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Liu Q, Gu X, Liu X, Gu Y, Zhang H, Yang J, Huang Z. Long-chain fatty acids - The turning point between 'mild' and 'severe' acute pancreatitis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31296. [PMID: 38828311 PMCID: PMC11140623 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease characterized by localized pancreatic injury and a systemic inflammatory response. Fatty acids (FAs), produced during the breakdown of triglycerides (TGs) in blood and peripancreatic fat, escalate local pancreatic inflammation to a systemic level by damaging pancreatic acinar cells (PACs) and triggering M1 macrophage polarization. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of lipases' roles in the onset and progression of AP, as well as the effects of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) on the function of pancreatic acinar cells (PACs). Abnormalities in the function of PACs include Ca2+ overload, premature trypsinogen activation, protein kinase C (PKC) expression, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and mitochondrial and autophagic dysfunction. The study highlights the contribution of long-chain saturated fatty acids (LC-SFAs), especially palmitic acid (PA), to M1 macrophage polarization through the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, we investigated lipid lowering therapy for AP. This review establishes a theoretical foundation for pro-inflammatory mechanisms associated with FAs in AP and facilitating drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Hospital & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Xinyi Gu
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaodie Liu
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ye Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongchen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Hospital & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Zhicheng Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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2
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Xie X, Liu Y, Yang Q, Ma X, Lu Y, Hu Y, Zhang G, Ke L, Tong Z, Liu Y, Xue J, Lu G, Li W. Adipose Triglyceride Lipase-Mediated Adipocyte Lipolysis Exacerbates Acute Pancreatitis Severity in Mouse Models and Patients. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024:S0002-9440(24)00165-2. [PMID: 38705384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Dyslipolysis of adipocytes has played a critical role in various diseases. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is a rate-limiting enzyme in adipocyte autonomous lipolysis. However, whether the degree of adipocyte lipolysis relates to the prognoses in acute pancreatitis (AP) and the role of ATGL-mediated lipolysis in the pathogenesis of AP remain elusive. The visceral adipose tissue consumption rate in the acute stage was measured in both patients with AP and mouse models. Lipolysis levels and ATGL expression were detected in caerulein-induced AP models. CL316,243, a lipolysis stimulator, and adipose tissue-specific ATGL knockout mice were used to further investigate the role of lipolysis in AP. The ATGL-specific inhibitor, atglistatin, was used in C57Bl/6N and ob/ob AP models. This study found that increased visceral adipose tissue consumption rate in the acute phase was independently associated with adverse prognoses in patients with AP, which was validated in mice AP models. Lipolysis of adipocytes was elevated in AP mice. Stimulation of lipolysis could aggravate AP. Genetic blockage of ATGL specifically in adipocytes was able to alleviate the damage to AP. The application of atglistatin could effectively protect against AP in both lean and obese mice. These findings demonstrated that ATGL-mediated adipocyte lipolysis exacerbates AP and highlighted the therapeutic potential of ATGL as a drug target for AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojie Ma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingying Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuepeng Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guofu Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Ke
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihui Tong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Stem Cell Research Centre, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guotao Lu
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Weiqin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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3
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Linden MA, Burke SJ, Pirzadah HA, Huang TY, Batdorf HM, Mohammed WK, Jones KA, Ghosh S, Campagna SR, Collier JJ, Noland RC. Pharmacological inhibition of lipolysis prevents adverse metabolic outcomes during glucocorticoid administration. Mol Metab 2023; 74:101751. [PMID: 37295745 PMCID: PMC10300254 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucocorticoids are one of the most commonly prescribed classes of anti-inflammatory drugs; however, chronic treatment promotes iatrogenic (drug-induced) diabetes. As part of their physiological role, glucocorticoids stimulate lipolysis to spare glucose. We hypothesized that persistent stimulation of lipolysis during glucocorticoid therapy plays a causative role in the development of iatrogenic diabetes. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were given 100 μg/mL corticosterone (Cort) in the drinking water for two weeks and were fed either normal chow (TekLad 8640) or the same diet supplemented with an adipose triglyceride lipase inhibitor (Atglistatin - 2 g/kg diet) to inhibit the first step of lipolysis. RESULTS Herein, we report for the first time that glucocorticoid administration promotes a unique state of substrate excess and energetic overload in skeletal muscle that primarily results from the rampant mobilization of endogenous fuels. Inhibiting lipolysis protected mice from Cort-induced gains in fat mass, excess ectopic lipid accrual, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia. The role lipolysis plays in Cort-mediated pathology appears to differ between tissues. Within skeletal muscle, Cort-induced lipolysis facilitated diversion of glucose-derived carbons toward the pentose phosphate and hexosamine biosynthesis pathways but contributed to <3% of the Cort-induced genomic adaptations. In contrast, Cort stimulation of lipolysis accounted for ∼35% of the genomic changes in the liver but had minimal impact on hepatic metabolites reported. CONCLUSIONS These data support the idea that activation of lipolysis plays a causal role in the progression toward iatrogenic diabetes during glucocorticoid therapy with differential impact on skeletal muscle and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Linden
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA; Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts-Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA.
| | - Susan J Burke
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
| | - Humza A Pirzadah
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
| | - Tai-Yu Huang
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
| | - Heidi M Batdorf
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
| | - Walid K Mohammed
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
| | - Katarina A Jones
- Biological and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37916, USA.
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA; Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders and Center for Computational Biology, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Shawn R Campagna
- Biological and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37916, USA.
| | - J Jason Collier
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
| | - Robert C Noland
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
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Rajan S, Hofer P, Christiano A, Stevenson M, Ragolia L, Villa-Cuesta E, Fried SK, Lau R, Braithwaite C, Zechner R, Schwartz GJ, Hussain MM. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein regulates intracellular lipolysis in adipocytes independent of its lipid transfer activity. Metabolism 2022; 137:155331. [PMID: 36228741 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The triglyceride (TG) transfer activity of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) is essential for lipoprotein assembly in the liver and intestine; however, its function in adipose tissue, which does not assemble lipoproteins, is unknown. Here we have elucidated the function of MTP in adipocytes. APPROACH AND RESULTS We demonstrated that MTP is present on lipid droplets in human adipocytes. Adipose-specific MTP deficient (A-Mttp-/-) male and female mice fed an obesogenic diet gained less weight than Mttpf/f mice, had less fat mass, smaller adipocytes and were insulin sensitive. A-Mttp-/- mice showed higher energy expenditure than Mttpf/f mice. During a cold challenge, A-Mttp-/- mice maintained higher body temperature by mobilizing more fatty acids. Biochemical studies indicated that MTP deficiency de-repressed adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) activity and increased TG lipolysis. Both wild type MTP and mutant MTP deficient in TG transfer activity interacted with and inhibited ATGL activity. Thus, the TG transfer activity of MTP is not required for ATGL inhibition. C-terminally truncated ATGL that retains its lipase activity interacted less efficiently than full-length ATGL. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that adipose-specific MTP deficiency increases ATGL-mediated TG lipolysis and enhances energy expenditure, thereby resisting diet-induced obesity. We speculate that the regulatory function of MTP involving protein-protein interactions might have evolved before the acquisition of TG transfer activity in vertebrates. Adipose-specific inhibition of MTP-ATGL interactions may ameliorate obesity while avoiding the adverse effects associated with inhibition of the lipid transfer activity of MTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Rajan
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, United States of America
| | - Peter Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Amanda Christiano
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, United States of America
| | - Matthew Stevenson
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, United States of America
| | - Louis Ragolia
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, United States of America
| | - Eugenia Villa-Cuesta
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, United States of America
| | - Susan K Fried
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Raymond Lau
- Department of Surgery, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, United States of America
| | - Collin Braithwaite
- Department of Surgery, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, United States of America
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Austria; BioHealth Field of Excellence, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gary J Schwartz
- Department of Medicine and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America.
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, United States of America; Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America.
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5
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Giraldo P, López de Frutos L, Cebolla JJ. Recommendations for overcoming challenges in the diagnosis of lysosomal acid lipase deficiency. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2022.2131393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Giraldo
- Hematology. Hospital Quironsalud. Zaragoza. SPAIN
- Fundación Española para el Estudio y Terapéutica de la Enfermedad de Gaucher y otras lisosomales (FEETEG). Zaragoza. SPAIN
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas y Hematológicas Raras (GIIS-012). Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (ISS Aragón). SPAIN
| | - Laura López de Frutos
- Fundación Española para el Estudio y Terapéutica de la Enfermedad de Gaucher y otras lisosomales (FEETEG). Zaragoza. SPAIN
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas y Hematológicas Raras (GIIS-012). Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (ISS Aragón). SPAIN
| | - Jorge J Cebolla
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas y Hematológicas Raras (GIIS-012). Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (ISS Aragón). SPAIN
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular. Universidad de Zaragoza. SPAIN
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6
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Iqbal J, Suarez MD, Yadav PK, Walsh MT, Li Y, Wu Y, Huang Z, James AW, Escobar V, Mokbe A, Brickman AM, Luchsinger JA, Dai K, Moreno H, Hussain MM. ATP-binding cassette protein ABCA7 deficiency impairs sphingomyelin synthesis, cognitive discrimination, and synaptic plasticity in the entorhinal cortex. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102411. [PMID: 36007616 PMCID: PMC9513280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) is an abundant plasma membrane and plasma lipoprotein sphingolipid. We previously reported that ATP-binding cassette family A protein 1 (ABCA1) deficiency in humans and mice decreases plasma SM levels. However, overexpression, induction, downregulation, inhibition, and knockdown of ABCA1 in human hepatoma Huh7 cells did not decrease SM efflux. Using unbiased siRNA screening, here we identified that ABCA7 plays a role in the biosynthesis and efflux of SM without affecting cellular uptake and metabolism. Since loss of function mutations in the ABCA7 gene exhibit strong associations with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) across racial groups, we also studied the effects of ABCA7 deficiency in the mouse brain. Brains of ABCA7-deficient (KO) mice, compared with wild type (WT), had significantly lower levels of several SM species with long chain fatty acids. In addition, we observed that older KO mice exhibited behavioral deficits in cognitive discrimination in the active place avoidance task. Next, we performed synaptic transmission studies in brain slices obtained from older mice. We found anomalies in synaptic plasticity at the intracortical layer II/III lateral entorhinal cortex synapse but not in the hippocampal synapses in KO mice. These synaptic abnormalities in KO brain slices were rescued with extracellular SM supplementation, but not by supplementation with phosphatidylcholine. Taken together, these studies identify a role of ABCA7 in brain SM metabolism and the importance of SM in synaptic plasticity and cognition, as well as provide a possible explanation for the association between ABCA7 and LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Iqbal
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manuel D Suarez
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, and Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Pradeep K Yadav
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Meghan T Walsh
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Yimeng Li
- Institute of Mental Health, the Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325007, China
| | - Yiyang Wu
- Institute of Mental Health, the Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325007, China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- Institute of Mental Health, the Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325007, China
| | | | - Victor Escobar
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, and Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Ashwag Mokbe
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, and Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Adam M Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's disease and the Aging Brain and Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - José A Luchsinger
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Kezhi Dai
- Institute of Mental Health, the Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325007, China; School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Herman Moreno
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, and Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, NY.
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY.
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7
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Oldham D, Wang H, Mullen J, Lietzke E, Sprenger K, Reigan P, Eckel RH, Bruce KD. Using Synthetic ApoC-II Peptides and nAngptl4 Fragments to Measure Lipoprotein Lipase Activity in Radiometric and Fluorescent Assays. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:926631. [PMID: 35911520 PMCID: PMC9329559 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.926631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays a crucial role in preventing dyslipidemia by hydrolyzing triglycerides (TGs) in packaged lipoproteins. Since hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death worldwide, methods that accurately quantify the hydrolytic activity of LPL in clinical and pre-clinical samples are much needed. To date, the methods used to determine LPL activity vary considerably in their approach, in the LPL substrates used, and in the source of LPL activators and inhibitors used to quantify LPL-specific activity, rather than other lipases, e.g., hepatic lipase (HL) or endothelial lipase (EL) activity. Here, we describe methods recently optimized in our laboratory, using a synthetic ApoC-II peptide to activate LPL, and an n-terminal Angiopoietin-Like 4 fragment (nAngptl4) to inhibit LPL, presenting a cost-effective and reproducible method to measure LPL activity in human post-heparin plasma (PHP) and in LPL-enriched heparin released (HR) fractions from LPL secreting cells. We also describe a modified version of the triolein-based assay using human serum as a source of endogenous activators and inhibitors and to determine the relative abundance of circulating factors that regulate LPL activity. Finally, we describe how an ApoC-II peptide and nAngptl4 can be applied to high-throughput measurements of LPL activity using the EnzChek™ fluorescent TG analog substrate with PHP, bovine LPL, and HR LPL enriched fractions. In summary, this manuscript assesses the current methods of measuring LPL activity and makes new recommendations for measuring LPL-mediated hydrolysis in pre-clinical and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Oldham
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Juliet Mullen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Emma Lietzke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Kayla Sprenger
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Philip Reigan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Robert H. Eckel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kimberley D. Bruce
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Kimberley D. Bruce,
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