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Alghamdi IG, Alghamdi RM, Alghamdi MS, Alghamdi AM, Alghamdi MI, Alghamdi ZI, Alghamdi KS. Epidemiology of Hepatitis B in Saudi Arabia from 2006 to 2021. Hepat Med 2023; 15:233-247. [PMID: 38146425 PMCID: PMC10749576 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s438099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study describes the epidemiological pattern of acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Saudi Arabia from 2006 to 2021. It explores case frequency and the crude incidence rate (CIR) by year of diagnosis, age group, region, gender, and nationality of patients. Methods Retrospective data on acute hepatitis B cases diagnosed across 20 regions of Saudi Arabia during January 2006 to December 2021 were obtained from the Saudi Ministry of Health's Statistical Yearbook. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 20.0, employing both parametric and non-parametric tests. Results The highest CIR was reported in the regions of Qunfudah, Jeddah, Tabuk, and Taif (28.6, 25.2, 25.1, and 23.4 per 100,000 people). In contrast, the lowest CIR was documented in the regions of Hail, Qurayyat, Jouf, and Hafr AL-Baten (3.6, 3.5, 2.9, and 1.2 per 100,000 people). Incidence rates were notably elevated in those aged 45 years and above (30.6 per 100,000 individuals), followed by the 15-44 age group (14.2 per 100,000 individuals), and were lowest in children aged 0-14 years (0.8 per 100,000 individuals). Regarding gender differences, HBV infection rates were 1.4 times higher in Saudi males than females and 2.2 times higher in non-Saudi males compared to females. Overall, Saudi nationals had a 4.2 times higher HBV infection rate than non-Saudis during the study period. Conclusion This study highlights diverse acute Hepatitis B infection rates across Saudi regions, with higher rates in Qunfudah, Jeddah, Tabuk, and Taif, and lower rates in Hail, Qurayyat, Jouf, and Hafr AL-Baten. Predominance among ages 45+, followed by 15-44, and lowest in 0-14 age groups was observed. Gender variations showed notably higher rates in Saudi and non-Saudi males. The notably higher prevalence among Saudi nationals implies key considerations for public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim G Alghamdi
- Public Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Al-Baha, Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahaf M Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences University of Al-Baha, Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Alghamdi
- General Directorate of Health Affairs Al-Baha, Ministry of Health, Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atheer M Alghamdi
- General Directorate of Health Affairs Al-Baha, Ministry of Health, Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia
| | - Murad I Alghamdi
- College of Medicine, University of Al-Baha, Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad I Alghamdi
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Al-Baha, Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalil S Alghamdi
- General Directorate of Health Affairs Jeddah, Ministry of Health, Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
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Alshammary AF, Farzan R, Alsobaie SF, Alageel AA, Ali Khan I. Strategy for immunological analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokine marker studies with chronic hepatitis B virus in Southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:1613-1618. [PMID: 37579699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is one of the leading causes of infectious disease in the global population, and its prevalence has been increasing globally. Human HBV infection is complex, involving both innate and adaptive immune systems. Cytokines play a role in both physiologic and pathologic processes in the liver. This study was designed to screen serum levels using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and genetic variants in the TNF-α and IL6 genes using polymerase chain reactions (PCR). The aim of this study was to screen the serum levels and genotype levels with TNF-α (C-308 T/G-308A) and IL-6 (G-174 C) genes in HBV patients and control subjects. METHODS In this study, we have selected 50 HBV patients and 40 control subjects from Saudi Population. Patient serum samples was used for measuring the serum levels and PCR analysis using RFLP analysis. Prior to this, HBV patients were confirmed with PCR analysis followed by Sanger sequencing analysis. RESULTS The current study results confirmed positive association in serum levels (p < 0.05) and negative association with both genotype and allele frequencies in TNF-α (C-308 T) and IL-6 (G-174 C) genes among HBV patients and controls (p > 0.05). Positive associations between blood levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were confirmed, while negative associations were found between PCR investigations involving the TNF-α (G-308A) and IL-6 (G-174 C) genes with the HBV prevalence in the Saudi population. CONCLUSION This study confirmed serum levels are strongly associated with HBV patients in the Saudi population. However, PCR studies showed the negative association with the couple of variants selected for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal F Alshammary
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed Farzan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah F Alsobaie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa A Alageel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Ali Khan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
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Athalye S, Khargekar N, Shinde S, Parmar T, Chavan S, Swamidurai G, Pujari V, Panale P, Koli P, Shankarkumar A, Banerjee A. Exploring risk factors and transmission dynamics of Hepatitis B infection among Indian families: Implications and perspective. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:1109-1114. [PMID: 37224621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is global health problem. Family members of HBV infected people are considered as high-risk groups due to frequent household transmission of HBV among contacts of HBsAg carriers. The present study aimed to investigate the intrafamilial transmission of HBV among family members of HBV-infected persons and to identify the risk factors for viral transmission in these setting. METHODS 361 index cases and their 1083 family contacts were tested for markers of Hepatitis B, viz. HBsAg and HBcAb using commercial ELISA. The demographic details and risk factors for acquiring HBV infection among the family members were recorded using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS The median (IQR) age of index cases and family members was 37 (27 - 48) and 26 (14 - 38) years, respectively. Among the screened family members, 9.23% (n = 100) members were positive for HBsAg and 32.75% (n = 355) were positive for HBcAb. At least one member of the family was affected in 229/361 (63.43%) index cases. Significantly lower percent of household contacts (9.23%, n = 100)were vaccinated against HBV.HBV transmission risk was significantly higher in families with more than four members(p < 0.0001). Multinomial logistics regression analysis for familial risk factors for transmission of HBV such asclose contact with carrier (aOR overt: 1.172, aOR occult: 1.173), sharing of bed/bedding (aOR overt: 1.258, aOR occult:1.264), personal hygiene items (aOR overt:1.260, aOR occult: 1.451), and eating in common utensils (aOR overt: 2.182, aOR occult: 1.307)were significantly associated with the transmission of HBV (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION Close contact with carrier, sharing of bed/bedding or personal hygiene items and eating in common utensils were significantly associated with the transmission of HBV. Increasing awareness about Hepatitis B infection and vaccination of family members in close contact with carrier is essential to prevent Hepatitis B transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Athalye
- Department of Transfusion Transmitted Disease, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, 13th Floor, New MS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Naveen Khargekar
- Department of Haematogenetics, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, 13th Floor, New MS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Shailesh Shinde
- Department of Transfusion Transmitted Disease, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, 13th Floor, New MS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Tejashwini Parmar
- Department of Transfusion Transmitted Disease, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, 13th Floor, New MS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Shreya Chavan
- Department of Transfusion Transmitted Disease, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, 13th Floor, New MS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Ganeshmoorthy Swamidurai
- Department of Transfusion Transmitted Disease, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, 13th Floor, New MS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Vaishali Pujari
- Department of Transfusion Transmitted Disease, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, 13th Floor, New MS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Priyanka Panale
- Department of Transfusion Transmitted Disease, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, 13th Floor, New MS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Priyanka Koli
- Department of Transfusion Transmitted Disease, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, 13th Floor, New MS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Aruna Shankarkumar
- Department of Transfusion Transmitted Disease, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, 13th Floor, New MS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Anindita Banerjee
- Department of Transfusion Transmitted Disease, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, 13th Floor, New MS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India.
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Nakazawa S, Fukai K, Furuya Y, Hoshi K, Kojimahara N, Toyota A, Korenaga M, Tatemichi M. Occupational class and risk of hepatitis B and C viral infections: A case-control study-based data from a nationwide hospital group in Japan. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1415-1426. [PMID: 36395666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational class, a proxy for socio-economic status, is a known factor for health disparities. However, no study has reported the association between occupational class and the risk of viral hepatitis B and C (HBV/HCV) infections. We investigated the effects of occupational class on the prevalence of HBV/HCV infections. METHODS This is an unmatched hospital-based case-control study that included 12,101 patients who were diagnosed with HBV infection (ICD-10, B16.0, B16.1, B16.2, B16.9, B17.0, B18.0, B18.1) or HCV infection (ICD-10, B17.1, B18.2) and 698,168 controls (those with non-HBV/HCV-related diseases) aged ≥ 20 years who were initially hospitalized between 2005 and 2019. Patients were categorized according to occupational class (blue-collar, service, professional, and manager) and industrial sector (blue-collar, service, and white-collar). Managers in the blue-collar industry were set as the reference group, and the odds ratios (ORs) for the risk of HBV and HCV infections were calculated. RESULTS Occupational class was significantly associated with only HCV infection risk. Professionals in all industrial sectors showed the lowest risk for HCV (OR (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) = 0.69 [0.58-0.82] in the blue-collar industry, 0.52 [0.38-0.73] in the service industry, and 0.60 [0.52-0.70] in the white-collar industry). Further, after adjusting for sex, age, and region of admitting hospital, all occupational classes in the white-collar industry showed lower risks of HCV than those in the other industries (ORs= 0.58 [0.47-0.71] in blue-collar workers, 0.74 [0.64-0.84] in service workers, 0.60 [0.52-0.70] in professionals, and 0.81 [0.64-1.02] in managers in white-collar industry). CONCLUSIONS Occupational class was closely associated with HCV infection risk only. Considering that blue-collar workers in the white-collar industry also showed a low risk, adequate measures should be taken against hepatitis, possibly because of the screening tests and cure implemented in that population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Nakazawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kota Fukai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.
| | - Yuko Furuya
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Keika Hoshi
- Center for Public Health Informatics, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Japan; Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Noriko Kojimahara
- Department of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Toyota
- Chugoku Rosai Hospital Research Center for the Promotion of Health and Employment Support, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masaaki Korenaga
- Hepatitis Information Centre, Research Centre for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tatemichi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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