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Alroqi F, Barhoumi T, Masuadi E, Nogoud M, Aljedaie M, Abu-Jaffal AS, Bokhamseen M, Saud M, Hakami M, Arabi YM, Nasr A. Durability of COVID-19 humoral immunity post infection and different SARS-COV-2 vaccines. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:704-711. [PMID: 38479067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global challenge posed by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a major concern for the healthcare sector in recent years. Healthcare workers have a relatively high risk of encountering COVID-19 patients, making protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is a priority for them. This study aims to evaluate the longitudinal measurement of SARS-CoV-2 IgG spike protein antibodies in healthcare workers (HCWs) after COVID-19 infection and after receiving the first and second doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, including Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) and Oxford-AstraZeneca (AZD1222). METHODS This longitudinal cohort study involved 311 healthcare workers working in two tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia. All participants were followed between July 2020 and July 2022 after completing the study questionnaire. A total of 3 ml of the blood samples were collected at four intervals: before/after vaccination. RESULTS HCWs post-infection had lower mean SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels three months post-infection than post-vaccination. 92.2% had positive IgG levels two weeks after the first dose and reached 100% after the second dose. Over 98% had positive antibodies nine months after the second dose, regardless of vaccine type. The number of neutralizing antibodies decreased and was around 50% at nine months after the second dose. CONCLUSION The results show different antibody patterns between infected and vaccinated HCWs. A high proportion of participants had positive antibodies after vaccination, with high levels persisting nine months after the second dose. Neutralizing antibodies decreased over time, with only about 50% of participants having positive antibodies nine months after the second dose. These results contribute to our understanding of immunity in healthcare workers and highlight the need for the continuous monitoring and possible booster strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayhan Alroqi
- Department of Paediatric, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital (KASCH), Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tlili Barhoumi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad Masuadi
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maysa Nogoud
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Modhi Aljedaie
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Selah Abu-Jaffal
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Bokhamseen
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Myaad Saud
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maumonah Hakami
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaseen M Arabi
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Intensive Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amre Nasr
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Sakr CJ, Abou Hassan FF, Fakih L, Bou Hamdan M, Assaf S, Rahme D, Melhem NM. Risk Factors for SARS-CoV-2 Among a Cohort of Healthcare Workers in Lebanon. Workplace Health Saf 2024; 72:48-59. [PMID: 38158826 DOI: 10.1177/21650799231214234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare workers (HCWs) faced substantial risk of infection during the COVID-19 outbreak. This study aims to determine the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a cross-sectional sample of HCWs as well as risk factors associated with exposure to SARS-CoV-2. METHODS The study was conducted between March and May 2021 at the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC), a tertiary hospital located in Lebanon. Socio-demographic and clinical data, as well as data on exposure, PCR results, PPE adherence, and vaccination status, were collected using an online questionnaire. Sera were also collected to determine seropositivity using commercially available enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) targeting the spike (S) and the nucleocapsid proteins (NCP) of SARS-CoV-2. FINDINGS Among 92 recruited HCWs, 72.3% received PPE training, more than 70% were adherent to using appropriate PPEs, and around 80% were vaccinated. Nurses in this study population were at higher risk of exposure compared to medical doctors, technicians, and other HCWs. Among the HCWs who performed a PCR test, 28.6% were infected with SARs-CoV-2 with workplace exposure not associated with COVID-19 infection. All vaccinated HCWs were seropositive for anti-S IgG with high titer (≥384 BAU/mL), with a significantly higher median anti-S IgG titer compared to unvaccinated HCWs with previous infection (384 vs. 140.1 BAU/mL; p = .0043). CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the importance of implementing strict infection control policies among HCWs and deploying an effective COVID-19 vaccination strategy. More studies are needed in Lebanon to assess risk factors of SARS-CoV-2 exposure in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine J Sakr
- Employee Health Unit, Department of Family Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center
| | - Farouk F Abou Hassan
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Division of Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut
| | - Lina Fakih
- Employee Health Unit, Department of Family Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center
| | - Mirna Bou Hamdan
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Division of Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut
| | - Sara Assaf
- Employee Health Unit, Department of Family Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center
| | - Diana Rahme
- Employee Health Unit, Department of Family Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center
| | - Nada M Melhem
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Division of Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut
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Taher WT, Bawazir AA, Sallam TA, Alsurimi K. Seroprevalence and factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers: cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:761. [PMID: 37932664 PMCID: PMC10626741 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at a higher risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their close contact with infected patients. However, the true burden of COVID-19 among HCWs in Yemen is unknown due to the inadequate availability of healthcare and the subclinical nature of the disease. This study aims to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs in two Yemeni governorates and identify associated factors using a cross-sectional design. METHOD A total of 404 HCWs were surveyed from June 2022 to September 2022 in Lahj and AL-Dhalea hospitals. A self-administered questionnaire collected demographic data, COVID-19 infection history, and vaccination status. A total of 404 human sera were tested using a specific electrochemiluminescence immunoassay assay. Association analysis was conducted to identify associations between antibody prevalence and demographic and vaccine-related variables. RESULT The median age of the HCWs was 31 (Range 20-64) years, with 65.0% being male and 35.0% female. Of all HCWs, 94% were SARS-CoV-2 seropositive and 77.0% had no confirmed test of COVID-19-related symptoms. There was no significant association between seropositivity and demographic factors such as age, gender, occupation, or COVID-19 vaccination (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was high among HCWs in Yemen, primarily due to natural infection rather than vaccination. Compliance with infection prevention and control measures did not significantly affect seropositivity. This study highlights the need for improved healthcare systems and resources to reduce the burden of COVID-19 and promote infection prevention and control (IPC) measures among HCWs in Yemen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watheq Thabet Taher
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Aden, Aden, Republic of Yemen
| | - Amen A Bawazir
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Aden, Aden, Republic of Yemen.
- College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Diriyah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Talal A Sallam
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Baha University, Al Bahah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Dandachi I, Aljabr W. Prognosis of COVID-19 in the middle eastern population, knowns and unknowns. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:974205. [PMID: 36118201 PMCID: PMC9471247 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.974205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in China in 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has affected all countries worldwide. The virus is easily transmitted from one person to another via infected aerosols or contaminated surfaces. Unlike its counterparts, the prognosis of COVID-19 ranges from asymptomatic to critical disease or death. Several factors play a role in determining the severity of the disease in infected patients. Among others, is the pre-existence of an underlying medical condition such as diabetes, cancer, and others. Furthermore, although children are less prone to the severe form of the COVID-19 disease, they require attention due to the report of many atypical presentations of the infection, post-asymptomatic exposure. In the Middle East, little is known about the prognosis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in high-risk categories, notably patients with diabetes, cancer, and pregnant women. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about this group of population in the middle eastern region as well as to highlight the gap in the literature. We have found that the majority of the papers were from the Gulf countries. Although, few studies were conducted; high-risk patients appear to have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 compared to their counterparts. Higher levels of inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, D-dimer, and ferritin levels were also observed. Children are often asymptomatic or present with atypical presentations. More studies should be conducted to determine the clinical biomarkers of COVID-19 in high-risk categories to help in patient risk stratification and management in the middle eastern population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waleed Aljabr
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Lv C, Zhao Y, Jiang L, Zhao L, Wu C, Hui X, Hu X, Shao Z, Xia X, Sun X, Zhang Q, Jin M. Development of a Dual ELISA for the Detection of CD2v-Unexpressed Lower-Virulence Mutational ASFV. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111214. [PMID: 34833090 PMCID: PMC8626036 DOI: 10.3390/life11111214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is an important viral pathogen infecting pigs worldwide throughout the pig industry. CD2v (an outer-membrane glycosylated protein of ASFV)-unexpressed lower-virulence mutants have appeared in China and other countries in recent years. Using OIE-recommended quantitative PCR and ELISA methods, people can accurately judge whether pigs are infected with wild-type ASFV. However, the strategy has failed to distinguish ΔCD2v lower-virulence mutants and wild-type ASFV infection. Here, we expressed and purified the CD2v and p30 proteins via CHO cells and successfully established a dual enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which can be used to differentiate pigs infected with wild-type ASFV or with CD2v-unexpressed lower-virulence mutants. The dual ELISA showed excellent specificity without cross-reactions with antibodies of PRRSV, CSFV, JEV, PRV, or PPV. The dual ELISA could detect ASFV-infected positive serum samples up to dilutions of 5120 times, possessing high sensitivity. Therefore, the application of this dual ELISA approach can play an important role in ASFV epidemiology study and fill the gaps in differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjie Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.J.); (L.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (X.H.); (X.X.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Ya Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.J.); (L.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (X.H.); (X.X.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Lili Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.J.); (L.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (X.H.); (X.X.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.J.); (L.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (X.H.); (X.X.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Chao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.J.); (L.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (X.H.); (X.X.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Xianfeng Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.J.); (L.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (X.H.); (X.X.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Xiaotong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.J.); (L.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (X.H.); (X.X.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Ziqi Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Xiaohan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.J.); (L.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (X.H.); (X.X.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.J.); (L.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (X.H.); (X.X.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Qiang Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.); (M.J.)
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.J.); (L.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (X.H.); (X.X.); (X.S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.); (M.J.)
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