochondria for manipulating host metabolism and immunity. However, the mechanism of microsporidia interacting with host mitochondria is unclear. In the present study, we show that microsporidian Encephalitozoon greatly induce host mitochondrial fragmentation (HMF) in multiple cells. We then reveal that the parasites promote the phosphorylation of dynamin 1-like protein (DRP1) at the 616th serine (Ser616), and dephosphorylation of the 637th serine (Ser637) by highly activating mitochondrial phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5). These phosphorylation modifications result in the translocation of DRP1 from cytosol to the mitochondrial outer membrane, and finally lead to HMF. Furthermore, treatment with mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi1) significantly reduced microsporidian proliferation, indicating that the HMF are crucial for microsporidian replication. In summary, our findings reveal the mechanism that microsporidia manipulate HMF and provide references for further understanding the interactions between these ubiquitous pathogens with host mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.W.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jinzhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.W.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chaolu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.W.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zuoming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.W.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Junrui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.W.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.W.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.W.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.W.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (Z.Z.)
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Xing D, Liao S, Huang W, Li Q, Xiao Y, Yan S, Zhao C, Yang Q. Mechanism of carbendazim in treating pebrine disease of Bombyx mori based on GC/MS-based metabonomics. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:453-460. [PMID: 34993633 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pebrine disease is caused by microporidia (Nosema bombycis) and is destructive to sericulture production. A carbendazim-based drug FangWeiLing (FWL) has a significant control effect on the disease, which is a successful example of drug treatment of microsporidia. In this study, the therapeutic effect and critical action time of FWL were investigated by silkworm rearing biological test. Besides, the hemolymph samples from silkworms in the control group, model group, and FWL group were analyzed by metabonomics based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results showed that FWL had a significant therapeutic effect on pebrine disease, and the critical action time was 24 ~ 48 h post inoculation. Forty-seven different metabolites related to pebrine disease were screened out, and correlated with starch and sucrose metabolism; aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; arginine biosynthesis; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; and phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis. After pretreatment with FWL, the metabolites were all effectively regulated, indicating productive intervention. Principal component analysis (PCA) also showed that the overall metabolic profile of the FWL group tended toward the control group. Compared with the control group, 16 different metabolites were obtained from the hemolymph of B.mori in FWL group, mainly involving aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. It indicated that FWL had some effect on silkworm metabolism, which might be related to the decrease in cocoon quality. In conclusion, combined with the life cycle of N. bombycis, the mechanism of carbendazim in the treatment of pebrine disease can be fully revealed. Carbendazim can effectively reduce the destruction of amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism by N. Bombycis infection by inhibiting the proliferation of the meronts in silkworms, thus maintaining the normal physiological state of B. mori and achieve therapeutic effects. GC/MS-based metabonomics is a valuable and promising strategy to understand the disease mechanism and drug treatment of pebrine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Xing
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 133 Dongguanzhuang Yiheng Road, Guangzhou, 510610, China
| | - Sentai Liao
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 133 Dongguanzhuang Yiheng Road, Guangzhou, 510610, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qingrong Li
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 133 Dongguanzhuang Yiheng Road, Guangzhou, 510610, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 133 Dongguanzhuang Yiheng Road, Guangzhou, 510610, China
| | - Shijuan Yan
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chaoyi Zhao
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 133 Dongguanzhuang Yiheng Road, Guangzhou, 510610, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 133 Dongguanzhuang Yiheng Road, Guangzhou, 510610, China.
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Jespersen N, Monrroy L, Barandun J. Impact of Genome Reduction in Microsporidia. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 114:1-42. [PMID: 35543997 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93306-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidia represent an evolutionary outlier in the tree of life and occupy the extreme edge of the eukaryotic domain with some of their biological features. Many of these unicellular fungi-like organisms have reduced their genomic content to potentially the lowest limit. With some of the most compacted eukaryotic genomes, microsporidia are excellent model organisms to study reductive evolution and its functional consequences. While the growing number of sequenced microsporidian genomes have elucidated genome composition and organization, a recent increase in complementary post-genomic studies has started to shed light on the impacts of genome reduction in these unique pathogens. This chapter will discuss the biological framework enabling genome minimization and will use one of the most ancient and essential macromolecular complexes, the ribosome, to illustrate the effects of extreme genome reduction on a structural, molecular, and cellular level. We outline how reductive evolution in microsporidia has shaped DNA organization, the composition and function of the ribosome, and the complexity of the ribosome biogenesis process. Studying compacted mechanisms, processes, or macromolecular machines in microsporidia illuminates their unique lifestyle and provides valuable insights for comparative eukaryotic structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Jespersen
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Science for Life Laboratory, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Leonardo Monrroy
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Science for Life Laboratory, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas Barandun
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Science for Life Laboratory, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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