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de Paula LJC, Uchida AH, Rezende PC, Soares P, Scudeler TL. Protective or Inhibitory Effect of Pharmacological Therapy on Cardiac Ischemic Preconditioning: A Literature Review. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2022; 20:409-428. [PMID: 35986546 DOI: 10.2174/1570161120666220819163025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IP) is an innate phenomenon, triggered by brief, non-lethal cycles of ischemia/reperfusion applied to a tissue or organ that confers tolerance to a subsequent more prolonged ischemic event. Once started, it can reduce the severity of myocardial ischemia associated with some clinical situations, such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and intermittent aortic clamping during coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Although the mechanisms underlying IP have not been completely elucidated, several studies have shown that this phenomenon involves the participation of cell triggers, intracellular signaling pathways, and end-effectors. Understanding this mechanism enables the development of preconditioning mimetic agents. It is known that a range of medications that activate the signaling cascades at different cellular levels can interfere with both the stimulation and the blockade of IP. Investigations of signaling pathways underlying ischemic conditioning have identified a number of therapeutic targets for pharmacological manipulation. This review aims to present and discuss the effects of several medications on myocardial IP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paulo Cury Rezende
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Soares
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Luis Scudeler
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Kageyama S, Nakanishi Y, Murata K, Nawada R, Onodera T, Sakamoto A, Yamazaki F, Miura Y, Maekawa Y. Mortality and predictors of survival in patients with recent ventricular septal rupture. Heart Vessels 2020; 35:1672-1680. [PMID: 32588116 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-020-01652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ventricular septal rupture (VSR) is a rare but fatal complication after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, the mortality in patients with recent VSR and appropriate timing of surgical repair have not been clarified. To examine the background characteristics and mortality of VSR patients as well as the usefulness and appropriate timing of surgery in this patient cohort. Among 3,947 consecutive patients with AMI at our hospital, 39 patients diagnosed with VSR from 2002 to 2020 were included in the analysis. All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography to confirm VSR on admission. Coronary angiography (CAG) and measurement of pulmonary-systemic flow ratio were performed before emergent surgery. The use of mechanical support devices before or after procedures was considered for all patients who underwent CAG. Basically, we performed emergent or urgent operations to patients who were in a shock state or who needed mechanical support. The final decision of the timing of the operation was made by the cardiac team. Patients' mean age was 76.3 years, and 33.3% of them were males. Most culprit lesions were located in the left anterior ascending artery (81.3%). The mean pulmonary-systemic flow ratio after VSR onset was 3.07 ± 1.98. On admission, 48.7% of patients were in a shock state. Surgical repair was possible in 28 patients at a median of 1 day after admission, with a mortality rate of 25%. Among all patients, the mortality rate was 43.6%. Survivors were significantly younger (71.3 ± 11.3 vs. 82.7 ± 6.2 years, p < 0.01), had higher mean arterial blood pressure (75.6 ± 14.4 vs. 62.8 ± 16.2 mmHg, p = 0.0496) and lower ejection fraction (44.3 ± 11.7% vs. 54.8 ± 7.9%, p = 0.04), and underwent surgical repair more frequently (95.5% vs. 41.2%, p < 0.01) than the non-survivors. In multivariate analysis, younger age (odds ratio [OR] 1.18 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.38, p = 0.04) and surgical repair (OR 0.04, 95% CI 0.00-0.73, p = 0.03) were significant predictors of survival. In surgical repair cases, time from admission to operation did not differ significantly between survivors and non-survivors. Surgical repair and younger age are predictors of survival in patients with recent VSR, but the timing of surgery was not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetaka Kageyama
- Department of Cardiology, Shizuoka City Shizuoka Hospital, 10-93 Ohtemachi, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-8630, Japan.
| | - Yuki Nakanishi
- Department of Cardiology, Shizuoka City Shizuoka Hospital, 10-93 Ohtemachi, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-8630, Japan
| | - Koichiro Murata
- Department of Cardiology, Shizuoka City Shizuoka Hospital, 10-93 Ohtemachi, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-8630, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Nawada
- Department of Cardiology, Shizuoka City Shizuoka Hospital, 10-93 Ohtemachi, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-8630, Japan
| | - Tomoya Onodera
- Department of Cardiology, Shizuoka City Shizuoka Hospital, 10-93 Ohtemachi, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-8630, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sakamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Fumio Yamazaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shizuoka City Shizuoka Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yujiro Miura
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kochi University Hospital, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Maekawa
- Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
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Li X, Zhou H, Guo D, Hu Y, Fang X, Chen Y, Zhang F. Oxidative stress and inflammation: Early predictive indicators of multiple recurrent coronary in‐stent chronic total occlusions in elderly patients after coronary stenting. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1023-1033. [PMID: 32022379 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of GeriatricsThe Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Huai'an China
| | - Hualan Zhou
- Department of GeriatricsThe Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Huai'an China
| | - Dianxuan Guo
- Department of GeriatricsThe Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Huai'an China
| | - Youdong Hu
- Department of GeriatricsThe Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Huai'an China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of GeriatricsThe Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Huai'an China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of GeriatricsThe Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Huai'an China
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Department of GeriatricsThe Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Huai'an China
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Lim SH, Lee J, Han MJ. Comprehensive analysis of the cardiac proteome in a rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion using a TMT-based quantitative proteomic strategy. Proteome Sci 2020; 18:2. [PMID: 32165865 PMCID: PMC7060589 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-020-00158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traditional studies of the cardiac proteome have mainly investigated in an animal model by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). However, the results have not been of satisfactory quality for an understanding of the underlying mechanism. Recent quantitative proteomic methods have been improved to overcome these limitations. To comprehensively study the cardiac proteome in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion (IR), we developed a tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomic strategy. Furthermore, using this strategy, we examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the prevention of myocardial infarction by the intake of Triticum aestivum L. extract (TALE), a representative dietary fiber grain. Methods Cardiac proteomes were analyzed by 2-DE as a gel-based approach, and TMT labeling coupled with two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) as a non-gel-based quantitative approach. Additionally, gene ontology annotation was conducted by PANTHER database. Several proteins of interest were verified by a Western blot analysis. Results Total 641 proteins were identified commonly from two independent MS datasets using 2D-LC MS/MS. Among these, we identified 151 IR-related proteins that were differentially expressed between the sham-operation group and IR group, comprising 62 up-regulated proteins and 89 down-regulated proteins. Most of the reduced proteins were involved in metabolic processes. In addition, 57 of the IR-related proteins were affected by TALE intake, representing 25 up-regulated proteins and 32 down-regulated proteins. In particular, TALE intake leads to a switch in metabolism to reduce the loss of high-energy phosphates and the accumulation of harmful catabolites (especially reactive oxygen species (ROS)) and to maintain cytoskeleton balance, leading to a reduction in cardiac IR injury. Conclusions Our study provides a comprehensive proteome map of IR-related proteins and potential target proteins and identifies mechanisms implicated in the prevention of myocardial infarction by TALE intake in a rat IR model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ha Lim
- 1Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 33, 17-gil, Duryugongwon-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42472 Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwon Lee
- 1Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 33, 17-gil, Duryugongwon-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42472 Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Jung Han
- 2Department of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, Dongyang University, 145 Dongyang-daero, Punggi-eup, Yeongju, Gyeongbuk 36040 Republic of Korea.,3Department of Nursing, Dongyang University, 145 Dongyang-daero, Punggi-eup, Yeongju, Gyeongbuk 36040 Republic of Korea
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Thassakorn P, Patchanee P, Pongkan W, Chattipakorn N, Boonyapakorn C. Effect of atorvastatin on oxidative stress and inflammation markers in myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs: A comparison of subclinical and clinical stages. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:258-267. [PMID: 30666669 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common acquired cardiac disorder found in dogs. The disease process can lead to heart failure (HF) and has been found to be associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Statins exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in human HF patients. However, the beneficial effects of statins in MMVD dogs are still unclear. Thirty MMVD dogs were enrolled in the study and were divided into two groups: MMVD without HF dogs (n = 15) and MMVD with HF dogs (n = 15). Atorvastatin (8 mg kg-1 day-1 ) was administered orally to all dogs for 4 weeks. All dogs underwent physical examination and cardiac examination at the beginning and end of the experiment, including baseline values for hematology, blood chemistry profile, lipid profile, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, oxidative stress marker (8-isoprostane), and inflammatory marker (tumor necrosis factor alpha). The results showed that atorvastatin reduced plasma cholesterol levels in both groups. In addition, plasma concentrations of 8-isoprostane, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide were significantly lower after atorvastatin administration, but only in MMVD dogs in the HF group. Atorvastatin found to be associated with possible antioxidant and inflammatory effects in dogs with HF secondary to MMVD. The potential benefits of statins in dogs with HF merits further investigation in larger, placebo-controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Papras Patchanee
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Integrative Research Center for Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Wanpitak Pongkan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chavalit Boonyapakorn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Ryu JH, Park JW, Hwang JY, Park SJ, Kim JH, Sohn HM, Han SH. The attenuation of neurological injury from the use of simvastatin after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. BMC Anesthesiol 2018; 18:31. [PMID: 29587636 PMCID: PMC5869785 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-018-0496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord ischemic injury remains a serious complication of open surgical and endovascular aortic procedures. Simvastatin has been reported to be associated with neuroprotective effect after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of starting simvastatin after spinal cord IR injury in a rat model. Methods In adult Sprague-Dawley rats, spinal cord ischemia was induced using a balloon-tipped catheter placed in the descending thoracic aorta. The animals were then randomly divided into 4 groups: group A (control); group B (0.5 mg/kg simvastatin); group C (1 mg/kg simvastatin); and group D (10 mg/kg simvastatin). Simvastatin was administered orally upon reperfusion for 5 days. Neurological function of the hind limbs was evaluated for 7 days after reperfusion and recorded using a motor deficit score (MDS) (0: normal, 5: complete paraplegia). The number of normal motor neurons within the anterior horns of the spinal cord was counted after final MDS evaluation. Then, the spinal cord was harvested for histopathological examination. Results Group D showed a significantly lower MDS than the other groups at post-reperfusion day 1 and this trend was sustained throughout the study period. Additionally, a greater number of normal motor neurons was observed in group D than in other groups (group D 21.2 [3.2] vs. group A: 15.8 [4.2]; group B 15.4 [3.4]; and group C 15.5 [3.7]; P = 0.002). Conclusions The results of the current study suggest that 10 mg/kg can significantly improve neurologic outcome by attenuating neurologic injury and restoring normal motor neurons after spinal cord IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hee Ryu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seong-nam, South Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seong-nam, South Korea
| | - Jin-Young Hwang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, SNU-SMG hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Joo Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seong-nam, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seong-nam, South Korea
| | - Hye-Min Sohn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seong-nam, South Korea
| | - Sung Hee Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seong-nam, South Korea.
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Oi M, Donner D, Peart J, Beck B, Wendt L, Headrick JP, du Toit EF. Pravastatin improves risk factors but not ischaemic tolerance in obese rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 826:148-157. [PMID: 29501869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Statins are effective in management of dyslipidaemia, and a cornerstone of CVD prevention strategies. However, the impacts of their pleiotropic effects on other cardiovascular risk factors and myocardial responses to infarction are not well characterised. We hypothesised that pravastatin treatment in obesity improves lipid profiles, insulin-resistance and myocardial resistance to ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Wistar rats were fed a control (C) chow or high carbohydrate and fat diet (HCFD) for 16 weeks with vehicle or pravastatin (prava 7.5 mg/kg/day) treatment for 8 weeks. At 16 weeks HOMAs were performed, blood samples collected and hearts excised for Langendorff perfusions/biochemical analyses. Anti-oxidant activity and proteins regulating mitochondrial fission/fusion and apoptosis were assessed. The HCFD increased body weight (736±15 vs. 655±12 g for C; P<0.001), serum triglycerides (2.91±0.52 vs. 1.64±0.26 mmol/L for C; P<0.001) and insulin-resistance (HOMA- 6.9±0.8 vs. 4.2±0.5 for C; P<0.05) while prava prevented diet induced changes and paradoxically increased lipid peroxidation. The HCFD increased infarct size (34.1±3.1% vs. 18.8±3.0% of AAR for C; P<0.05), which was unchanged by prava in C and HCFD animals. The HCFD decreased cardiac TxR activity and mitochondrial MFN-1 and increased mitochondrial DRP-1 (reducing MFN-1:DRP-1 ratio) and Bax expression, with the latter changes prevented by prava. While unaltered by diet, cytosolic levels of Bax and caspase-3 were reduced by prava in C and HCFD hearts (without changes in cleaved caspase-3). We conclude that obesity, hyper-triglyceridemia and impaired glycemic control in HCFD rats are countered by prava. Despite improved risk factors, prava did not reduce myocardial infarct size, potentially reflecting its complex pleiotropic impacts on cardiac GPX activity and MFN-1, DRP-1, caspase-3 and Bcl-2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massa Oi
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Daniel Donner
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Jason Peart
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Belinda Beck
- School of Allied Health Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Lauren Wendt
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - John P Headrick
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Eugene F du Toit
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
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Li H, Wang C, Sun J, Liu C, Li N, Chen J. Pravastatin Decreases Infarct Size Induced by Coronary Artery Ischemia/Reperfusion with Elevated eNOS Expression in Rats. Int Heart J 2018; 59:154-160. [PMID: 29375110 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.16-607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that pravastatin prevents ischemia and reperfusion-induced lethal ventricular fibrillation in rats. This study explored whether pravastatin decreases myocardial infarct size and this effect is associated with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in myocardium. Rats were treated with ischemia (30 minutes) and reperfusion (60 minutes) after chronic oral administration of pravastatin, fluvastatin, or vehicle once daily for 22 days. Electrocardiograms and blood pressure were continuously recorded, myocardial infarct size was measured by TTC-staining, and eNOS expression was measured by western blot. The results showed that pravastatin and fluvastatin significantly reduced myocardial infarct size. No statistical differences were found in the areas at risk among all groups. However, a significant reduction in infarct size was observed in three pravastatin groups and one fluvastatin group compared to control. Both pravastatin and fluvastatin significantly increased eNOS protein expression in ischemic and non-ischemic tissues compared to control. Our results suggest that pravastatin decreases cardiovascular mortality beyond its cholesterol-lowering effect. Pravastatin is more potent than fluvastatin in reducing infarct size. These effects may be associated with elevation of eNOS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical College, Beihua University
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical College, Beihua University
| | - Jinghui Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical College, Beihua University
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical College, Beihua University
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical College, Beihua University
| | - Jianguang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical College, Beihua University
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Biochemical targets of drugs mitigating oxidative stress via redox-independent mechanisms. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:1225-1252. [PMID: 29101309 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute or chronic oxidative stress plays an important role in many pathologies. Two opposite approaches are typically used to prevent the damage induced by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), namely treatment either with antioxidants or with weak oxidants that up-regulate endogenous antioxidant mechanisms. This review discusses options for the third pharmacological approach, namely amelioration of oxidative stress by 'redox-inert' compounds, which do not inactivate RONS but either inhibit the basic mechanisms leading to their formation (i.e. inflammation) or help cells to cope with their toxic action. The present study describes biochemical targets of many drugs mitigating acute oxidative stress in animal models of ischemia-reperfusion injury or N-acetyl-p-aminophenol overdose. In addition to the pro-inflammatory molecules, the targets of mitigating drugs include protein kinases and transcription factors involved in regulation of energy metabolism and cell life/death balance, proteins regulating mitochondrial permeability transition, proteins involved in the endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response, nuclear receptors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and isoprenoid synthesis. The data may help in identification of oxidative stress mitigators that will be effective in human disease on top of the current standard of care.
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Lenarczyk M, Su J, Haworth ST, Komorowski R, Fish BL, Migrino RQ, Harmann L, Hopewell JW, Kronenberg A, Patel S, Moulder JE, Baker JE. Simvastatin mitigates increases in risk factors for and the occurrence of cardiac disease following 10 Gy total body irradiation. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00145. [PMID: 26171225 PMCID: PMC4492761 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of simvastatin to mitigate the increases in risk factors for and the occurrence of cardiac disease after 10 Gy total body irradiation (TBI) was determined. This radiation dose is relevant to conditioning for stem cell transplantation and threats from radiological terrorism. Male rats received single dose TBI of 10 Gy. Age-matched, sham-irradiated rats served as controls. Lipid profile, heart and liver morphology and cardiac mechanical function were determined for up to 120 days after irradiation. TBI resulted in a sustained increase in total- and LDL-cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol), and triglycerides. Simvastatin (10 mg/kg body weight/day) administered continuously from 9 days after irradiation mitigated TBI-induced increases in total- and LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as liver injury. TBI resulted in cellular peri-arterial fibrosis, whereas control hearts had less collagen and fibrosis. Simvastatin mitigated these morphological injuries. TBI resulted in cardiac mechanical dysfunction. Simvastatin mitigated cardiac mechanical dysfunction 20–120 days following TBI. To determine whether simvastatin affects the ability of the heart to withstand stress after TBI, injury from myocardial ischemia/reperfusion was determined in vitro. TBI increased the severity of an induced myocardial infarction at 20 and 80 days after irradiation. Simvastatin mitigated the severity of this myocardial infarction at 20 and 80 days following TBI. It is concluded simvastatin mitigated the increases in risk factors for cardiac disease and the extent of cardiac disease following TBI. This statin may be developed as a medical countermeasure for the mitigation of radiation-induced cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Lenarczyk
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jidong Su
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Steven T Haworth
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Richard Komorowski
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Brian L Fish
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Leanne Harmann
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - John W Hopewell
- Green Templeton College and Particle Therapy Cancer Research Institute, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Kronenberg
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California
| | - Shailendra Patel
- Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin ; Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - John E Moulder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - John E Baker
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin ; Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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11
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Kim HK, Kang SW, Jeong SH, Kim N, Ko JH, Bang H, Park WS, Choi TH, Ha YR, Lee YS, Youm JB, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Han J. Identification of potential target genes of cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury by express sequence tags analysis in rat hearts. J Cardiol 2012; 60:98-110. [PMID: 22512836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a powerful mechanism for limiting myocardial infarction during or after ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. However, effective target genes and proteins for IPC are unknown. We characterized global changes in gene expression in the heart during IR, and identified effective target genes for IPC. METHODS Hearts were isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats under control, IR, and IPC conditions. We generated expressed-sequence-tags (ESTs) for each group and investigated their functions and the major biological processes in which they are involved using the eukaryotic clusters of orthologous groups (KOG) database and bioinformatics analysis tools. RESULTS IR modified the expression of 126 genes. Of these, 62 were upregulated, 64 were downregulated, and 77 were found to be effective target genes for IPC. In KOG analysis, most of the genes whose expression was modified were involved in energy production and conversion and the cytoskeleton. A gene-to-gene interaction map revealed that IR modified the expression of genes in four major functional modules: electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation; tricarboxylic acid cycle/glucose metabolism/amino acid metabolism; cellular structure and contraction; and gene transcription, translation, and protein folding. At the individual gene level, the genes encoding mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunits 2 and 3 were downregulated, and those encoding the major cytoskeleton components tropomyosin, myosin light chain, myomesin 2, and myosin regulatory light chain 2, as well as the gene encoding the iron-storage protein ferritin, were upregulated, and thus were identified as potential target genes. Real time PCR evaluated expression patterns of three mitochondrial IPC effective genes. Two-dimensional electrophoresis proteomic analyses revealed altered expression of 14 target proteins. The expression patterns of six proteins matched the corresponding EST expression patterns. CONCLUSION The global profiling of cardiac ischemia-related genes provides the possible mechanisms of IR and IPC and ways of treating IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Kyu Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Hwang J, Han JI, Han S. Effect of pretreatment with simvastatin on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2012; 27:79-85. [PMID: 22445180 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2012.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the pretreatment effect of simvastatin on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. DESIGN Prospective, interventional study. SETTING University research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Forty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Rats were treated with oral simvastatin, 10 mg/kg (simvastatin group; n = 15) or saline (control group; n = 15) for 5 days before ischemia. Spinal cord ischemia was induced using a balloon-tipped catheter placed in the proximal descending aorta in the control and simvastatin groups, but not in the sham group (n = 15). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Neurologic function was assessed daily using the motor deficit index until 7 days after reperfusion. After the last neurologic evaluation, a histologic examination of the spinal cord was performed. At day 1 after reperfusion, the simvastatin group showed a significantly lower motor deficit index compared with the control group (2.0, 2.0-2.0, v 4.0, 3.5-5.0; p < 0.001). This trend was sustained at day 7 (2.0, 1.5-2.0, v 4.0, 3.0-4.0; p < 0.001). The simvastatin group displayed a significantly larger number of normal motor neurons compared with the control group (mean ± SD, 31.7 ± 6.1 v 20.4 ± 4.4; p < 0.001). However, compared with the sham group, the simvastatin group displayed fewer intact motor neurons (sham group, 38.5 ± 5.1; p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment with simvastatin, 10 mg/kg, given orally for 5 days before the ischemia-reperfusion insult, improved the neurologic outcome and preserved more normal motor neurons compared with the control group in a rat model of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Hwang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University, Bundang Hospital, Seongnamsi, Gyeonggido, Korea
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Sohma R, Inoue T, Abe S, Taguchi I, Kikuchi M, Toyoda S, Arikawa T, Hikichi Y, Sanada S, Asanuma H, Kitakaze M, Node K. Cardioprotective effects of low-dose combination therapy with a statin and an angiotensin receptor blocker in a rat myocardial infarction model. J Cardiol 2012; 59:91-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Slijper N, Sukhotnik I, Chemodanov E, Bashenko Y, Shaoul R, Coran AG, Mogilner J. Effect of simvastatin on intestinal recovery following gut ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat. Pediatr Surg Int 2010; 26:105-10. [PMID: 19855982 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-009-2508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pleiotropic (lipid lowering-independent) effects of statins are attributed to their antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and/or vascular actions. Extensive studies in various experimental models have established that pretreatment with simvastatin significantly protects heart and kidney injured by ischemia-reperfusion (IR). The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of simvastatin on intestinal recovery and enterocyte turnover after intestinal IR injury in rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three experimental groups: (1) sham rats underwent laparotomy, (2) IR-rats underwent occlusion of both superior mesenteric artery and portal vein for 30 min followed by 48 h of reperfusion, and (3) IR-SIM rats underwent IR and were treated with oral simvastatin (10 mg/kg) given by gavage immediately before and 24 h after operation. Intestinal structural changes, Park's injury score, enterocyte proliferation and enterocyte apoptosis were determined 24 h following IR. A non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis with P less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS Treatment with simvastatin resulted in a significant increase in bowel and mucosal weight in ileum, villus height and crypt depth in jejunum and ileum compared to IR animals. IR-SIM rats had also a significantly lower intestinal injury score as well as lower apoptotic index in jejunum and ileum compared to IR animals. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with simvastatin prevents gut mucosal damage and inhibits programmed cell death following intestinal IR in a rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Slijper
- Laboratory of Intestinal Adaptation and Recovery, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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