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Priya PS, Vaishnavi S, Sreekutty AR, Sudhakaran G, Arshad A, Arockiaraj J. White feces syndrome in shrimp: Comprehensive understanding of immune system responses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109704. [PMID: 38880362 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
White feces syndrome (WFS) is a multifactorial disease that affects global shrimp production. The diagnostic approach to identify WFS involves traditional and molecular scientific methods by examining histopathology, bioassays, PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and calorimetric estimation. The pathogenesis of WFS is closely associated with Vibrio spp., intestinal microbiota (IM) dysbiosis, and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). It also has caused over 10-15 % loss in the aquaculture industry and is also known to cause retardation, lethargy and slowly leading to high mortality in shrimp farms. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms processed under the association of IM dysbiosis, Vibrio spp., and EHP to analyze the impact of disease on the innate immune system of shrimp. However, only very few reviews have described the molecular pathways involved in WFS. Hence, this review aims to elucidate an in-depth analysis of molecular pathways involved in the innate immune system of shrimp and their response to pathogens. The analysis and understanding of the impact of shrimp's innate immune system on WFS would help in developing treatments to prevent the spread of disease, thereby improving the economic condition of shrimp farms worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Snega Priya
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Kattankulatur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Vaishnavi
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Kattankulatur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A R Sreekutty
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Kattankulatur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gokul Sudhakaran
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, 600105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aziz Arshad
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Kattankulatur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Tersigni J, Tamim El Jarkass H, James EB, Reinke AW. Interactions between microsporidia and other members of the microbiome. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2024:e13025. [PMID: 38561869 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The microbiome is the collection of microbes that are associated with a host. Microsporidia are intracellular eukaryotic parasites that can infect most types of animals. In the last decade, there has been much progress to define the relationship between microsporidia and the microbiome. In this review, we cover an increasing number of reports suggesting that microsporidia are common components of the microbiome in both invertebrates and vertebrates. These microsporidia infections can range from mutualistic to pathogenic, causing several physiological phenotypes, including death. Infection with microsporidia often causes a disruption in the normal microbiome, with both increases and decreases of bacterial, fungal, viral, and protozoan species being observed. This impact on the microbiome can occur through upregulation and downregulation of innate immunity as well as morphological changes to tissues that impact interactions with these microbes. Other microbes, particularly bacteria, can inhibit microsporidia and have been exploited to control microsporidia infections. These bacteria can function through regulating immunity, secreting anti-microsporidia compounds, and, in engineered versions, expressing double-stranded RNA targeting microsporidia genes. We end this review by discussing potential future directions to further understand the complex interactions between microsporidia and the other members of the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Tersigni
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Edward B James
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron W Reinke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zhang J, Liu K, Gong X, Zhang N, Zeng Y, Ren W, Huang A, Long H, Xie Z. Transcriptome analysis of the hepatopancreas from the Litopenaeus vannamei infected with different flagellum types of Vibrio alginolyticus strains. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1265917. [PMID: 38076457 PMCID: PMC10703188 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1265917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio alginolyticus, one of the prevalently harmful Vibrio species found in the ocean, causes significant economic damage in the shrimp farming industry. Its flagellum serves as a crucial virulence factor in the invasion of host organisms. However, the processes of bacteria flagella recognition and activation of the downstream immune system in shrimp remain unclear. To enhance comprehension of this, a ΔflhG strain was created by in-frame deletion of the flhG gene in V. alginolyticus strain HN08155. Then we utilized the transcriptome analysis to examine the different immune responses in Litopenaeus vannamei hepatopancreas after being infected with the wild type and the mutant strains. The results showed that the ΔflhG strain, unlike the wild type, lost its ability to regulate flagella numbers negatively and displayed multiple flagella. When infected with the hyperflagella-type strain, the RNA-seq revealed the upregulation of several immune-related genes in the shrimp hepatopancreas. Notably, two C-type lectins (CTLs), namely galactose-specific lectin nattectin and macrophage mannose receptor 1, and the TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6 gene were upregulated significantly. These findings suggested that C-type lectins were potentially involved in flagella recognition in shrimp and the immune system was activated through the TRAF6 pathway after flagella detection by CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Marine Microbial Resource, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Kaifang Liu
- School of Fisheries, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Gong
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Marine Microbial Resource, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Marine Microbial Resource, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yanhua Zeng
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Marine Microbial Resource, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Marine Microbial Resource, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Aiyou Huang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Marine Microbial Resource, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hao Long
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Marine Microbial Resource, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhenyu Xie
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Marine Microbial Resource, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Subash P, Chrisolite B, Sivasankar P, Rosalind George M, Vijay Amirtharaj KS, Padmavathy P, Rani V, Sankar Sri Balaje R, Gowtham S, Mageshkumar P. White feces syndrome in Penaeus vannamei is potentially an Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) associated pathobiome origin of Vibrio spp. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 198:107932. [PMID: 37169328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
White feces syndrome (WFS) is a commercially important disease in Penaeus vannamei (whiteleg shrimp) farming. The aetiology beyond the white or golden white midgut with mediocre growth performance producing a floating mass of white fecal strings in WFS-affected shrimp farms remains uncharted. To give WFS a perception of pathobiome, healthy P. vannamei shrimps were subjected to an enteric microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) infection along with Vibrio harveyi and V. alginolyticus in different combinations. Immune responses in haemolymph (total haemocyte count (THC), prophenoloxidase activity (proPO), respiratory burst activity (RBA), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) and catalase activity (CAT)), plasma biochemical changes (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) and digestive enzymes activity (alpha-amylase (AMY), lipase (LIP) and protease (PRO)) were assessed in the challenged shrimps at 5, 10 and 15 days post-infection (dpi). The microbial interactions between the EHP and Vibrio spp. have led to the formation of WFS in the challenged shrimps. The histological sections of the hepatopancreas revealed the presence of EHP along with colonized bacterial masses, leading to the formation of aggregated transformed microvilli (ATM) structures and increased sloughing of lipid vacuoles into the tubule lumen. A significantly decreased THC and increased proPO levels, dysregulated antioxidant system, prominent hepatic damage, reduced energy metabolism and higher lipid production were the key records supporting that EHP-associated WFS in P. vannamei is due to the pathobiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniappan Subash
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi - 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Bagthasingh Chrisolite
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi - 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Panchavarnam Sivasankar
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi - 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - K S Vijay Amirtharaj
- Mariculture Research Farm Facility, Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi - 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pandurengan Padmavathy
- Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi - 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Velu Rani
- Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi - 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravi Sankar Sri Balaje
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi - 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundararajan Gowtham
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi - 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Paulraj Mageshkumar
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi - 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
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Rowley AF, Coates CJ. Shell disease syndromes of decapod crustaceans. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:931-947. [PMID: 36708190 PMCID: PMC10946978 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The term shell disease subsumes a number of debilitating conditions affecting the outer integument (the carapace) of decapod crustaceans, such as lobsters and crabs. Herein, we seek to find commonality in the aetiology and pathology of such conditions, and those cases that result in the progressive erosion of the cuticle through to the visceral tissues by a cocktail of microbial-derived enzymes including lipases, proteases and chitinases. Aquimarina spp. are involved in shell disease in many different crustaceans across a wide geographical area, but the overall view is that the condition is polymicrobial in nature leading to dysbiosis within the microbial consortium of the damaged cuticle. The role of environment, decapod behaviour and physiology in triggering this disease is also reviewed. Finally, we provide a conceptual model for disease aetiology and suggest several avenues for future research that could improve our understanding of how such factors trigger, or exacerbate, this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. Rowley
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and EngineeringSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - Christopher J. Coates
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural SciencesZoology, Ryan InstituteSchool of Natural Sciences, University of GalwayGalwayIreland
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Hu F, Wang Y, Hu J, Bao Z, Wang M. Comparative study of the impact of dietary supplementation with different types of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) on enhancing intestinal microbiota diversity, antioxidant capacity, and immune-related gene expression profiles in Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei). Front Immunol 2023; 14:1190590. [PMID: 37180130 PMCID: PMC10174297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1190590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) reportedly possess the capacity to strengthen immunity in mammals. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of dietary supplementation with 17 types of CpG ODNs on intestinal microbiota diversity, antioxidant capacity, and immune-related gene expression profiles of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Diets including 50 mg kg-1 CpG ODNs wrapped in egg whites were prepared and divided into 17 different groups, with 2 control groups (normal feed and feed with egg whites). These CpG ODNs supplemented diets and the control diets were fed to L. vannamei (5.15 ± 0.54 g) three times daily at 5%-8% shrimp body weight for three weeks. The results of consecutive detection of intestinal microbiota by 16S rDNA sequencing indicated that 11 of the 17 types of CpG ODNs significantly enhanced intestinal microbiota diversity, increased the populations of several probiotic bacteria, and activated possible mechanisms relevant to diseases. The immune-related genes expression and antioxidant capacity in hepatopancreas further demonstrated that the 11 types of CpG ODNs effectively improved the innate immunity of shrimp. Additionally, histology results showed that the CpG ODNs in the experiment did not damage the tissue structure of hepatopancreas. The results suggest that CpG ODNs could be used as a trace supplement to improve the intestinal health and immunity of shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Jingjie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, and Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, and Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, and Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Mengqiang Wang,
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